ja»     .M 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


■50 


1^  hi 

112.2 

I  "^  IIIIIM 

1.8 


'•25  i  U    IL6 


^  •>1^' 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


^—^y.'--^-' 


ifi 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHIVl/iCIVlH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Instltut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


O^ 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibllographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


D 

D 
D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 

Covers  damaged/ 
Couverture  endommagde 


Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurde  et/ou  peiliculde 


Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


I      I    Coloured  maps/ 


D 
D 
D 


D 


Cartes  gdographiques  en  couleur 


Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  an  couleur 


Bound  with  other  material/ 
Relid  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  causa  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  re  Mure  serrde  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  int6rieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajouttes 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte. 
mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6td  filmdes. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppl6mentaires: 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exempiaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exempiaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  methods  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiqu6s  ci-dessous. 


I      I    Coloured  pages/ 


D 
D 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film£  au  taux  de  reduction  indiquA  ci-dessous. 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommag^es 

Pages  restored  and/oi 

Pages  restaurdes  et/ou  pellicul^es 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxei 
Pages  ddcolordes,  tachet6es  ou  piqudes 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d6tachdes 

Showthroughy 
Transparence 

Quality  of  prir 

Quality  indgale  de  i'impression 

Includes  supplementairy  materia 
Comprend  du  materiel  suppldmentaire 


I — I  Pages  damaged/ 

I — I  Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 

I — I  Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 

I      I  Pages  detached/ 

I      I  Showthrough/ 

I      I  Quality  of  print  varies/ 

I      I  Includes  supplementairy  material/ 


Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6X6  film^es  6  nouveau  de  fapon  6 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

30X 

z 

12X 

16X 

20X 

24X 

28X 

32X 

■mJ^XHMHM 


■"■MM 


mmmm 


M  >•«  ■'.iffi:;,,n.»*»V*..vl'./ii 


tails 
du 
lodifier 
une 
nage 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Library  of  Congress 
Photoduplication  Service 

The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


L'exemplaire  film6  fut  reproduit  grdce  d  la 
g^n^rositA  de: 

Library  of  Congress 
Photoduplication  Service 

Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduiter.  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettetA  de  l'exemplaire  fiim6,  et  en 
conformity  aveu  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimis  sont  film^s  en  commengant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  la  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  film6s  en  commenpant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  —^(meaning  "CON- 
TINUED'),  or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END  "), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaftra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbols  — ►  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbols  y  signifie  TIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  ba  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  In  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  1  he  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
film6s  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diff^rents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
rr,iroduit  en  un  seul  clich6, 1!  est  film6  A  partir 
de  Tangle  sup6rieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'Images  ndcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  m^thode. 


rrata 
to 


pelure. 


3 


32X 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

STAGES   OF   SOC    ETY. 


r 


fi 


Civilized  and  etdighUned.  — Half-eitilixed.  ^/^ 


fS) 


TV. 


V  a  g  t. 


,» 


-      ' 


r-^Sl.*  ^ 


It 


f-eivitized. 


r.) 


J 


^ 


i 


fi 


MITCHELL'S    SCHOOL    GEOGRAPHY. 


A  SYSTEM  OF 

MODERN  GEOGRAPHY, 

COMPRISING    A   DESCRIPTION   OP   THE    PRESENT  STATE  OF  THE 

WORLD, 

AND  ITS  FIVE  GREAT  DIVISIONS, 
AMERICA,   EUROPE,  ASIA,  AFRICA,  AND  OCEANICA, 

WITH  THEIR  SeVERAI, 

EMPIRES,  KINGDOMS,  STATES,  TERRITOHIES.  &c. 

THE   WHOLE 
CraBEX,I.XSBES   BT  NUMESOnS  EN0RAVZN03 

or  various  interesting  objects  of  Nature  and  Art ;  together  with  rei.reeentatioiis 
of  Remarkable  and  Noted  Events. 

SIMPLIFIED  AND  ADAPTED  TO  THE  CAPACKTr  OF  YODTIL 


A. 


ILLUSTRATED  BY  AN 


1371     > 
ATLAS  OF  SIXTEEN  MAEg,     fn^:^ 

DRAWN  AND  ENGRAVED  TO  ACCOMPANY  THE  WORK. 


BY  S.  AUGUSTUS^I^ITCHELL. 

PHILADELPHIA : 

THOMAS,  COWPERTHWAIT,  &  CO. 

1839. 


Jih     II 


a] 


\^ 


i^ 


it 


Entered,  according  to  tlie  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1839, 

BY  S.  AUGUSTUS  MITCHELL, 

In  the  clerk's  office  of  the  district  court  of  the  eastern  distriot  of 
Pennsylvania. 


J 


t-    i    Ij 


H 


t;  • 


STERIX)TYPEU  BV  J.  FAQAN PHILADELPHIA. 


THLNTEI)  BY  J.  KAV,  JUN.  AND  BROTHER. 


^'Ji^^ 


z^ 


in  the  year  1839, 
ELL, 
le  eastern  diatriot  of 


PREFACE. 


At  no  former  period,  hns  the  science  of  (icogmphy  been  ronaidered  of 
more  imporlniifr,  nn  n  hranch  of  elementary  edurntiuii,  Ihnn  nt  the  present 
lime  i  nrid  its  vntuo  nnd  iildily  are  m  obvious  as  to  recjuiro  but  lillle  ilhiMlni- 
tion.  I'orhuiw  no  study  is  boiler  culeuhitcd  to  awoken  and  fherisli  that  spirit 
of  curiosity  and  imiuiry  which  is  so  natural  tu  the  youthful  mind  ;  and  none, 
under  proi>er  regulElion  and  tuition,  afTurds  a  belter  prospect  of  lenchng  to 
useful  and  iniiwrtant  results. 

Within  the  last  twelve  or  fifteen  years,  the  great  attention  paid  to  geogra- 
phy in  our  principal  schools  and  seminaries,  has  been  the  means  of  producing 
several  meritorious  works  on  this  subject.  They  have  each  their  re8()eclivo 
peciiliarilies  and  excellencies;  and  are  generally  well  calculated  to  ord  the 
scholar  in  his  progress  towards  acquiring  a  considerable  knowledge  of  that 
interesting  science.  They  ought  not,  however,  to  be  regarded  as  aupcfHeding 
all  further  endeavours  in  this  department  of  usefulness,  or  as  discouraging 
any  well  intended  cffurta  of  others  t/>  do  good  in  a  similar  way. 

Geography  is,  more  than  ony  other  science,  in  its  nalure  constantly  pro- 
gressive; nnd  hence,  demands  unceasing  diligence  on  the  part  of  those  whose 
attention  is  directed  to  the  publication  of  worla  connected  with  it  A  con- 
siderable deficiency,  in  this  res()ecl,  is  observable  in  some  of  the  most  (wpular 
school  geographies  now  in  use  in  this  country. 

Several  fail  in  representing  various  (mrts  of  the  world,  according  to  their 
actual  subdivisions  at  the  present  day.  Kven  the  divisions  of  our  own  coun- 
try are  not  accurately  laid  down  ;  and,  in  the  exhibition  of  iho  South  .\merican 
States,  there  is  a  general  deficiency.  Australia,  or  New  Holland,  though 
divided  by  the  British  government,  a  nnmtier  of  years  ago,  into  two  great 
sections,  is  neither  described  nor  represented  in  that  way  in  any  school  geo- 
graphy extant. 

Important  misstatements  have  been  also  observed  in  some  of  the  works 
alluded  to,  which  have  doubtless  escaped  the  observation  of  their  authore ; 
and,  though  they  do  not  essentiblly  detract  from  the  inurita  of  their  respective 
works,  must  still  bo  regarded  as  material  blemishes.  In  one  work,  (edition 
of  18.38,)  it  is  asserted,  that  the  western  part  of  the  State  of  Tennessee  is  in- 
habited by  the  Chickrxsaw  Indians— that  wild  horses  and  buffaloes  abound  in 
Arkansas — that  the  greatest  part  of  the  .State  of  Alabama  is  inhabited  by  the 
Choctaw,  Cherokee,  nnd  Creek  Indians;  and  that  the  interior  of  ISewlbund- 
iand  is  inhabiled'by  the  Red  Indians.  All  these  statements  were  true,anum' 
ber  of  years  ago;  but  are  not  so  at  the  present  day. 

The  Mississippi  Valley,  or  the  country  extending  from  the  Rocky  to  th» 
Allegheny  Mountains,  is  described,  in  the  same  work,  as  being  more  than 
3,000  miles  wide.  Yet  the  whole  continent,  from  ocean  to  ocean,  measured 
across  the  centre  of  the  valley  in  question,  is  only  2,600  miles  in  extent. 

The  IJoa  Constrictor  is  enumeroteil  as  one  of  the  animals  found  in  Africa. 
It  is  staled,  that  the  largest  are  about  80  feet  long ;  and  besides  deer,  d(«s, 
and  bullocks,  even  horses  with  their  riders  are  said  to  be  destroyed  by  this 
enormous  serpent ;  both  expiring  together  in  the  same  fatal  fold  of  the  mon- 
ster !  This  is  a  mere  popular  fallacy,  unsupported  by  any  authentic  testimony ; 
and  certainly  ought  not  to  be  inserted  in  a  work  on  ELEMENTARif  education. 

In  another  work,  the  population  of  the  Ionian  Islands  is  stated  to  be  800.000; 
while,  in  foct,  it  is  less  than  one-Iburth  of  that  amount.  Another  school  geo- 
graphy describes  the  island  of  Teneriffe  as  one  of  the  Cape  Verd  islands ; 
while,  in  fact,  it  is  one  of  the  Canaries.    Nor  are  the  atlases  less  erroneous 


I  A\ 


\ ' 


» 


,>*-«cstaiit»««i»iBtw*»***«>«t«- 


Vl 


PllEFACB. 


than  Iho  doscriplivo  googmpliy  has  Imjcp  ahuwn  to  be.  The  tnops  of  Soiilh 
Atnoriea,  in  two  of  lhc;n,  ro|>rviiciit  the  rivor  Amnxuii  as  (lowing  fniiii  Ijnko 
Tilicucn  :  this  is  n  iiusilivo  ftntr ;  it  Iwiii^  well  kiuiwn  lliiit  llio  hfiid  wiiiors 
of  Iho  Amazon  rivrr  iiro  enliroly  nojiaraled  from  tlio  liiko  nlxivc-inciitiunctl, 
by  mngos  of  iho  highest  niounlanis  in  South  Anirrica. 

Tho  immilaliun  of  iho  cilicH  and  Iowiih,  in  Nevorol  inaiis,  is  UHsunuul,  iiiHomo 
cases,  as  dunbic,  and  in  olhers,  only  one-half  Iho  anionnl  slalrd  hy  ilic  must 
uulhonlic  writers :  somo  places,  of  which  we  know  iiolhing  certain,  and  olhun 
whoso  very  existence  is  prublomatical,  arc  exhibited  as  contuining  a  dotinilo 
number  of  inhabitants. 

A  very  groat  disoroiiorlion  is  likewise  olwervod  in  tho  lengths  of  iheconniM 
given  to  many  of  tfio  rivers; — somo  stated  as 5(H)  or  (JOO miles  long,  are  repro- 
■onted  as  absolutely  shorter  than  others  of  300  or  400  miles  in  Ihoir  imnio- 
diato  proximity. 

The  above-mentioned  errors  onil  misstatcmoiits,  although  among  tho  most 
prominent  that  have  boon  detected,  form  but  a  litho  of  what  really  exist  in 
the  very  popular  works  in  which  they  have  been  liiiind. 

In  this  exposition,  tho  author  Irusls  he  is  not  actnulcd  by  on  invidious  or 
malignant  spirit ;  for,  while  ho  exhibits  Irecly  tho  inoorreclncss  of  somo  works, 
he  willingly  boars  testimony  to  tho  general  accuracy  and  cxcellonco  of  olhers. 
He  believes  that  he  has  gone  fiir  to  establish  his  (josilion,  that  a  want  of  at- 
tention is  observable  in  the  compilation  of  somo  of  the  most  popular  school 
geographies  extant,  and  that  iinprovomonts  may  still  Ih)  made  in  works  of  this 
kind.  Ho  does  not  by  any  moans  exiicct  to  estajK!  orrore  himself;  but  hopes, 
by  n  close  attention  to  the  revision  of  his  work,  as  it  comes  from  the  press,  to 
av'oid  ony  so  far  removed  from  tho  irnlh  as  those  above  slated. 

Kssontial  errors  or  misstatements,  in  w<irks  on  elementary  education,  can 
hardly  be  compensated  by  any  excellencies  they  may  [losscss;  and,  when  it 
is  considered  thot  the  ideas  irapn  si-ed  on  the  mind  of  youth,  in  iho  study  and 
perusal  of  these  works,  will  undoubtedly,  in  numerous  instances,  bo  retained 
in  oder-lifo,  Ike  importance  nf  accurate  ilalementa  becomes  ap|)areiit. 

The  inlrodnctioii  of  a  great  variety  ol'  books  into  schools,  in  Iho  same  de- 
partment of  knowledge,  by  rendering  the  infoimation  uncertain,  tho  expeniie 
greater,  and  the  progress  less  rapid,  is  an  evil  of  which  many  have  complaine<l. 
To  obviate  this,  the  author  has  resolved  to  give  his  work  a  periodical  revi- 
eion,  commencing  with  the  next  census  of  the  United  States ;  which  will  bo 
repeated,  and  continued  regularly  once  in  five  years  thercailer,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  embodying  all  the  ifacts  that  tho  most  recent  discoveries  or  political 
changes  may  develope,  and  all  well-sollled  improvements  in  teach'ng. 

The  present  fo-m  of  the  work  will  be  preserved  as  nearly  as  possible ;  so 
that  its  improvement  sholl  aflbrd  no  impediment  to  the  progresB  of  the  pupil. 

The  author  has  endeavoured,  as  ftr  as  tho  limils  prescribed  lor  his  work 
would  permit,  to  describe  the  various  political  divisions  of  tho  earth,  according 
to  the  views  exhibited  in  the  latest  and  most  authentic  works  on  the  subject. 

The  maps,  comprising  the  atlos,  are  all  Irom  original  drawings,  and  are 
especially  adapted  to  the  work.  They  are  carefully  engraved,  in  a  neat  and 
distinct  manner.  Those  illustrating  Palestine  and  Liberia  are  not  usually 
found  in  atlases  of  this  kind  ;  and,  from  the  interesting  associations  connected 
with  the  ooiintries  Ihey  represent,  will,  no  doubt,  be Ibund  useful.  The  mop 
of  Oceanica  is  compiled  with  direct  reference  to  the  imp»rtant  religious  anu 
mural  changes  which  have  taken  place  in  the  principal  islands  of  that  inte- 
resting region  within  llic  last  twenty  years.  This  map  has  not  been  introduced 
into  any  school  atlas  extant  in  accordance  with  those  remarkable  circum- 
■tances. 

The  pictorial  illustrations  arc  chiefly  from  original  drawings,  and  are  en- 
graved by  the  best  artists  in  the  country.    Many  of  these  embrace  a  number 


bo.  Tlip  mnpH  of  Soiitli 
«jii  an  llowiiig  fniiii  liHkti 
iwn  llmt  llin  livnd  wulore 
10  Inko  nlxivc-inoiitiuiioU, 
ica. 

I  iim|iii,  In  ufwunuul,  in  Homo 
inionnl  Hlnlrd  hy  tlic  must 
ridlliing  t'ertoin,  nnil  ollion 
!(1  08  t'uiituiiiiiig  u  dotiiiile 

I  lliolc'i;<llisoriliccoiiniea 
COO  miles  long,  iiro  repro- 
lUO  miles  in  tlicir  immo> 

altliongh  nmnng  tlio  mmt 
10  of  wliut  really  exist  in 
(iiiiiU. 

rtimtcil  by  on  invidious  or 
corroclneHS  of  Homo  workR, 
V  und  cxcellonc'oufullicrs. 
|Kmi(i(in,  Ihnt  a  wont  of  nt- 
f  the  most  popidiir  scliool 
I  Ih!  miide  in  works  of  (his 
orrore  himsolf ;  but  hopes, 
t  comes  from  (he  prens,  to 
bovoslalod. 

ilomenlnry  cdurntion,  can 
iioy  iKjsscss;  and,  when  it 
of  youlli,  in  the  study  and 
tills  instances,  bo  retained 
icomes  a|)|)arcnt. 
I  schools,  in  the  same  do- 
m  uncertain,  the  expense 
;h  many  have  complained, 
s  work  a  periodical  revi- 
led States ;  which  will  bo 
irs  thercailer,  for  the  pur- 
int  discoveries  or  political 
omenta  in  teach-ng. 
I  as  nearly  as  passible ;  ao 

the  pro|;res8  of  the  pupil, 
ts  prescribed  for  his  work 
[ins  of  the  earth,  according 
ntic  works  on  the  subject, 
iginal  drawings,  and  are 
y  engraved,  in  a  neat  and 

Dbcria  are  not  usually 
ng  associations  connected 
e  Ibund  useful.  The  map 
e  imptrtant  religious  anu 
iclpul  islands  of  that  inte- 
p  has  not  been  introduced 
hose  remarkable  circum- 

al  drawings,  and  are  en- 
'  these  embrace  a  nuiuber 


I 


»•' 


PREFACE.  VU 

of  leading  olijerls  in  nature  and  art,  and  othcm  oluridato  important  facia 
Binlcd  In  the  b(«ly  of  (ho  work.  A  few,  i(  will  lie  perceived,  arc  of  a  nutiiiiiul 
character :  IhcHc  illuslmtn  winic  of  the  niiwt  imiwrlunt  inridtuils  In  the  hinlory 
of  our  coiinlry,  luid  will  associate,  in  the  mind  of  the  pupil,  in  a  siriking  and 
imprcHslve  inniiiicr,  with  (lie  characteristic  features  of  the  slates  lu  winch 
(hey  arn  attachiHi. 

Teacliers  will  oljservo  that  the  work  througliout  is  divided  into  short 
sections,  such  as  iiro  nmsidorcd  suflicient  liir  one  lcH»on,whicliaroiiiurkeilfbr 
tho  piirpoBO  of  saving  the  teacher  the  trouble  of  designating  them.  Tliey 
are  gradually  enlarged  during  the  |irogresH  of  Itie  uurl'.,  so  as  to  correspond 
with  tho  Incrcitscd  capacity  of  the  pupil. 

ThoHO  wIki  may  coiicoive  a  single  section  insiiflicicnt  for  a  Icsfon,  niny 
give  iwo  or  morn  at  once.  Tlie  nlun  has  been  adopted  at  tlio  suggestion  of 
euvorul  cxperieiicrd  liacbers,  ana  '   ill  rvi  doubl  lie  found  useful. 

Nearly  all  the  ma[iH  belonging  to  the  alius  have  scales  of  miles  attoched  to 
them,  by  tho  aid  of  which,  wim  a  pair  of  cuni|ias8es,  or  the  edge  of  a  slip 
of  |iapcr,  the  Iranier  may  measure  the  longtli  aiid  breadth  of  countrien, 
islands,  seas,  eiills,  &c-.  This  will  give  varicly  lu  tho  exercises,  and  impress 
on  the  mind  of  (be  pupil  in  a  more  decided  manner  than  by  any  other  method, 
many  vHliinble  |iurticiilHr«  that,  if  incerted  in  the  geography,  would  increase 
its  dimensions  much  bc>'nnd  its  prtMcribed  limitM. 

CoiiMidcrohlo  care  has  been  bc.il(>«e<l  on  the  construction  and  execulion 
of  iho  Alias.  The  geographical  fixtures  of  tho  maps  have  been  obtained 
fnim  th«  latest  aulhorilioM,  and  those  who  are  orilically  ac(|uainted  with 
modern  mafw,  will  iien-oivc  many  new  items  of  inlbrmation  elucidating  im- 
imrlant  facts  ikiI  to  bo  found  in  any  other  school  geography  extant. 

'J'ho  engraving  has  been  executed  hy  tho  best  orlisla  in  that  line  in  the 
country,  who  have  used  every  endeavour  to  render  Ihe  lettering  clear,  di»- 
linct,  and  easily  undersKxid.  a  innller  of  some  moment  to  the  pupil,  who  is 
i'reqiienity  miioh  (lerplexcd  in  ascertaining  the  names  of  places,  when  inserlMl 
among  tlio  dark  and  obscure  shading  so  conuiion  in  tlie  maps  of  many  ichuol 
geographies. 

The  characlere  designating  Iho  location  of  some  of  tho  most  important 
events  connected  with  the  history  of  our  counlry,  ore  new  in  works  of  this 
kind;  and  with  tho  annexed  dates,  will  render  the  maiis  useful  to  tliosc  |m- 
pils  studying  the  history  of  the  United  Slates. 

The  distances  from  tho  countries  on  one  continent  lo  those  on  others,  in 
the  same  parallela  of  latitude,  are  interesting  as  pointing  out  the  width  ui'the 
oceans,  seas,  &c.,  that  separalo  the  chief  divi.iioiis  of  the  earth. 

The  population  of  cities  and  towns,  Ihe  length  of  rivers,  ihe  heights  and 
extent  of  mountains,  Ac  are  all  derived  from  the  most  aiilhenlic  sources ; 
and  tlic  plan  adopted  to  illuslrale  these  various  particulors,  is  probably  as 
sirnplo  and  easily  understood  as  can  well  be  dcvi8e<l. 

The  author  has  omilled  to  mention  Ihe  number  of  the  counties  into  which 
the  several  stales,  &c.,  arc  divided,  or  asking  the  learner  that  r^iicstli.-i ;  oa  the 
number,  jiarlinularly  in  tho  Soiilhem  and  N"esU'm  S>lale8,  is  c<-  ,  liially  in- 
creasing. In  a  very  popular  schail  geography,  (edition  of  1838.  '_  ■  iiiinties 
in  Mississippi  are  slated  as  amounting  to  Sli,  Alabama  36,  Georgiu  '.'i  :iiid  Ar- 
kansas 30;  while  in  the  Map  of  Iho  Soiilhern  States  accompanying  iJ  i  work, 
the  numbers  are  respectively  56,  46,  90,  and  35,— thus  making  on  increoM 
of  61  counties  iu  four  stales  only. 


^ 


iM  'M 


'■W*^ 


■jH  g.r."»f  fl6ate»JK« 


w 


INTRODUCTION. 


GEooHAriiY  i>  a  i^oicription  of  the  world,  willt  ita  inhsbitanii  ind 
productions.  It  is  not  only  an  entertaining  and  curious,  but  Jiiglily 
useful  study.  It  opens  and  enlarges  the  mind  ;  gives  o  true  knowledge 
of  the  various  situations  of  countries,  with  their  rivers,  mountains,  &.o. ; 
and  is  of  such  importance  in  history,  that  without  it,  nothing  can  b« 
understood  with  either  satisfaction  or  correctness. 

It  must  have  attracted  the  attention  of  mankind  at  a  very  early  pe- 
riod. The  desiro  to  become  acquainted  with  the  country  thuy  lived  in, 
and  to  determine  and  establish  its  boundaries,  would  naturally  direct 
their  attention  to  it 

The  study  of  Geography  will  enable  young  persons,  when  they  hear 
of  distant  countries,  to  tell  where  they  are  situated — what  arc  their  pro- 
ductions— how  they  are  governed,  and  what  kind  of  people  live  there. 
To  know  these  things  is  very  im|)ortant;  and  will  give  all  who  aro 
acquainted  with  them  an  advantage  over  tJioso  who  possess  not  such 
knowledge:  it  will  be  a  saiisfaction  to  themselves  and  to  their  parents; 
and  will  be  a  proof  tliat  they  have  attended  well  to  their  studies. 

TO  THE  PUPIL. 

Tbo  engraving  on  the  opposite  page  is  a  picture  of  one  side  of  our 
earth,  as  it  would  appear  if  seen  iVom  a  great  distance.  It  rolls  like  an 
immense  ball  through  the  heavens,  surrounded  on  every  side  by  the 
planets  ond  the  countless  myriads  of  stars,  all  performing  their  stated 
motions  under  the  guidance  of  the  great  Creator  who  first  called  them 
into  existence. 

Men  live  on,  and  are  constantly  walking  about,  this  great  ball,  the 
earth.  Cities  and  towns  are  built  on  it ;  trees  end  plants  grow  on  it ; 
and  ships  sail  on  the  sea :  yet  the  earth  is  all  the  time  turning  round 
and  round,  as  if  you  rolled  a  ball  or  an  apple  on  the  floor,  or  threw  it  from 
you  into  the  air.  All  this  is  true ;  but  it  is  hord  to  understand.  It  is 
done  by  the  power  of  God,  who  made  us,  and  all  things  on  the  earth, 
with  the  sun,  the  moon,  and  the  vast  multitude  of  stars  we  see  in  the 
•ky.  "  In  the  beginning,  God  created  the  heaven  and  the  earth ;  the 
heavens,  and  all  the  host  of  them."    Gen.  I.  II.  ,,. 


MITCIIFXI/S  SCHOOL  CEOCiRAPHY. 


ON. 


Willi  ita  inhsbitania  ind 
and  curioufi,  but  iiiglily 
;  gives  a  true  knowledga 
ir  riven,  mountain!,  &.o. ; 
ithout  it,  nothing  can  b« 
caa. 

nkind  at  a  rory  early  pe- 
thc  country  thoy  lived  in, 
it,  would  naturnlly  direct 

persona,  when  they  hear 
latcd — what  arc  their  pro- 
kind  of  people  live  there, 
id  will  givu  all  who  aro 
)S0  who  poaaeaa  not  aucb 
Irca  and  to  their  parents ; 
2II  to  their  studies. 


licture  of  one  side  of  our 
distance.  It  rolls  like  an 
led  on  every  side  by  tho 
II  performing  their  stated 
tor  who  first  called  them 

iboat,  this  great  ball,  the 
Bs  end  plants  grow  on  it ; 
II  the  time  turning  round 
the  floor,  or  threw  it  from 
lard  to  understand.  It  is 
all  things  on  the  earth, 
e  of  stars  we  see  in  the 
aven  and  the  earth;  tho 

r. 

(8) 


PART    FIRST. 


GROr.RAPIIICAL    DEFINITIONS. 


1.  What  is  Geography  T 

Ana.  It  is  a  description  of  the  surface  of  the  Earth. 

3.  What  is  the  surface  of  tho  Earth? 

A.  It  is  the  part  on  which  we  live. 

3.  How  is  tho  surface  of  the  Earth  divided  7 
A.  Into  land  rnd  water. 

4.  How  much  of  ilw  earth's  surface  is  Land  7 

A.  About  one-fourth  part :  the  remainder  is  water. 

On  the  map  of  the  World,  No.  1.,  in  the  Atlas,  you  will  see  that 
tliero  IS  a  great  deal  more  water  than  land  on  the  earth.  The  coloured 
part  allows  the  land ;  tlie  rest  is  water. 

(9) 


'It 


■if»3Batw   It,', 


^W 


10 


Or.OOnAPIIICAL  drfinitions. 


6.  llovf  much  mora  wuUr  limn  land  in  tlicro  on  tlio  ICurlii  T 
A.  Till  re  i.>»  at  \<mnl  ihrcn  tiiiHs  ninn!  wiitir  llmii  IiukI. 
ft.  Wlint  Ih  the  name  given  to  tho  wholo  of  the  water  on  tl'o  lurfhco 

uf  thu  1,'iirth  7 

A.  It  is  called  tlio  Sen,  or  Ocean. 

7.  In  tlic  wuttr  of  tho  Ocx'un  salt  or  fVcitli? 
A>  It  In  suit. 

8.  IIow  (iocK  the  Oconn  np|K;nr7 
A.  It  npiM^urs  l)luc  unti  boundioss,  like  the  sky. 
I).  Mow  wide  in  it  7 
A.  It  is  HO  wide,  that  uhips  iimy  sail  for  weck.s,  and  oven 

inotitlm,  oil  it,  without  coining  to  Iniid. 

lU.  Ill  wlitttwuy  duoi  tliu  Ueeun  liriiefit  mankind? 

A.  The  numerous  fishes,  with  the  ^rent  whales,  and  the 
other  uiiiinultt  that  iivtj  in  the  cK-rnn,  ruriii»h  food  and  employ- 
niont  to  niuiiy  niiliioiis  of  the  human  family. 

11.  Fur  what  purpoao  do  thipR  sail  on  thu  Uccui  7 

A.  They  carry  the  pro<hjctionsof  our  own  country  toother 
parts  of  the  world,  und  bring  back  iu  return  things  that  ara 
{useful  to  us. 

IS.  What  do  our  ■bi|Ni  take  to  other  oountrica  7 

A.  They  take  cotton,  flour,  tobacco,  rice,  and  many  other 
articles. 

13.  What  do  they  bring  back  in  return  7 

A.  From  some  countries,  they  bring  woollen,  cotton,  and 
silk  goods,  which  are  useful  to  us  for  clothinj»;  from  somp, 
coffee  and  sugar;  and  from  others,  gold  und  silver,  of  which 
our  money  is  made. 


4 


14.  What  is  the  trade  carried  on  in  ahipi  called  7 

A.  It  is  called  Commerce,  and  is  highly  useful  to  mankind. 

15.  How  is  it  URefbl  7 

A.  It  gives  employment  to  vast  numbers  of  men ;  and  by 
it  we  become  acquainted  with  other  parts  of  the  Earth. 

16.  In  what  other  way  does  the  Ocean  benefit  mankind? 

A.  The  vapour  or  fog  which  rises  from  the  ocean,  forms 
ram,  which  waters  tho  earth,  and  fills  our  springs  and  rivers. 


tTIONS. 

TO  (in  llio  KntiU  1 
(!  wiitir  llmii  Imid. 
rUic  water  on  tl'o  aurfhco 


kc  the  sky. 

lil  for  weckH,  and  even 


mnkind? 

^rcnt  wimles,  and  the 
'iumIi  food  and  employ- 
iniily. 
Uccan  7 

ir  own  country  toother 
return  things  that  am 

trios  7 

,  rice,  and  many  pther 


ig  woollen,  cotton,  and 
r  clothing ;  from  somp, 
Id  and  silver,  of  which 


called  7 

;hly  useful  to  mankind. 

nbers  of  men ;  and  by 
rts  of  the  Earth, 
inefit  mankind  7 
from  the  ocean,  forms 
our  springs  and  rivers. 


ThB  Ocean. 
18.  llow  is  tho  Ocean  divided  7 
A.  Into  five  great  parts,  likewise  called  Oceans, 
m.  Which  are  the  five  OcfonH7 

A.  Tlipy  are  thc<  Northern,  Southern,  Atlantic,  Pacific,  and 
liielinn  Oi-eans. 

20.  What  other  names  have  some  of  tho  Oceans  t 

A.  The  Northern  is  ollcn  called  the  Arctic,  and  the^outh- 
erii,  the  Antarctic  Ocean;  and  the  Pacific  Ocean  is  sonittimea 
called  the  South  Sea. 

21.  Into  what  other  parts  is  tho  water  divided  7 

A.  Into  Seas,  Archir-ilagocs,*  Bays,  Gulfs,  Sounds,  Straits, 
tlmnnc!3,  Lakes,  and  Rivers. 

22.  What  is  a  Sea  7 

A.  It  is  a  collection  of  water,  smaller  than  an  ocean,  and 


Archipelagoes,  pronounced  Ar-ko-pcl-a-goos. 


ti  li 


i  li 


^*1 


la  GEOGRAPHICAL  DEFINITIONS. 

surrounded  by  land,  ns  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  the  Black 
Sea,  &c. 

23.  What  is  an  Archipelago  ? 

A.  It  is  a  sea  filled  'vith  islands,  as  the  Grecian  Archipel- 
ago, east  of  Greece,  or  the  \\'est  Indies,  which  is  sometimes 
called  the  Columbian  Archipelago. 

24.  What  is  a  Gulf  or  Bay? 

A.  It  is  a  part  of  the  Sea,  e.\teuding  into  the  land,  as  tho 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  Hudson's  Bay.  .,,      ^ 

25.  What  is  a  Strait  7 

A.  It  is  a  narrow  passage,  connecting  different  bodies  of 
water,  as  the  Strait  of  Gibraltar,  &c. 

26.  What  is  a  Sound  ? 

A.  It  is  a  small  sea,  so  shallow  that  its  depth  may  be  mea- 
sured by  a  line  dropped  from  the  surface  to  the  bottom,  as 

.^^,„,.^,..,,  -^^,.^^^  >; -t  ;.-K55;  :  .  ^^"g ^^^^"^  ^°""'^' 

"    ^       -     ._?  ^.     ..'     *  Pamlico  Sound. 

27.  What    is    a 
Channel  7 

A.  It  is  a  pas- 
sage of  water,  wi- 
der than  a  Strait, 
as    the   English 
A  Harbour.  Channel. 

What  is  «  Harbour  or  Haven  7 

It  is  a  small  bay,  where  vessels  may  remain  at  anchor 


28. 
A. 


in  safety. 


A  Lake.  .    •  '  • 

29.  What  is  a  Lake  7  - 

A.  It  is  a  collection  of  wa'cr,  entirely  surrounded  by  land, 


[NITIONS. 

rranean  Sea,  the  Black 


IS  the  Grecian  Archipel- 
lies,  which  is  sometimes 


ing  into  the  land,  as  the 

■  --( 

icting  different  bodies  of 


at  its  depth  may  be  mea- 
lurface  to  the  bottom,  as 

Long  Island  Sound, 
',^js,    Pamlico  Sound. 

27.  What    is    a 

Channel  7 

A.  It  is  a  pas- 
sage of  water,  wi- 
der than  a  Strait, 
us  the  English 
Channel. 

Is  may  remain  at  anchor 


I 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DEFINITIONS.  I3 

ns  Lake  Superior,  Lake  Winnipeg,  or  the  Lake  of  Geneva, 
in  bwitzerlanu.  ' 

30.  Where  arc  the  largest  Lakes  to  be  found  ? 

A.  In  North  America :  they  arc  so  wide  and  deep,  that  the 
largest  ships  may  sail  on  them.  > 

31.  Is  the  water  of  lakes  salt  or  fresh  7 

A.  Lakes  are  both  salt  and  fresh  :  of  the  latter,  the  largest 
IS  Lake  superior.  " 

32.  Which  is  the  largest  salt  lake  7 

A.  The  Caspian  Lake,  or  sea,  in  Asia.  Salt  lakes,  when 
large,  are  commonly  called  seas,  as  the  Sea  of  Aral,  the  Dead 
oea,  &c. 

33.  How  do  lakes  discharge  their  waters  7 

A.  Fresh-water  lakes  generally  discharge  their  waters 
through  a  river  into  the  ocean;  but  salt  lakes  have  seldom 
any  outlet. 


irely  surrounded  by  land, 


84.  What  is  a  river  7  -  .   .    ? 

A.  A  stream  of  fresh  water,  running  from  springs  or  from 
lakes,  into  the  ocean,  as  the  Mississippi,  the  Amazon,  &c. 

35.  How  are  rivers  formed  7 

A.  By  numerous  small  branches,  riowing  from  mountains 

or  hills. 

36.  What  are  the  amall  branches  of  rivers  called  7 
A.  Brooks  and  creeks. 

37.  What  is  the  place  where  a  river  empties  into  the  sea  called  7 
A.  Its  mouth ;  and  where  it  rises,  its  source  or  head. 

38.  What  is  the  place  through  which  a  river  flows  called  7 
A.  Its  bed,  or  channel. 


■    1'*    1 1  'Y 


u 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DEFINITIONS. 


ti 


^1 


m 


V ' 


Falls  or  Pnsxaic. 

When  rivers  flow  down  steep  or  perpendicular  banks,  they  form  falls 
or  cataraets,  as  the  falls  of  Niagara,  the  falls  of  the  Passaic,  and  otliers. 

39.  What  is  a  Canal  ? 

A.  It  is  a  wide  ditch  or  channel,  fdlcd  with  water,  through 
which  boats  convey  travellers  and  goods  from  one  town  to 
another. 


Cuiial  and  Lock. 

40.  Where  arc  Canals  most  numerous  7 

A.  In  the  United  States,  Great  Britain,  and  Holland 

41.  Which  is  the  largest  Canal  in  the  world  7 

A.  The  Imperial  Canal,  in  China.  «■ 

42.  Which  are  the  largest  Canals  in  the  Ignited  .States? 

A.  The  Erie  Canal,  in  New  York:  and  the  Pennsylvania 
Canal,  in  the  State  of  Pennsylvania. 


^•'^iMSVIi¥flgffi;aSgT^ejRag£3»3tMr,,-i7»<fe<Kr.tc%sawft-.>*.  Tiy.imiwr  - . 


INITIONS. 


icular  banks,  they  form  falla 
Is  of  the  Pussaic,  and  otliurs. 

illcd  with  water,  through 
goods  from  one  town  to 


mms^ 


itain,  and  Holland 
porld  7 

!  Cnitcd. States  T 

c :  and  tlio  Pennsylvania 


%' 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DEFINITIONS. 
4 


NATURAL  DIVISIONS  OF  LAND. 

43.  Ifow  is  the  land  surface  of  the  Carth  divided  7 

A.  Into  two  greaf  divisions,— tlie  Eastern  and  Western 
continents. 

44.  What  does  the  EarstBm  continent  oompri»e7 
A.  Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa. 

45.  What  docs  the  Western  continent  comprise  7 
A.  North  America  and  South  America.         .'    " 

46.  What  other  division  is  ther«  on  the  earth  7 

A.  Oceonica,  which  comprises  the  islands  of  the  Pacific 
Ucean. 

NORTIfERN   OCEAN 
IS  O  R  T   a 

Hiiftflonr 


S^OUTHERN   OCEAN. 

..'^I',^'"''  "'■*'   *'"'  ^^'o™  ttnd  Wcrtern  continents   somctimoi 

A.  The  Eastern  and  Western  Hemispheres.     The  word 
hemisphere  signifies  half  a  globe. 


;'  !   '  f  if 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DEFINITIONS. 


*^The  map  of  the  world.  No.  1..  in  th«  Ada..  ahowB  the  Eastern  an. 

WcBtom  Hemisphere.  .     „      .     » 

48.  Into  what  divUion  is  the  earth  divided  by  the  Equator  t 
A   Into  the  Northern  and  Southern  Hemispheres. 
49   What  does  the  Northern  HcmUpherecompn*e  7 
1   All  that  part  of  the  earth  between  the  Equator  auJ  th 

North  Pole.  .    , 

50.  What  does  the  SouUiern  Hemisphere  comprise  7 

A   All  that  part  of  the  earth  between  the  Equator  and  th 
^ Ce  lap'of  the  world.  No.  2..  in  the  Atlas,  shows  the  Northern  an 

^t;rr:.r.divisiWthela.^.;;.e^ 
A.  Continents,  Peninsulas,  Isthmuses,  Islands,  Capes,  Pre 

montories,  &c.  .....    . , 

52    Why  are  these  called  natural  divisions  7 

1   Euse  they  were  made  by  God,  when  he  created  th 
world. 

America  is  a  continent.  ^^ 

Africa  and  South  America  are  peninsulas. 

Darien,  and  the  Isthmus  of  Suez. 

tt,7»  tte  Britblllaland.,  or  Newfouodtod. 

of  Good  Hope,  Cape  Horn,  &c. 

r  uT; : IirP^^of  land,  extending  mto  the  se.  th 
exttrne  end  o  ^Wch  is  sometimes  caUed  a  cape,  some 
■      ZTl  point,  and  at  others,  a  headland. 


^^^^ttWK^N- 


NITIONS. 

M,  8how9  the  Eastern  aw 

ed  by  the  Equator  1 

n  Hemispheres.        ■      • 

'0  comprise  ? 

een  the  Equator  auJ  th 

re  comprise? 

een  the  Equator  and  th 

lias,  shows  the  Northern  an 

the  land  surface  of  the  earth 
uses,  Islands,  Capes,  Pre 

lions  ? 

God,  when  he  created  th 


ontaining  many  countries 


irly  surrounded  by  watei 
insulas. 

which  joins  two  parts  of 
itinent;  as^e  Isthmus  o 

entirely  surrounded  by  we 
rfoundland. 

ng  into  the  sea,  as  the  Cap 

,  extending  into  the  sea,  th 
times  called  a  cape,  somt 
headland. 


18  GEOOttAPHICAL  DEFINITIONS. 

A.  Fire  and  smoke  constantly  rise  from  many  Volcanoes. 

CI   Wlmt  is  wnvUiincs  thrown  out  by  Volcanoc. \ 

A.  Melted  lava,  large  Btones,nshes,  and  often  Hoods  of  water. 

rr"rsr:;';s:;::x^one.aifarein 

of  water ;  nnd  some  by  v«rt  Bhowers  of  hot  aihei. 


Ascer.t  of  Mont  Blane 

S  are  always  covered  with  ice  and  snow.  ^ 

66.  What  if  •  hiin  

A.  It  is  a  portion  of  land  raised  up,  but  not  so  steep  as  a 

mountain. 

67.  What  is  a  Valley  7  „,u;iio 
A.  It  is  a  low  portion  of  country  between  mountains  or  hills. 

68.  What  is  a  Plain  T  ' 
A.  It  is  a  portion  of  country  nearly  flat  or  level. 

69.  Are  all  plains  olike  in  appearance  T  ,  - 
A.  No ;  some  are  covered  with  grass,  some  with  trees, 

and  some  only  with  sand. 


w 


fu^ 


as 


4 


i 

I 


JITIONS. 

from  many  Volcanoes. 
)lcanoc«  1 

md  often  floods  of  water, 
le  world  ? 
rards  of  one-half  arc  in 

B  by  the  burning  lava  which 
ave  been  destroyed  by  floods 
ashet. 


ed,  that  it  is  difficult  to  a»cend 
ints  a  party  of  men  going  up 
rope.  They  were  more  than 
ilmost  frorcn  with  cold.  The 
lose  in  the  hottert  pi*ta  of  th« 
low.  <a^ 


up,  but  not  so  steep  as  a 


between  mountains  or  hills. 

irly  flat  or  level. 

li  grass,  some  with  trees, 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DEFINITIONS. 

6 


70.  What  are  plains  covered  with  sand  called  7 

A.  Tlipy  are  denominated  deserts  ;  some  are  also  covered 
witli  stones  and  gravel.  Deserts  are  generally  destituto  of 
Water. 

71.  Which  are  the  largest  deserts  in  the  world  7 

A.  The  great  African  desert,  and  the  desert  of  Gobi,  in 

Asia. 

72.  Wliat  does  the  African  desert  contain  7 

A.  A  few  fertile  spots  scattered  here  and  there  over  the  sur- 
face, like  islands  in  the  ocean. 

73.  What  are  those  called  7 

A.  They  arc  called  Oases  :  they  are  all  inhabited,  and  serve 
as  resting  places  for  travellers. 


The  Great  Detiert. 

The  Great  Desert  is  frequently  crossed  by  parties  of  travellers,  witli 
camels;  these  are  ealled  caravans;  both  men  and  beasts  oflen  suiter 
greatly  from  want  of  water,  and  sometimes  perish  from  thirst.  The 
picture  represents  a  small  caravan  crossing  the  desert,  one  of  the  people 
of  which  appears  to  have  just  e.N:pired. 

74.  What  are  Caves  or  Caverns  ? 

A.  TheySre  openings  in  the  earth,  often  wonderful  en 
account  of  their  great  size  and  extent. 


p|<  .' 


20 


OEOORAPHICAL  DEFINITIONS. 


Ono    of    tho 
most  rcinurknblo 
i«  Fingal'ii  t^avi'i 
in  StutTu,  UK  '"1- 
und  on  the  west 
coast  ofScotlund. 
lU  sides  arc  for- 
med  with  the  ree- 
u'.arity   of  walls 
of   hewn    stone. 
It  is  370  feet  in 
Mength,    and   117 
feet    wide,    and 
presents  a   moat 
Fiiigal'n  Cave.  slriking  cxainlilo 

of  the  sublime  and  beautiful  ercations  with  whieh  God  has  adorned  the 

world. 

75.  What  are  public  roads  ?  ,         .       i 

A.  Pathways  used  for  travelling  from  place  to  place. 

76.  Arc  roads  useful  to  mankind  ?  ,  ,  i     •„ 
A    Thev  arc  hmhly  -seful,  for  without  them  the  peop  e  in 

uiflbrcnt  parts  of  the  same  country  would  not  know  each  other. 

77.  What  are  railroads?  .  i  :„ 
A.  Thoy  arc  an  improved  kind  of  road,  now  much  used  m 

the  United  States. _3^ 1 


Rail  Road. 

Tho  cars  or  carriages  used  on  them,  are  drawn  by  steam  locomotivo 
Iho  cars  or  c«"'"B   ,„        ng      ■,      ^J^  hour,  and  •omctimes  even 

conven"ent  than  by  the  old  method  of  travelling. 


tr 


di 


ai 


Pl 


cai 


M 


■  ^^iife^SSKv 


ITIONS. 

Ono    of    tho 
moBt  rcinurknblo 
i«  Fingal'i  t-ivi'i 
in  StutTu,  un  isl- 
and on  the  wist 
coast  of  Scotland. 
lU  sides  arc  for- 
med  with  the  rejr- 
u'.urity   of  wnlla 
of   hewn    stone. 
It  is  370  feet  in 
length,    and   117 
feet    wide,    and 
presents  a   most 
slriking  cxaniplo 
which  God  has  adorned  the 


am  place  to  place. 

hout  them  the  people  in 
uld  not  know  each  other. 

road,  now  much  used  in 


PRODUCTIONS  OF  THE   EARTH. 

78.  What  are  the  productions  of  the  earth  ? 
A.  'J'hoy  are  cither  vegetable,  animal,  or  mineral. 
7!(.  What  aro  vcgctuhlo  prodiiutions  ? 

A.  Tlioy  arc  all  things  that  grow  out  of  the  ground,  as 
trees,  pInnt.H,  grain,  fruits  and  flowers. 

80.  What  arc  tho  vegetable  productioni  most  useful  to  mankind  ? 
A.  Wheat,  corn,  rye,  rice,  potatoes,  bread-fruit,  &c. 

81.  What  are  the  cliicf  cIiishoh  uf  tho  animal  kingdom  ? 

A.  They  are  beasts,  birds,  fisiies,  reptiles,  and  insects. 

82.  What  are  mireriils? 

A.  They  consist  of  substances  of  various  kinds,  that  aro 
dug  out  of  the  earth. 

83.  Wlittt  arc  tlio  principal  classca  of  minerals  7 

A.  Four:  tho  metallic,  tho  inflammable,  precious  stones, 
and  building  stones. 

84.  What  aro  the  most  important  metallic  minerals  ? 
A.  They  are  gold,  silver,  iron,  cop[)or,  and  lead. 

85.  What  are  tho  principal  inflammable  m:ncrals7 
A.  They  aro  pitzcoal,  peat,  sulphur,  bitumen,  and  as- 

phaltum. 

6C).  What  arc  tiio  most  valuable  precious  stones  7  '  . 

A.  Diamonds,  sapphires,  rubies,  and  emeralds. 


Diamond  River. 


Diamonds  ore  highly  valuable,  and  arc  often  found  amongst  the 
earth,  at  the  bottoms  of  rivers.    The  engraving  represents  a  river  in 


iT 


■.Jl'ftJM 


09 


OEOOUAPHICAL  DEFINITIONS. 


Great  Ocyier. 


«oulli  Aimrioii,  iVom  whi.li  tlio 
wuliT  hiii  1hi!i  murly  nil  piiiiii""! 
out  liy  tliii  mutliiiii!  oti  llic  rijjlit 
IiiiikI  nllli.'  picluri',  uikI  iHUro  filavc  ■« 
nro  ixniiiiiiing  the  enrlli  for  ilia. 
niond*. 

87.  W'liat  art"  noine  of  the  prin- 

ciiml  biiililiiig-"''"";''  ' 

A.  Tlwy  nrc  urnnitc,  linio- 

stone,  iimrlitc,  dmlk,  tilute,  ui;J 

saiiilMtonc. 

Miiifri.l  K|iriii){",  l'"'''  ''"',  "'"' 
cold,  oiTiir  in  niiiiiy  puits  of  tlio 
curlli.  Tliu  nioHt  niimrkalile  uru 
th.^  tiryBiTii,  or  SpouliiiK  HpritiRB  of 
Icu'liiiiil,  which  throw  i>p  voluimn  of 
hut  wntiT,  witli  a  iioinu  hkc  nimiori, 
to  the  htiglit  of  'JO  or  100  feet. 


8- 


ON  THE  FORM  AND  MOTIONS  OF  THE  EARTH. 

88.  What  ia  the  earth  7 

A.  It  is  one  of  the  planets. 

89.  What  arc  the  planct«  7  ,  i    i 
A.  Immense  bodies  like  the  earth,  which  revolve  round  the 

sun. 

90.  What  is  tlio  shape  or  form  of  the  earth  7 
A.  It  is  round,  like  a  bull  or  apple. 

Dl    By  what  otlier  names  is  the  earth  known  7 

A."  It  is  also  called  the  World,  the  Globe,  and  the  Sphere. 

92.  How  many  motions  has  the  earth,  and  what  arc  they  7 
A.  It  has  two  motions ;  the  daily,  and  the  yearly. 

93.  What  is  the  daily  motion  of  the  earth  7 

A.  That  in  which  it  turns  round  every  twcnty-fou-   .ours. 

94.  What  is  the  yearly  motion  of  the  earth  7 

A.  That  in  which  it  goes  round  the  sun  once  every  year. 

95.  What  is  the  efftct  of  the  cartli'H  yearly  motion  7 
A.  A  change  of  seasons  is  produced  by  it. 

96.  What  is  a  change  of  sessons  V 


^«aH^ 


IITIONS. 

mirioii,  from  wliit  li  tlio 
^  liccti  murly  nil  pmiipnl 
11!  iiiucliiiie  on  llii!  riijlit 
111'  iiiclurr,  uiul  iHgro  «lav<n 
lining  the   esrlli    for    ilia. 

^hat  ore  nuinc  of  the  prin- 

iiliiig-atoncH  I 

'licy  arc  umiiilc,  linio- 

i!trl)lc,  dmlk,  ulute,  ui:il 

lie. 

1.1  B|)riii({",  l")*!'  ''"',  "'"' 
iiir  in  ninny  purts  of  tlio 
riie  nioMl  rtnmriiiililc  am 
ifm,  or  SpoulinK  HpritiR*  of 
wliirli  llirovv  np  volunitu  of 
r,  witli  a  iioisu  like  ciiniion, 
•iglit  of  'JO  or  100  feet. 


J  OF  THE  EARTH. 

which  revolve  round  the 

irlh  T 

mown  7 

c  Globe,  and  the  Sphere, 
und  what  arc  they  7 
and  the  yearly. 
rth7 

every  twcnty-fou'   lours. 
nrth  7 

he  sun  once  every  year, 
■arly  motion  ? 
?ed  by  it. 


OBOORAPIIICAL  DEFINITIONS. 


83 


A.  Tho  chnn^  from  winter  to  spring,  from  spring  to  sum- 
mer, from  summer  to  autumn,  and  Irom  autumn  to  winter 

97.  What  ia  tlio  oflfcct  of  tho  cartii'i  daily  motion  7 

A.  It  produces  the  change  from  day  to  night. 

OH.  If  the  earth  did  not  turn  round  on  iU  axih,  what  would  be  tlio 
condition  of  thu  people  living  on  it  7 

A.  Tho.se  living  on  oik;  side  of  it  wouhl  have  constant  day, 
and  would  be  burnt  up  by  tho  heat  of  the  sun. 

99.  What  would  bo  the  condition  of  tho  peoplo  living  on  tho  other 
side  of  the  earth  7 

A.  Tliey  would  have  constant  night,  and  would  be  frozen 
with  cold. 

100.  What  do  tbeie  thingfi  teach  un  7 

A.  That  tho  worku  of  tho  Almighty  are  directed  by  infinite 
wisdom  and  goodness. 

101.  What  i*  the  axis  of  tbu  earth  7 

A.  It  is  aa  imaginary  lino  passing  through  ha  centre  from 
Nortli  to  South. 

102.  What  are  the  polos  of  the  earth  7 

A.  They  arc  tlje  two  cnd.s  of  tho  axis. 

103.  How  many  poles  arc  there  7 

A.  Two  ;  tho  North  Pole,  and  tho  South  Pole. 

104.  Wbcro  arc  tho  poles  situated  7 

A.  The  North  Pole  is  the  north  point  of  the  earth's  iutis» 
and  the  South  Pole  is  the  south  point. 

Point  out  on  Map  of  tho  World,  Na  1.  of  tho  Atlas,  tho  North 
Pole  and  the  South  Pole.  You  wiH  pcrcoivo  that  this  map  consisU  of 
the  Rutorn  and  Western  Hemispheres,  that  is,  a  map  of  both  sides  of 
the  ,rth  presented  to  view  at  once;  and  although  the  words  North  Pole 
and  South  Pole  aro  written  twice,  yet  there  is  but  one  North  Pole  and 
one  South  Pole. 

1C5.  Hew  far  distant  are  the  poles  situated  from  each  olliorT 
A.  One  hundred  and  eighty  degrees. 

106.  How  many  miles  is  that  7 

A.  About  12,500  miles,  which  is  half  round  the  world. 

107.  What  ia  the  size  or  bulk  of  tbo  earth  7 


i'     :'(i' 


24 


OPOORAPflICA'    T>V:PINI»iON8. 


A.  It  in  nonrly  '^rj.UOO  milos  in  circumlc  rcncc,  nn.l  8,000 

in  diuiiirtir. 

108.  WIml  \»  mMiit  by  the  rirciiinf.r.nrp  of  tlic  .'rirtM  f 
Cinun.l^n'iico  is  tl.o  disitunco  round  ll.o  middle  ol  it-  Bur- 

fucc  or  olllsidc. 

109.  Wlinl  in  mcont  by  aiamctcr? 
It  is  tlip  distanc;  across  or  throi.gl.  tl.n  mid  iio  -nrt  ol  il. 

no.  If  yo„  wrre  to  run  a  ll.roid  round  ll«.Mml«i.|.    'J"  I"' . :!l'l"wln 
lnn.,il.  of  il  would  U-  the  cxtrnt  ot  tlio  rirtiimlorc'^     ind  II  yoB  w«rt 

acroMtbocutpart,  tbiiH.o.ddbou.o       .     l«. 

111.  8oirre«l  -  Iho  im.  on.ftfcnci  ot  tin  earth, 
that  if  a  nmi.  rould  <n  .  <  .out  inter.  v>ptiurt  IVoni 
wutcr,  it  woti'd  talio  bui.  one  ibouMnJ  l»y.  "r 
throo  yearn,  r  conio  round  to  the  p'ac  b.  ■.turted 
ftoin.  reckoning  that  he  tnivclled  twcnty-i.ve  rnde. 
every  d^ ,-. 


SOI 

Cai 
prii 


113.  What  are  the  circlei  of  the  earth ' 

Tliry  nro  the  c(|uator,thc  tropics,  liic  polar  circles,  and  tlic 
parailuLs  and  meridians. 

113.  Arc  thc«c  circles  alike  in  extent? 

Tlio  equator  and  meridians  only  are  of  the  same  extent, 
and  ui-e  called  Ihc  great  circles. 

114.  WIlut  are  the  other  circlei? 

The  Trnnical  and  I'olar  circles,  and  the  Parallels.  These 
being  smaller  in  extent  than  the  former,  arc  called  small 
circles. 

11.5.  What  il  the  Equator? 

It  is  an  imaginary  great  circle  extending  from  east  to  west 
round  the  globe,  and  at  an  eqiMil  distance  from  each  pole. 

On  map  of  the  World.  No.  1..  the  Equator  i?  »ho  Une  '»'»♦  P""f 
throuKh  the  middle  of  both  hcmisphcrcB.  You  will  find  the  word  equa- 
lor  near  it. 

116.  What  iH  the  distance  of  the  Equator  from  the  Poles? 

It  is  90  (\  g].  cs.  nf  r'  out  6250  miles  'rom  the  North  Pole, 
and  the  samc'fVom  th.;  South  Pole 


arc 


cm 
the 


fli-tONS. 

•cutTircrL'iJCC,  nml  8,000 

(•  of  ilic  I'ririli  1 

1  iho  niiddlo  of  iu  sur- 


tlio  inidllo  '^"'^  >•'  >i' 

Iho  oiiUifl  )f  li  1  . 1'H"  'I'' 
iiiilcrpii'^  !.nd  llyod  WBM 
litlit!  liiidil!    »m'  i'i*»iuie  it 

t  \,u.llil  bt)  illO       •  '    ':l«. 

rlrnM/  iVicnco  ot  tl  o  c»rth, 
1 1  Ml  uut  inter. v)ption  IVom 
him  ow  tliouMiiJ  'liiy«i  <"' 
Diuid  to  the  p'ac  hi  »turt«d 
c  triivclleil  Iwonty-iive  roilu* 


he  polar  circles,  anJ  the 


are  of  the  snmo  extent, 


nd  the  Parallels.     These 
former,  are  called  small 


tending  from  east  to  west 
lance  from  each  pole. 

|uator  is  the  line  that  pnggei 
You  will  find  the  word  cqua- 

itor  from  the  Polos  7 

lilcs  'rom  the  North  Pole, 


119.  What  are  Ihn  nninci  of  Ihn  Tropics? 
Tlu'  nortlicrn  fri)|)ii!  is  railed  tlio  Tropic  of  Cancer,  and  tlic^ 

.southern  is  called  the  Tri)pi(!  of  Capricorn. 

Point  out  on  map  of  thn  World,  No.  1.,  the  Tropirs  of  ( 'unci  and 
Copricorn.  You  will  find  them  hi'twcon  Ihe  ligiirca  'JO  ond  .'M)  that  art 
printed  on  tlio  edge  of  thu  map. 

120.  "■  ittt  ore  tlio  Polar  Circles  7 

They  are  two  small  circles  running  from  cast  to  west. 
Idl.  Where  arc  Ihcy  placed? 
At  the  distance  of  2HJ  degrees  from  each  Pole, 
laa.  What  arc  Ihcir  names? 

The  Arctic  Circle  is  the  northern  polar  circle,  and  the  Ant- 
arctic Circle  is  the  sduthcrn  polar  circle. 

Point  out  on  mnp  of  the  World,  No.  1.,  llin  Arctic  nnd  Aiilnrctio 
circle").  They  are  hetwccn  the  figures  CO  ond  70  which  are  written  on 
the  cd|^ro  of  the  map. 


Parallels.  Mcriiliniia. 

133.  What  are  the  Parallels? 
They  are  circles  running  from  east  to  west. 


ill! 


HI       vll 


1 


',1 


I 


i  !!' 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DEFINITIONS. 

lili.  How  are  tlii'y  represented  on  the  Maps ? 
15y  lines  crossing  iVoni  siilc  to  side. 
125.  Wlmt  arc  the  Meriiiiiins  ? 

Thoy  are  circles  nmiung  from  Pole  to  Pole  through  the 
Eijuiitor. 

130.  How  arc  they  represented  on  the  Maps? 

By  lines  extending  from  ihc  top  to  the  bottom. 

Point  out  on  map  No.  1.,  the  Parallels  and  Meridians. 

127.  What  arc  the  degrees  of  a  great  circle  / 

A.  Every  circle  is  supposed  to  be  divided  into  360  degrees, 
and  every  degree  into  60  geographical  miles  or  minutes. 

128.  What  is  the  length  of  a  degree  of  a  great  circle  ? 
A.  It  is  69i  common  miles. 

139.  How  will  you  find  the  number  of  miles  in  any  given  number 
of  degrees  ? 

A.  By  multiplying  the  degrees  by  69^. 

12 

LATITUDE. 

130.  Wliat  is  latitude  ? 

A.  It  is  distance  from  the  Equator  either  north  or  south. 

131.  How  is  latitude  divided  ? 

A.  Into  north  and  south  latitude.  All  countries  situated 
north  of  the  equator,  are  in  north  latitude;  and  those  soutli 
of  it,  are  in  south  latitude. 

132.  How  is  latitude  represented  on  maps  ? 

A.  By  lines  drawn  across  the  map  from  side  to  side. 
These  arc  called  parallels. 

133.  How  is  latitude  numbered  ? 

A.  The  numbers  arc  marked  on  the  sides  of  the  map,  at 
the  ends  of  the  lines  of  latitude. 

134.  How  is  latitude  counted? 

A.  In  degrees  from  the  Equator  towards  the  poles,  from  1 
to  90. 

135.  How  can  you  distinguish  between  nortli  and  south  latitude  ? 
A.  If  the  numbers  increase  from  the  bottom  towards  the 


n 

tl 


■V. 


•■INITIONS. 

Maps  ? 
Ic. 


Pole  to  Pole  through  the 

Maps  ? 
lo  tlie  bottom. 

and  Meridians. 
t  circle  ? 

e  divided  into  360  degrees, 
ical  miles  or  minutes. 

)f  a  great  circle  ? 

jf  miles  in  any  given  number 

>y  69i. 

E. 

)r  either  north  or  south. 

le.     All  countries  situated 
latitude;  and  those  south 

naps? 
map  from  side  to  side. 

1  the  sides  of  the  map,  at 

towards  the  poles,  from  1 

en  nortli  and  south  latitude  7 
m  the  bottom  towards  the 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DEFINITIONS. 

lop  of  flic  map,  it  is  Norlh  Latitiido ;  but  if  thny  increase 
fruin  til'.'  top  towards  tlio  Ijoltoin,  it  is  South  Latitude. 

136.  On  Map  of  the  World,  No.  1,  Eastern  Hcinisphcre.  In  what 
latitude  is  Euroiic  ?     Ans.  N.  Lc. 

13".  In  vvliat  latitude  is  Australia  ?     Ans.  S.  Lc. 

138.  In  what  latitude  is  Africa  ?     Ani.  N.  and  S.  Lo. 

13!).  In  what  latitude  is  Asia  ?     Ans.  1\'  Le. 

MO.  On  the  Western  Hemisphere.  In  what  latitude  is  North 
America  ?     Ans.  N,  Le. 

Ml.  In  what  latitude  is  South  America?    Ans.N. Le.  and  S.  Le. 
South  latitude. 

H2.  Wiiat  latitude  have  places  on  the  Equator  ? 

A,  Tiicy  have  no  latitude,  lor  it  is  on  the  Equator  where 
latitude  begins. 

M3.  What  is  the  latitude  at  the  Poles  ? 

A.  It  is  90  degrees,  which  is  the  full  extent  to  which  lati- 
tude is  carried. 

144.  What  is  the  meaning  of  the  word  latitude  ? 

A.  It  means  breadth  ;  it  was  applied  long  ago  to  distances 
north  and  south,  because  it  was  supposed  to  be  much  less 
than  longitude. 

145.  Do  the  degrees  of  latitude  vary  in  lengtli  7 

A.  No  ;  they  are  all  alike  in  length,  being  69i  miles  each ; 
the  same  as  those  on  the  Ecjuator. 


13 


LONGITUDE. 

146.  What  is  longitude  7 

A.  It  is  distance  east  or  west  from  any  established  meridian. 

147.  How  is  longitude  represented  7 

A.  By  lines  running  from  the  top  to  the  bottom  of  the  map. 

148.  How  is  it  reckoned  ? 

A.  In  degrees  east  and  west  on  our  maps ;  it  is  reckoned 
from  the  meridians  of  Greenwich  and  Washington. 

149.  How  is  it  counted  7 

A.  It  is  counted  from  the  place  of  beginning,  180  degrees 


I 


ill 


28 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DEFINITIONS. 


each  wny  ;  (horcforc  tlio  longitude  of  a  place  cannot  be  more 
than  180  degrees  cast  or  west. 

150.  How  is  it  marked  7 

A.  It  is  gfiiernliy  marked  in  numbers  on  the  top  and  bot- 
tom of  the  limp,  at  the  end  of  the  meridians. 

On  map  of  llie  world,  No.  1,  the  longitude  is  marked  on  the  Eiiuntor, 
in  consequenee  of  ii  want  of  room  at  llio  ends  of  the  lines  ;  but  on  ma|i3 
Nos.  3,  4,  .5,  (i,  vtc.  it  is  marked  at  llic  top  and  bottom  of  the  niapH. 

151.  How  ean  you  distinguish  between  east  and  west  longitude? 
A.  If  the  numbers  increase  towards  the  riglit  hand,  it  is 

east  longitiidu ;  but  if  they  increase  towards  the  Icll  liand,  it 
is  west  longitude. 

153.  Arc  the  degrees  of  longitude,  like  those  of  latitude,  all  of  the 
Bame  length  ? 

A.  They  arc  of  the  same  length  as  those  of  latitude  at  the 
Equator  only. 

15.3.  How  do  they  differ  from  those  of  latitude  ? 

A.  They  constantly  decrease  as  we  go  either  north  or 
south  from  the  equator  towards  the  poles,  where  the  meridians 
all  meet,  and  the  longitude  ceases. 

14  


154.  What  is  the  m.aning  of  the  word  longitude? 

A.  It  signifies  length.  It  was  use;!  for  this  jnirposc  because 
formerly  the  earth  was  supposed  to  be  much  longer  from  East 
to  West  than  from  North  to  South. 

155.  On  some  of  the  maps  the  longitude  is  marked  on  the  top  from 
Greenwich,  and  on  the  bottom  from  Washington,  the  difference  being 
77  degrees.  The  same  lines  serve  to  express  the  longitude  of  both 
places,  and  arc  numbered  accordingly. 

156.  How  do  nations  generally  reckon  longitude  ?  • 
A.  From  the  capital  of  their  own  country. 

157.  We  reckon  ours  from  the  city  of  Washington  ;  the  English  from 
Greenwich  ;  the  Frcncli  from  Paris ;  and  the  Spaniards  from  Madrid. 

158.  On  the  Equator  a  degree  of  longitude  is  G9.|  miles  in  length ;  at 
24  degrees  of  latitude  it  is  only  three-fourths  of  that  ejttent ;  at  60  degrees 
it  is  one  half;  at  75  degrees  one  quarter  ;  and  at  the  poles  it  is  nothing. 

159.  Places  on  the  Equator  have  no  latitude,  and  those  on  the  first  me- 
ridian no  longitude;  therefore,  at  the  point  where  the  first  meridian 
crosses  the  Equator,  there  is  neither  latitude  nor  longitude. 


Urc 
1 
1 

on  t 
1 
1 
< 

croa 

licit 


1 

I 

sur 
1 
I 
1 
I 

har 
1 
I 

con 
] 
I 

tors 
1 
1 

pas 

1 

Sou 

1 

tow 

1 

1 

Wc 

] 


m^mmmim"- 


^INITIONS. 

if  a  place  cannot  be  more 

ibors  on  the  top  and  bot- 

iieridians. 

adc  is  marked  on  the  Equntor, 

;iids  of  tlin  lines  ;  but  on  niajis 

3  iind  bottom  of  the  niapH. 

n  cast  and  west  longitude  ? 
irds  the  riplit  hand,  it  is 
towards  tho  Icll  liand,  it 

D  tliOBC  of  latitude,  all  of  tlic 
as  those  of  latitude  at  the 


■  latitude  7 
s   wc  go 


either  north  or 
poles,  where  the  meridians 


d  longitude  ? 

e;!  for  this  ))urpose  because 

be  much  longer  from  East 

udc  is  marked  on  the  top  from 
isliington,  the  diiTerenec  being 
express  tlie  longitude  of  both 

1  longitude  ? 
n  country. 

Washington  ;  the  English  from 
I  the  Spaniards  from  Madrid, 
itudc  is  G9.|  miles  in  length ;  at 
;hs  of  that  ejctcnt ;  at  60  degrees 
;  and  at  tlic  poles  it  is  nothing, 
itudc,  and  those  on  the  first  mc- 
loint  where  the  tirst  meridian 
ude  nor  longitude. 


GliOOIlAPHICAL  DEFINITIONS. 

IfiO.  What  is  tho  dilfcrcnco  of  longitude  between  Washington  and 
liri'ciiwich  ? 

101.  What  is  the  length  of  a  degree  of  longitude  on  the  Equator. 

1 G-J.  What  is  it  on  the  42d  degree  of  latitude  ?  on  the  00th  degree  7 
on  the  73tli  degree  ?  and  at  the  Poles  ? 

IG.*).  Where  is  there  no  latitude  7 

1 G4.  Where  is  there  no  longitude  7 

On  maps  Nos.  1  and  H,  you  will  find  that  the  meridian  marked  0, 
crosses  the  Equator  in  tlio  Gulf  of  Guinea.  In  that  spot,  there  is 
neitlicr  latitude  nor  longitude. 


15 


MAPS. 

165.  What  is  a  map  7 

A.  It  is  a  picture  of  a  part  or  the  whole  of  tho  earth's 
surface. 

1G6.  What  is  a  number  of  maps  made  into  a  book,  called  7 
A.  They  arc  called  an  Atlas. 

167.  In  what  way  are  mops  usually  drawn  7 

A.  Tiie  top  of  the  map  is  north,  the  bottom  south,  the  right 
hand  is  east,  and  the  left  hand  west. 

168.  What  is  meant  by  North,  South,  East,  and  West? 

A.  They  are  the  four  cardinal  or  principal  points  of  the 
compass. 

169.  What  is  a  compass  7 
A.  An  instrument  used  by  naviga- 
tors at  sea,  to  point  out  their  course. 

170.  How  docs  it  point  out  their  course  7 
A.  The  needle,  or  bar  of  the  com- 
pass, always  points  to  the  north. 

171.  In    what  direction  are  North    and 
South  r 

A.  The  north  is  towards  the  North  Pole,  and  the  south  is 
towards  the  Sou*h  Pole. 

173.  In  what  direction  do  East  and  West  lie  ? 

A.  East  is  towards  that  point  where  the  sun  rises,  and 
West  where  he  sets. 

173.  If  you  stand  with  your  face  towards  whsre  tlie  lun  rises,  the 


80 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DEFINITIONS. 


m 


North  will  be  on  your  left  hand,  the.  South  on  your  right  hand,  iin('.  the 
West  will  be  behind  you. 


A  Map. 


10 


Im 
Ai 


Sn 


174.  On  maps,  rivers  are  shown  by  block  lines  winding  according 
to  tlicir  course. 

175.  Mountains  ore  shown  by  lines  which  form  a  shade  in  tlic  direc- 
tion in  which  they  extend. 

176.  Cities  and  towns  ure  shown  by  a  black  dot,  and  the  capitals  of 
countries  by  a  largo  dot  and  eight  Bmallcr  ones  around  it 

177.  The  boundaries  of  countries  are  made  by  dott:d  linos. 

178.  Sandy  deserts  and  sand  banks  in  the  ocean,  are  shown  by  a 
great  number  of  dots  resembling  sand.  The  oeoun,  or  sea,  is  shaded 
by  lines  to  sepu/dte  it  from  the  land. 

179.  The  latitude  is  shown  by  lines  extending  on  the  maps  fVom  side 
to  side,  and  the  longitude  by  lines  running  from  the  top  to  the  bottom, 
except  on  map  No.  2,  of  the  world,  where  the  latitude  is  shown  by  cir- 
cular  lines,  extending  ui  succession  farther  and  farther  from  the  centre, 
and  longitude  by  straight  lines  extending  ixom  tlie  centre  to  the  cir- 
cumference. 

180.  Point  out  on  map  No.  3,  of  the  Atlas,  the  Mississippi,  the  Mis- 
souri, the  Rio  del  Norte,  and  the  Columbia  livers. 

181.  Point  out  the  cities  of  Boston,  New  York,  Philadelphia,  Balti- 
more, New  Orleans,  Havanna,  La  Pucbla,  and  Guanaxuato. 

182.  Point  out  the  capitals  (iueboc,  Washington,  Hoiston,  Mexico, 
and  St.  Salvador. 


su 
pc 


ro 


••INITIONS. 

Ii  on  your  right  hand,  uni'.  the 


^m^V'^/^ 

ff^l:!^ 

• 

Y(\'w\  1 

f 

UMi 

ft 

'  Til  ■ 

■^^7     \_        u 

"EI-J 

„ 

ilack  lines  winding  according 

rbicli  form  a  shade  in  tlic  dircc- 

I  black  dot,  and  the  capitah  of 
er  ones  around  it  f; 

made  by  dotted  line*. 

in  the  ocean,  are  shown  by  a 

The  ocoun,  or  sea,  is  shaded 

stcnding  on  the  mops  ftom  side 
ing  from  the  top  to  the  bottom, 
•e  the  latitude  is  shown  by  cir- 
er  and  farther  from  the  centre, 
Dg  ixom  tlic  centre  to  the  cir- 

Atlas,  the  Mississippi,  the  Mis- 
)ia  i  ivcrs. 

^ew  York,  Philadelphia,  Balti- 
a,  and  Guanaxuato. 
Washington,  Ho  iston,  Mexico, 


OEOORAPHICAL  DGFINITIONS. 

183.  Point  out  the  boundory  between  the  United  States  and  Mexico, 
lichvocn  the  Uiiitrd  Stiitcs  and  liritisii  America,  and  between  British 
America  and  Kussiuii  America. 

184.  Point  out  the  great  American  Desert,  the  great  Sundy  Desert 
in  Mexico, ,  id  Uic  Grond  Bank  of  Newfoundland. 

185.  Point  out  the  Rocky  Mountains,  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  the 
Snowy  Mountains,  and  the  Mexican  Cordilleras. 

17 

ZONES. 

186.  What  arc  Zones  7 

A.  Sections  or  divisions  of  the  earth's 
surface,  formed  by  the  tropics  and  the 
polar  circles. 

187.  What  docs  the  word  Zone  moan  ? 

A.  A  belt  or  girdle,  because  it  passes 
round  the  earth. 

188.  How  many  Zones  arc  there  ? 
A.  Five :  one  torrid,  two  temperate,  and  two  frigid  zones. 


TOKBID    ZONE. 

189.  What  part  of  tlie  earth's  surface  is  occupied  by  the  Torrid  Zone  ? 
A.  The  part  which  lies  on  both  sides  of  the  Equator  and 

between  the  Tropic  of  Cancer  and  the  Tropic  of  Capricorn. 

190.  What  is  the  meaning  of  the  word  Torrid  ? 
A.  It  means  very  hot,  parched,  or  dried  up. 


ii% 


I! 


J.' 
I! 


IIWHU»| 


■IWH 


1] 


I  If' 

Hi  hi. 


1      tit 


;'i 


a  ■* 


u 


32 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DEFINITIONS. 


191.  W.'mt  is  the  breadth  of  the  Torrid  Zone  ? 

A.  It  is  3243  miles  in  breadth  froim  North  to  South. 

192.  VVliy  is  the  Torrid  Zone  the  hottest  part  of  tlic  oarUi? 

A.  Bticause  it  is  more  cxiwsed  to  the  heat  of  the  sun  than 
any  other  part  oi'  the  earth. 

193.  What  arc  the  seasons  of  tlie  Torrid  Zone  7 
A.  Two ;  the  wet  and  the  dry. 

194.  To  which  of  our  seasons  do  tliey  correspond  ? 

A.  The  wet  season  corresponds  to  our  winter,  and  the  dry 
to  our  summer. 

195.  What  is  the  climate  of  the  Torrid  Zone  7 

A.  During  some  parts  of  the  year  it  is  delightful ;  but  at 
other  times  the  heat  is  very  oppressive,  and  the  earth  is 
parched  and  dried  up. 

196.  To  what  is  the  Torrid  Zone  subject  7 

A.  To  the  most  violent  storms  of  wind,  which  destroy 
almost  every  thing  within  their  reach. 

197.  To  what  else  is  the  Torrid  Zone  subject  7 

A.  It  is  more  subject  to  earthquakes  than  the  other  parts 
of  the  earth,  and  is  also  the  scat  of  dangerous  and  deadly 
diseases. 

198.  For  what  is  the  Torrid  Zone  remarkable  7 

A.  For  the  finest  fruits,  many  of  the  most  useful  vegetable 
productions,  and  the  largest  and  most  ferocious  animals. 

199.  What  are  some  of  the  principal  fruiU  of  the  Torrid  Zone  7 

A.  Oranges,  lemons,  pine-apples,  cocoa-nuts,  the  bread- 
fruit, &c. 

200.  What  are  some  of  the  most  useflil  vegetable  productions  7 

A.  Coffee,  tea,  sugar,  indigo,  cinnamon,  cloves,  nutmegs, 
pepper,  &c. 

201.  Which  arc  the  most  remarkable  animals? 

A.  The  elephant,  rhinoceros,  hippopotamus,  camelopard, 
lion,  tiger,  &c. 

202.  What  are  some  of  the  other  remarkable  animals  7 

A.  The  ostrich  and  condor,  with  numerous  birds  of  splendid 


W'itli(iii»m«wiM"t'>i'i'teii»»-MWtjw!.»a*,i, 


plui 
in.s( 

Zon( 
A 

dfilc 
21 
A 

pris( 


20^ 
A. 

20( 
A. 

pcratc 
Zone. 
yo7 
A. 
208 
A. 
209, 


ITI0N9. 

one? 

North  to  South, 
part  of  tlic  oarlli  7 

c  heat  of  the  sun  than 

Zone? 

rrcspond  7 

our  winter,  and  the  dry 

'one  7 

it  is  delightful ;  but  at 
iive,  and   the  earth  is 


if  wind,  which  destroy 

bject  7 

kes  than  the  other  parts 

'  dangerous  and  deadly 

kable? 

he  most  useful  vegetable 
t  ferocious  animals, 
lits  of  the  Torrid  Zone  7 
cocoa-nuts,  the  bread- 
vegetable  productions? 
namon,  cloves,  nutmegs, 

limals  7 

ipopotamus,  camelopard, 

■kable  animals  7 

amerous  birds  of  splendid 


pliimngc,  and  the  largest  and  most  venomous  serpents  and 

uistjcts.  ' 

Zone"?'  ^^''"'^  "'"  "'"  '^'""''''^'''°"  "'"'  ''"•'''s  of  "-''o  jwople  of  the  Torrid 

A.  Thoy  are  gcnoralljr  of  a  dark  or  black  colour,  and  in- 
dolent  anil  ofleminato  in  their  habits. 
aOl.  Wliut  is  their  character  ? 

A.  They  arc  but  seldom  distinguished  for  industry,  enter- 
prise, or  learning.  j»      <-' 

19 


TEMPERATE    ZONES. 


205.  Where  are  the  Temperate  Zonei  situated  t 

A.  Between  the  tropics  and  the  polar  ci  .cles. 
306.  How  are  they  distinguished  from  each  otiier  7 
A.  The  one  north  of  the  equator  is  called  the  north  fern- 
[«ratc,  and  the  one  south  of  tlic  equator  the  south  temperate 

i.'07.  What  docs  the  word  temperate  mean  7 

A.  It  means  mild,  moderate ;  neither  too  hot  nor  too  cold. 

SOa  Where  is  the  north  temperate  Zone  situated  7 

A.  Between  the  tropic  of  Cancer  and  the  arctic  circle. 

209.  Whcrr  is  the  south  temperate  Zone  situated  7 

A.  Between  the  tropic  of  Capricorn  and  the  arctic  circle. 


I  • 


l!l 


i 
t 

1  -4 

IB        "  i" 


84 


GEoanAPHicAr  definitions. 


«110    WImt  is  the  breadth  of  the  tcmiKjrutc  Zones  7 

A.  Tl.ey  occuf.y  a  brcadtli  of  utout  2070  miles  cacli. 

2il.  Wliut  arc  the  Boasons  of  tlio  tcinpcralo  Zone* ? 

A.  They  are  four;  Spring,  Summer,  Autumn  or  Fall,  and 

Winter. 

OV'   Wliat  do  the  temperate  Zones  enjoy  ^ 

A."  Thoy  enjoy  a  more  equal  and  healthy  climate  than  any 
othrr  parts  of  the  earth. 

213.  Do  the  temperate  Zones  equal  the  torrid  Zone  m  the  number 
of  their  vegetable  productions  r 

\.  The  vegetable  productions  of  the  temperate  Zones  are 
nci'ther  so  numerous  nor  luxuriant  as  those  ol  the  torrid  Zone 

214.  What  are  the  principal  vegetable  productioni  of  the  tempoiate 

""'iVorn,  wheat,  and  rice,  with  apples,  F'^ches,  poors, 

olives,  fifrs,  &c.  ,  .    .      1 

215.  Arc  the  animals  of  the  temperate  Zone,  like  those  of  the  torrid 

Zone  I  •  J  I 

A.  No:  they  are  generally  of  smaller  size,  and  are  less 

numerous  and  ferocious. 

21G.  Of  what  kind  are  the  animals  of  the  temperate  Zones  mostly 
A.  They  are  mostly  of  the  domestic  and  useful  animals. 

217.  What  are  some  of  the  domestic  animals  ? 

A.  The  horse,  camel,  ox,  ass,  mule,  sheep,  hog,  and  dog. 

218.  What  are  some  of  the  wild  animals? 

A.  They  are  the  bear,  wolf,  buffulo,  elk,  deer,  fox,  &c. 

219.  What  are  the  colour  and  character  of  the  inhabitants  of  tl.c 
temperate  Zones?  .  •     i       u 

A.  Those  of  the  north  temperate  Zone  in  particular  have 
white  or  fair  complexion,  and  generally  more  strength  ol 
body  and  mind  than  the  inhabitants  of  the  other  Zones. 

220.  For  what  are  they  distinguished  ? 

A.  For  industry,  enterprise,  and  learning. 

221.  What  do  they  comprise? 

A.  The  most  civilized  and  improved  portion  of  mankind. 

222.  What  Zone  lies  south  of  this  country  ? 

223.  What  Zone  separates  the  north  temperate  and  soutli  temperate 
Zones  from  each  other  7 

224.  In  what  Zone  do  we  live  ? 


I 


Zoi 
£ 

J 
•2 

2 

A 
1 

0; 

Zoiu 

A 

o; 

A 

22 
A 

sumi 


.iiSfipBswa^wfeiwaBaK^wF— 


INITI0N8. 

■tttc  Zonus  7 

III  2070  miles  cacli. 

)rate  Zones  f 

icr,  Autumn  or  Fall,  and 

healthy  climate  than  any 
e  torrid  Zono  in  the  number 

the  temperate  Zones  are 
3  those  of  the  torrid  Zone 
produotiona  of  tbo  temperate 

1  apples,  peaches,  poors, 

I  Zone*  like  those  of  the  torrid 

mailer  size,  and  are  less 

the  temperate  Zones  mostly  ! 
3stic  and  useful  animals, 
animals  7 
lule,  sheep,  hog,  and  dog. 

ials7 

fulo,  elk,  deer,  fox,  &c. 

ictcr  of  tlie  inhabitants  of  tlic 

te  Zone  in  particular  hnvc 

jnerally  more  strength  of 

s  of  the  other  Zones. 

17 

1  learning. 

iroved  portion  of  mankind, 
ountry  7 
temperate  and  soutli  temperate 


OEOOHAPHICAL  DEFINITIONS. 

no 


35 


FHIGID    ZONES 


225.  Where  are  the  frigid  Zones  situated  ? 
A.  Between  the  polar  circles  and  the  poles. 
296.  How  arc  tlicy  distinguished  7 

A.  The  one  north  of  the  equator  is  called  the  north  frigid 
Zone  and  that  south  of  the  equator  the  south  frigid  z',;?" 

227.  Where  is  the  north  frigid  Zone  situated  7 

A.  Boiween  the  arctic  circle  and  the  North  Polr. 

228.  Where  is  the  south  frigid  Zone  siluutcd.7 

A.  Between  the  antarctic  circle  and  the  South  Pole. 
221).  Why  are  the  Zones  about  (lie  poles  caUed  frigid  7 
A.  Because  the  climate  is  excessively  cold. 
The  word  frigid  means  cold. 

ZoS  ^'""  "  "'"  '""'"  "*■  ""'  *="'''"<"«  "f  "'8  ""•"'to  of  thew 
A.  The  great  distance  from  the  Equator. 

231.  What  arc  the  Frigid  Zones  covered  with  7 
A.  Chiefly  with  ice  and  snow. 

232.  What  are  the  seasons  of  the  Frigid  Zones  1 

A.  The  seasons  are  two;  a  long  cold  winter  and  a  short 
summer,  without  spring  or  autumn. 


i  ! 


tf^ 


a 


i 


* 


80 


OEOGRAPIIICAL  DKFINITIONS. 


333.  Whut  fruitH  uro  fouml  in  Hii--  I'linKl  Zoiich  ? 
A.  Ui.ly  a  \hw  Hiimll  iKriius  wliidi  grow  in  those  parts 
nearcHt  to  the  tcinjicratu  Zones. 
234.  What  kind  of  animals  live  tlicru  7 

A.  None  but  the  most  hardy,  as  the  White  Bear,  Musk 
Ox,  Reindeer,  A:c. 

035   What  arc  ll.o  nuinlH-r.  Btaturc,  and  colour  of  the  inlmbitunUT 
A.  'They  are  but  few  in  number,  of  short  stature,  und  have 
dark  complexions. 

23G.  In  what  arc  they  deficient? 

A.  In  intelligence,  kuny  ignorant  of  reading,  writing,  and 
learning. 

QUESTIONS  ON  THi    DIFFERENT  ZONES. 

( The  fir$l  Map  of  tit  Allot  before  the  h  -.mer.) 

'J37   On  map  of  the  wcrl.l.  No.  (..  Western  Ilcmisphoro,  point  out 
the  countries  that  arc  in  the  Torrid  Zone.  n        n 

A.  They  are  part  of  Mo.,  tlic  whole  of  Ga.,  La.,   Uu., 

238.  Point  out  the  Islands  in  tho  Torrid  Zone,  beginning  at  Uio  left 
hand  side  of  the  map. 

A.  Th.  y  arc  Sh.,  Me.,  Ns.,  Fy.,  Fc.,  N.-Ca.,  Sy.,  Gn., 
Mr.,  Gs.,  W.-Iy.,  C.  Ve. 

239.  Point  oui  tho  countries  in  tho  Torrid  Zone,  on  tho  Map  of  the 
Eastern  Hemisphere. 

A.  Thcv  am  part  of  the  Gt-Dt.,  the  whole  of  Sa.,  Oa., 
L..Ga.,  Sn.,  Ea.,  Zr.,  part  of  Aa.,  part  of  Hn.,  Sm.,  part 
o^Ca.  .    „  „    . 

240.  Point  out  the  Islands  in  tho  Torrid  Zone,  in  tho  Eastern  liemi- 
sphere,  beginning  at  tlio  left  hand. 

A.  They  arc  S.-Ha.,  part  of  Mr.,  Ma.,  Cn^  Sa.,  .Ta.  part 
of  Fa.,  Hn.,  Pc.,  Lc.,  Co.,  Bo.,  Cs.,  Sc.,  Tr.  N.-Ga.,  N.-Id., 
N.-Bn.,  Le.,  part  of  An. 

241.  Point  out  the  countries  in  the  North  Temperate  Zone,  of  th« 
Western  Hemisphere. 

A.  They  arc  a  part  of  Aa.,  part  of  N.-Bn.,  Lr.,  part  ot 
Gd.,  Ca.,  U.-Ss.  part  of  Mo. 


D 
I" 

of 
W 


Eai 

of' 

f 

sphi 

S 

«ph( 

2, 
•plu 
em 

Ii 
V 
V 
V 
V 

II 
w 

Ir 
V\ 

izcd 


SITION6. 

Zolll'H  ? 

:li  grow  ill  those  parts 


I  the  White  Bear,  Musk 

colour  of  the  inlmbilanU? 
r  short  stature,  unci  liavo 


of  reading,  writing,  and 


r,RENT  ZONES, 

/ore  the  It  ;rner.) 

stern  llcinisphorc,  point  out 

kholc  of  Gu.,  Ca.,  Ga., 

1  Zone,  beginning  at  tho  left 

,  Fe.,  N..Ca.,  Sy.,  Gn., 

rrid  Zone,  on  the  Map  of  tlic 

the  whole  of  Sa.,  Ga., 
,  part  of  Hn.,  Sm.,  part 

id  Zone,  in  tho  Eastern  Hcmi- 

.,  Ma.,  Cn.,  Sn.,  .Ta.,  part 
,  Sc.,  Tr.  N.-Ga.,  N.-Id., 

North  Temperate  Zone,  of  tlio 
of  N.-Bn.,  Lr.,  part  of 


OEOGIIAI'IIK  AL  DEFINITIONS.  37 

213.  Point  out  11,0  i.lunjM. 

A.  They  uro  iIk,.  Ah.,  Vs.,  Nd.,  As. 

Ka!!.S.E:;ii;i''  •''"""""  "■  "-  N°'««  Temperate  zone  of  tho 
D.  ^fP7.  "  i"  "  -y"""'  n''  ^"-^  ^'''•'.  '^^"•'  "/•'  P"'*  ^f  "'0  Of- 

irn^'t  ol"  u!"'  ^ "  ^  ^■•' '  "•' '"'"  '^'  '^"•'  '^y-  P"'-'  ^f  ""•.  Tt., 

911.  Point  out  the  islands. 
^^A^Thoy   are   Id.,   llj,..ls.,  Sn.,  Jo.,  Nn.,  Ku.,  Lo.,  part 

Vvi;!i';S!,i;l!;:°  """"'"^  '"  "•*'  *>""'  T-"I-r«te  zone  of  the 
A.  They  are  t'i.,  Ms-As.,  Pa. 
216.  Point  out  the  IslandM. 

Eastern  Km-Seli!  '"""'""  '"  '^^  ^""'  '^""'P"""'  ^ono  of  U.o 
A.  They  are  Cc«..Cy.,  Ca. 
218.  Point  out  the  inlands. 

ofla-Tvirlr'"-'  *'"••  ""'  ^^•'  ^^•'  P"'^'-  ^r-  P«rt 

.peJ2'id:ri^ii:;^s?:rSdfr.rz?^ 

e?„  i[en.is;ir:  tS^HlS  '"  ""  '^"'"  '''"^'"'  ''"""  °'"  "'«  *'-'' 
In  what  Zone  does  the  United  States  lio  7    N.  To. 
What  Zone  contains  the  largest  animals  7    Td. 
Which  Zones  contain  tlio  most  useful  animals  7    Te 
Which  Zones  produce  tho  most  hardy  animals  ?     Fd 
Which  Zone  is  most  subject  to  violent  stofns  of  wind  ?    Td 
in  whir.^  Zone  are  the  people  tJie  most  industrious  7    N.  To' 
»viucli  Zone  is  the  most  subject  to  eartliquakcs  ?     Td 
in  which  Zones  is  the  climate  most  healthy  ?    To. 

i^cd  n'a&V' nTtc.'^™'"  ^"'"'  ^-tains  tho  most  powerful  and  civifc 


• 


Itp- 


!l    '1 


f 


I 


38  oKocinAriiit'Ai,  dijfimtionb. 

y> 

POI.ITIIAI.  UIVISU)N». 

35^.  Tlio  iiil.^bited  imrU  of  tlio  rart'i  Imvu  Ixcn  ftom  very  early 
tini'n  ilividtd  iiitu  liin|iirtn,  Kingdonii,  Ktpublicn,  mid  Hlutuy,  of 
Tarioim  kiiidik 

t!,'i3.  Wlmt  in  nn  KinpiruT 

A.  It  is  a  stiitc  coinpoHcd  of  several  counlrics  governed  by 
an  l'',in|M'r(tr. 

351.  |l(iw  iiru  Kinplrei  noinrtiiiicii  rompodcd  ? 

A.  Of  counlncs  iminediatcly  joining  cneh  otlicr,  which 
form  a  compact  Ixjdy  ;  as  ihu  i-rniiiio  of  Austria. 

Sr>:>.  W'httt  do  otlicr  KnipircH  comprinc  ? 

A.  TcrritoricH  Bepurafcd  i>y  vast  ooonns,  and  situated  in 
distant  parts  of  the  eaitli,  as  tiie  Hrtish  ICnipire. 

356.  Wlmt  is  n  kin)rdoni  7 

A.  It  is  u  country  govornixl  by  a  iting,  ns  France,  Spain,  Ace. 


Piilncn  nt  V«raaill»>. 

257.  What  arc  Palaces  7 

A.  Buihlings  inhabited  by  Emperors  or  King.s.  They  are 
generally  of  great  extent,  and  cost  vast  sums  of  money. 

S58,  What  is  a  Republic  7 

A.  It  is  a  country  governed  by  a  President,  as  the  United 
States,  Texas,  Arc. 

351).  How  ore  Empires,  Kingdoms,  Republics,  &.c.,  subdivided  7 

A.  Into  governments,  rxs  in  Russia ;  departments,  as  in 
France ;  cantons,  as  in  Sw.tzcrland  ;  province.^,  as  in  Spain 
and  Portugal ;  and  states,  as  in  the  United  States,  Mexico,  &c. 

S(>0.  What  are  the  subdivisions  of  the  various  states  which  form 
our  Republic  7 

A.  Into  counties,  exccjit  in  South  Carolina,  whore  they  aro 


en 
Mi 


jiris 
dw( 


/ 
Itoir 

a 

A 

and 


3i 
A 

and 

it.s  li 
2( 
A 

case! 
2C 
A, 

eoun 


'orioNii. 


IONS. 

Ii;ivii  Ix'cn  ftom  very  carly_ 
Ki.|)ublicii,    iiiiU    Stutuy,   o( 

il  countries  jjovcnicd  by 

mcd  ? 

iiijT   enrli  otiicr,    which 

'  of  Austria. 

noonriN,  nnd  situated  in 
sh  ICnipirc. 

ig,  ns  Frnncc,  Spain,  Ace. 


rs  or  Kings.    They  are 
ist  sums  of  money. 

President,  as  the  United 

lublicB,  &-C.,  Rubdividcd  7 
sia ;  deparfmrnts,  as  in 
;  provinces,  ns  in  Spain 
nited  States,  Mexico,  &c. 
various  states  whicli  form 

Carolina,  where  they  aro 


OKOOBAPIIICAI.  DRFINIT10N8.  30 

nillrd  districts,   and   in   Loui.iinnn,   where   tJioy  arc  culled 
jinrishi  n. 

mil.  flow  arc  roimti(n  Hutnlividcd  7 

A.  Int..  towns  ill  N.u  i:n^l..ri.i,  nnd  into  townships  in  the 
IVh.ldlo  and  some  of'tho  Western  States. 


<.'ily  of  Kt.  IVl(•r»lJllr^h. 
269.  What  i.s  a  City  7 

A.  It  is  a  larir.;  ....Il.rtion  of  houses  of  various  kinds,  com. 
pnsmK  churches,  Imnks,  lit.rarics,  manu.-iictorics,  stores,  unj 

d«l'lluijr.h0US<>8.  ' 

2fi3.  In  wlrnt  way  i,  a  city  particularly  distinKi.i.hrd  from  a  f.rnn  7 
A.  By  being  incorporated  with  peculiar  i.riviicges.  and  in 
being  governed  by  a  May.r,  Al.lcr.nen,  &c. 
Stil.  Wliat  Ih  a  town,  and  a  villag«  7 

A.  A  town  is  n  collcciion  of  houses  smaller  than  u  citv. 
ami  a  village  is  smaller  than  a  town.  ^' 

2;j 


26.5.  What  in  a  township  7 

A.  It  is  a  tract  of  country  generally  divided  info  farms, 
il"  limiu"  "'"'"'"'"«  "'''"^'  ^'""«^^'  ""^  even  cities,  within 
3(i6.  What  is  a  county  7 

A.  It  is  a  division  belonging  to  a  State,  comprising  in  many 
coses  a  large  extent  of  country.  ^ 

2G7.  Wiiat  docs  a  county  contain  7 

ro,fn'.„^r'''^  *''''^y  ''''Ty  '"  '^°  U"''«^  States  contains  a 
county  town,  or  Court-house. 


'.m 


/-^'^''ijj^,t^  tn 


40 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DEFINITIONS. 


Vij 


I'  #1 


2(58.  What  is  dono  there  ? 

A.  Courts  of  justice  are  held  there,  and  those  who  break 
the  laws  arc  tried  and  punished. 

i26t).  Wliat  is  the  capital  of  a  State  ? 

A.  It  is  the  city  or  town  chosen  for 'the  meeting  of  the 
State  Legislature. 

270.  ^Vllat  do  tlic  capitals  of  States  usually  contain  ? 

A.  The  State  House,  State  Prison,  Governor's  residence, 
and  other  offices  connected  with  the  government  of  the  State. 

271.  In  some  states,  the  most  important  place  in  it  is  chosen  for  the 
capital,  without  any  regard  to  its  position,  as  Boston,  in  MassaehusetU. 
In  most  instances,  however,  a  central  position  is  adopted. 

272.  What  is  the  State  House  ? 

A.  The  house  where  the  Legislature  of  the  state  meets- 

273.  What  is  the  Legislature  of  a  State  ? 

A.  A  body  composed  of  men  who  have  power  to  make  laws. 

274.  Who  is  the  Governor  of  a  State  ? 

A.  He  is  the  person  who  executes  tlie  laws  of  the  State. 

275.  What  is  the  capital  of  the  United  States  ? 

A.  It  is  the  city  of  Washington,  the  place  adopted  by  the 
American  people  for  the  annual  meeting  of  the  national 
Congress. 

27G.  After  whom  was  it  named  7 

A.  General  Washington. 

277.  What  is  the  National  Congress  ? 

A.  It  is  an  assembly  composed  of  the  representatives 
elected  by  the  people. 

278.  For  what  length  of  time  arc  the  Representatives  elected  by  the 
people. 

A.  The  members  of  the  Senate  are  elected  for  six  years, 
and  those  of  the  House  of  Representatives  for  two. 

21 

279.  What  two  bodies  docs  Congress  comprise  ? 

A.  The  Senate  and  the  House  of  Representatives. 

280.  What  are  the  duties  of  Congress  7 

A.    To  make  the  laws  by  which  the  nation  is  governed. 


Ai 


a; 


•%^l 


--**i«SSj 


[IT10N3. 


and  those  who  break 


for'thc  meeting  of  the 

illy  contain  7 

Governor's  residence, 
overnmcnt  of  the  State. 

ilacc  in  it  is  chosen  for  the 
s  Boston,  in  Massachusetts. 
>n  is  adopted. 

e  of  the  state  meets- 

? 

ave  power  to  make  laws. 

tlie  laws  of  the  State. 
Stales  ? 

le  place  adopted  by  the 
necting  of  the  national 


of   the   representatives 
oprcsentatives  elected  by  the 

re  elected  for  six  years, 
latives  for  two. 


mpnse ; 
Representatives. 

the  nation  is  governed. 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DEFINITIOXS. 


41 


mc^nlj"  "'"'' ''"'  "''  """  "'^y  °^  Washi..gton  docs  Congress  hold  ils 

A.  In  tiic  Ciij)itol,  which  is  one  of  the  finest  buildin.rs  in 
Anicnca.  ° 


Cniiitol  at  Wasliiiigtoii. 


282.  Who  executes  the  laws  passed  by  Congress  ? 

A.  The  President,  with  the  aid  of  the  other  officers  of 
government. 

283.  Who  is  the  President  of  the  United  States  7 

A.  He  is  the  chief  magistrate,  or  head  of  the  government. 

284.  By  whom  is  he  chosen  to  that  office  7 
A.  By  the  people  of  the  United  States. 

285.  During  what  period  does  he  hold  his  office  ? 

A.  Ho  holds  his  office  during  the  term  of  four  years. 

28G.  What  forms  the  American  nation  7 

A.  The  whole  of  the  people  of  the  United  Slates. 

287.  The  word  nation  signifies  a  distinct  body  of  people  livinff 
under  one  government.  f'-^fxi  uiiug 

288.  What  is  a  Country  7 

A.  A  large  tract  of  land,  a  region,  one's  native  soil. 

289.  What  are  the  boundaries  of  a  country  7 

A.  Those  parts  of  land  and  water  which  lie  next  to  the 
line  which  separates  it  from  another  country. 

290.  What  is  the  interior  of  a  country  7  ,, 
A.  It  is  the  central  or  inland  parts. 


;«•-'■ 


a  ! 


Ill 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DEFINITIONS. 

"91.  What  is  the  frontier  of  a  country  ? 

A.  Those  i.arl3  which  lie  near  the  border  or  boundary,  the 

outside  portions.  /..•*,-. 

o<)0   Thus  wo  Bay,  the  Northern  frontier,  the  Southern  fr""*'". «^<=- 
aeernhnp  ns  the  purU  are  .ituate.i  to  the  North.  South,  La^t.  or  West. 

293.  \V!,iit  are  the  niaritinie  parts  of  a  country  ? 

A.  Those  jvirls  whit^h  border  on  the  sea  coast. 


Europon.    AfricaiL    Anierlrau. 


25 


RACES  OF  MEN. 

294.  Man  is  tlio  most  perfect  of  tlic  works  of  God,  being  created  in 
his  own  image,  and  for.ncd  by  his  wisdom,  to  subdue  and  exercise 
dominion  over  all  the  earth. 

295.  From  whom  has  the  whole  human  race  descended  t 
A.  From  our  first  parents,  Adam  and  Eve. 

296.  What  docs  the  human  race  present  7 

A.  Several  varieties,  diflering  greatly  from  each  other  in 
colour,  form,  and  features. 

297.  What  is  the  cause  of  the  varieties  in  the  human  race  1 

A.  It  is  probably  owing  to  a  difierence  in  climate,  food,  and 
mode  of  life,  un•^.  no  doubt  partly  to  causes  which  we  do  not 
understand. 

29ti.  What  are  the  various  races  of  mankind  T 


ITIONS. 


Kjrdor  or  boundary,  the 

the  Southern  frontier,  &c., 
rth,  South,  East,  01  West. 
mntry  1 
i  sea  coast. 


4a 


African.    Anicrirau. 


:n. 


rks  of  God,  being  created  in 
lorn,  to  subdue  and  exeteise 

1  race  descended  1 
and  Eve. 

it? 

atly  from  each  other  in 

in  the  human  race  7 

ence  in  climate,  food,  and 

causes  which  we  do  not 

inkindT 


GEOQRAPHICAL  DEFINITIONS. 

A.  They  arc  five,  the  European  or  Caucasian,  Asiatic  or 
Mongohan,  Aincricun,  Malay,  and  African,  or  negro. 

299,  How  may  they  be  classed  in  regard  to  their  colour  ? 
A.  Into  the  White,  Yellow,  Red,  Brown,  and  Black  races. 

300,  What  nations  does  the  European  or  White  race  include  ? 
A.  The  nations  of  Europe,  Western  Asia,  the  North  of 

Africa,  with  all  the  white  inhabitants  of  America  and  other 
regions. 

301,  What  nations  does  the  Asiatic  or  Yellow  race  include  7 
A.  All  the  nations  of  Asia  east  of  the  Ganges  river,  (ex- 
cepting the  Malays  of  Malacca.) 

302,  What  other  nations  belong  to  this  race  7 

A.  The  Finns  and  Laplanders  of  Europe,  and  the  Esqui- 
maux  of  America,  also  belong  to  the  Asiatic  race. 

303,  What  part  of  the  earUi  docs  the  American  or  copper-coloured 
race  inhabit  7  i  r  - 

A.  The  whole  of  the  American  continent,  except  those 
parts  occupied  by  the  descendants  of  Europeans,  with  the 
Esquimaux  and  Negroes. 

304,  What  nations  does  the  Malay  or  Brown  ract  include  7 

A.  The  people  of  Malacca  and  Malaysia,  with  those  of 
Polynesia  and  New  Zealand, 

305,  What  part  of  the  earth  does  the  African  or  Black  race  inhabit  7 
A.  All  Western,  Central,  and  Southern  Africa,   with  a 

consiilerable  part  of  Tviadagascar  and  Australasia. 

306,  A  large  number  of  this  race  are  found  in  both  North  and 
Soutli  America,  where  they,  are  chiefly  in  a  state  of  slavery, 

307,  The  European  or  Caucasian  is  the  most  noble  of  the  five  races 
of  men.  It  excels  all  others  in  learning  and  the  arts,  and  includes  the 
niost  powerful  nations  of  ancient  and  modern  times.  The  most  valua- 
ble  institutions  of  society,  and  the  most  important  and  useful  inventions, 
have  originated  with  the  people  of  this  race. 

Which  is  the  most  noble  of  the  five  races  of  men  ? 

In  what  does  it  excel  all  others  ? 

^Vhat  does  it  include  ? 

What  has  originated  with  the  people  of  this  race  7 

L'niiilltutttgr  '"""'"  '"""'  ^"'''''  P"'  "'■""'  P«°P'«°f  tJie 
To  which  raoe  do  you  belong  ? 


( 


44 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DEFINITIONS. 


26 


m 


STAGES  OF  SOCIETY. 

308.  Nations  live  in  various  stages  of  sooi.-ty,  nn.l  their  condition  is 
found  to  depend  materially  on  the  progress  they  hav-o  made  m  know- 
ledge,  learning  and  refinement,  and  in  their  skill  in  Uie  mechanic  arts. 

309.  How  may  nations  bo  divided  according  to  their  habits  of  life 
and  state  of  iroprovemcnt  ? 

A.  Into  five  classes,  viz  •  savage,  barbarous,  half-civiiized, 
civilized,  and  enlightened. 

310.  How  do  men  live  in  the  savage  state  ? 

A.  By  hunting,  fishing,  and  on  the  spontaneous  produc- 
tions  of  the  ground.  They  arc  generally  clad  in  the  skins  of 
wild  animals,  and  reside  in  miserable  huts,  or  dens,  and  caves 
m  the  earth. 

3il.  What  is  the  general  character  of  savage  nations  7 
A.  They  are  bloodthirsty  and  revengeful,  often  eat  tnc 
flesh  of  tho  enemies  they  take  in  war,  and  treat  their  women 

^^^l'^^^^-  312.  What  dc- 

gree  of  knowl- 
edge do  they  pos* 
sess  ? 

They  pos- 
sess little  or  no 
knowledge  of 
agriculture,  or 
the     mechanic 

Ilahitalions  of  the  Kiiintsclmtdalo.  arts,    and     UfC 

ignorant  of  reading,  writing,  and  a  regular  form  of  govern- 
ment. 

313.  Who  .  nations  arc  examples  of  this  class  ? 

A.  The  nations  of  Australia,  or  New  Holland,  and  New 
Guinea,  most  of  the  Indian  tribes  of  North  and  South 
America,  and  the  Kamtschatdales  or  people  of  Kamtschatka. 

314.  In  what  manner  do  barbarous  nations  live? 

A.  By  agriculture  and  the  pasturage  of  cattle,  sheep,  &c. 

315.  They  understand  a  few  of  the  most  simple  arts,  and  are  ac 
quainted  with  reading  and  writing  only  to  a  very  limited  extent. 


an 


!ol 
of 

eoi 

get 


ml 
tur 

civi 

iik( 
aiu 


md 
sci( 

i 
prii 
cati 

; 

and 


INITIONS. 


lETY. 

society,  nnil  their  condition  is 
98  tliey  iiavo  nmdo  in  know- 
ir  skill  in  tlio  mechanic  arts, 
urding  to  their  habits  of  life 

barbarous,  half-civilized, 

;atc? 

the  spontaneous  produc- 
orally  clad  in  the  skins  of 
c  huts,  or  dens,  and  caves 

savage  nations  7 
revengeful,  often  eat  tnc 
ar,  and  treat  their  women 

312.  What  de. 
gree  of  knowl- 
edge do  they  poa- 
sesH  ? 

They  pos- 
sess little  or  no 
knowledge  of 
agriculture,  or 
the  mechanic 
'-''•  arts,   and    arc 

I  regular  form  of  govern- 

his  class  7 

r  New  Holland,  and  New 

bes   of  North  and  South 

or  people  of  Kamtschatka. 

ations  live  7 

rage  of  cattle,  sheep,  &c. 

most  simple  arts,  and  ore  ac 

to  a  very  limited  extent. 


ft^pS^vi- 


GEOOIIAPHICAL  DEFIMTIONS. 


45 


31 U.  What  natioiiH  arc  cxiuiiplrs  of  this  class  ? 
A.  The  roving  tribes  of  Tartary,  Arabia,  Central  Africa, 
and  the  people  of  A  byssinia.  ' 


27 


317.  How  are  the  half-civilized  nations  distinguished  7 

A.  They  understand  agriculture  and  many  of  the  arts 
lolonibly  well,  have  written  languages,  with  some  knowied'ro 
of  learning  and  books.  ° 

318.  They  have  also  established  laws  and  religion,  some  little  foreign 
commerce,  but  arc  very  jealous  of  strangers,  and  treat  their  women 
generally  as  slaves. 

.Illi.  What  nations  may  bo  considered  as  belonging  to  the  aulf- 
civili/.ed  class  7 

A.  China,  .Japan,  Burmah,  Siam,  Turkey,  Persia,  &c. 

330.  IIow  are  civilized  nations  distinguished  7 

A.  The  arts  and  sciences  are  well  understood,  and  the 
inhabitants  derive  their  subsistence  principally  front  africul- 
turo,  manufactures,  and  commerce. 

331.  What  is  the  condition  of  the  great  body  of  tho  people  in  some 
civilized  states  7 

A.  They  are  very  ignorant  and  superstitiojs,  and  there  is 
likewise  a  vast  ditferenco  between  the  condition  of  the  upper 
and  lower  classes  of  society. 

322.  What  countries  rank  among  the  civilized  nations? 

A.  Russia,  Spain,  Portugal,  Italy,  Greece,  &c. 

333.  What  is  tho  character  of  enligbxi        '"♦ions  7 

A.  They  are  noted  for  the  intelligence,  enterprise,  and 
industry  of  tiicir  inhabitants  ;  among  them  also  the  arts  and 
sciences  are  carried  to  a  high  state  of  perfection. 

324.  How  are  they  otherwise  noted  7 

A.  Females  are  treated  with  politeness  and  respect,  the 
principles  of  free  government  are  well  understood,  and  edu- 
cation  and  learning  are  more  general  tlian  among  other  nations. 

395.  What  nations  belong  to  this  class  7 

A.  The  United  States,  Great  Britain,  Franco,  Switzerland, 
and  some  of  the  Gennan  States. 


Pt 


I 


I, I 

h 
1 1' 


46 


GEOGRAMnCAL  DEFINITIONS. 


VVulurloo  nriilge. 

a^e  Enlightened  and  civilized  niilions  nro  disliiipuislicd  by  tiic 
number  and  variety  of  tlieir  public  buildings,  and  works  of  iialional 
utility;  of  these,  colleges,  hospitals,  libraries,  bridges,  canals,  rail-roads, 
&c.,  aro  amongst  lluj  most  prominent. 

28  


GOVERNMENT. 

3:27.  In  every  part  of  the  earth  it  har-  been  found  necessary  to  have 
some  system  of  government,  or  some  power  or  authority,  that  shall 
protect  the  good  and  punish  the  wicked. 

328.  Without  government,  no  one  could  bo  secure  either  in  his  per. 
son  or  property,  and  the  world  would  be  a  scene  of  confusion  and 
bloodshed. 

329.  What 's  government  7 

A.  It  is  the  {)ower  or  system  by  which  the  luws  of  a 
country  are  made  and  executed. 

330.  What  is  the  object  of  government  ? 

A.  To  afford  protection  to  life  and  property,  and  ensure 
the  happiness  of  tlie  ])cople. 

33J .  What  are  th?  different  kinds  of  government  ? 

A.  Three;  Monarchy,  Aristocracy,  and  Democracy. 

332.  What  is  Monarchy  7 

A.  It  is  tliat  form  of  government  in  wliich  an  Emperor  or 
King  rules  during  his  life.  Emperors,  Kings,  tkc.  are  also 
called  Sovereigns.  ,^ 

333.  What  are  the  forms  of  Monarchy  7 

A.  Two  ;  absolute  and  limited  Monarchy. 

334.  What  is  an  absolute  Monarchy  7 

A.  Where  the  monarch  governs  according  to  his  own  will. 


rul 


Pc 

all 
mil 


Mil 
till' 
tl.J 

are 
wil 
by  I 

:i 

srii 

roci 

mo; 

ill 

a|.|i 

one 

will 

1 
Btiti 

2 

1 


1 

son 

T 

18  fr 
3 

3 

The 

rcpri 

3 

iliei 


-4.it 


IN1TI0N9. 


na  arc  disliiipuislicd  bj^  tlic 
Jiiifjs,  and  works  of  national 
ios,  brid^rcs,  ctinaU,  rail-roads, 


been  found  necessary  to  have 
lower  or  authority,  that  shall 

Id  be  secure  cither  in  his  pcr- 
jc  a  scene   of  confusion  and 


by  which  the  laws  of  a 

It? 

and  property,  and  ensure 

government  ? 

cy,  and  Democracy. 

t  ill  wliich  an  Emperor  or 
•ors,  Kings,  &c.  are  also 

lonarchy. 

according  to  his  own  will. 


OEOaUAPHICAL  DEFINITIONS.  47 

335.  What  countries  are 
ruled  in  tliis  maimur  / 

A.   China,   Turkey,  if 
Persia,   and    geiieraily 
all   the   states  of  Asia 
and  Africa. 

3'm.  Sumo  countries  arc 
ruled  by  tyrants,  who  unf 
tlii'ir  people  witii  great  cru- 
elly, and  in  cuii)-e(|iicnce 
an.'  ul'niid  to  go  abroad 
williout  being  surrounded 
by  soldiers.  ,u 

337.  Tiio  picture  reprc-  J(l! 
Boiits  the  Emperor  of  Mo- 
rocco, who  is  one  of  the 
most  despotic  sovereigns 
in  existence.  When  he 
appears  in  public,  every 
one    he     mc(as    must    fall  Emperor  of  Morocco. 

with  their  faces  to  the  earth,  and  there  remain  until  the  despot  haa 

pnesed 

338.  What  is  a  limited  monarchy  ? 

A.  Where  the  power  of  the  monarch  is  limited  by  a  con- 
Btitution. 

339.  What  states  are  ruled  uy  a  limited  monarchy? 
A.  Great  Britain,  France,  Sweden,  &c. 


•  29. 


340.  What  is  an  aristocracy  ? 

A.  A  governmcn'  where  the  power  is  vested  in  a  few  per- 
sons called  nobles. 

Tliii"  does  not  at  present  exist  as  a  distinct  form  of  government,  but 
is  freruently  found  combined  with  others. 

341.  !low  is  aristocracy  frequently  found  combined? 
A.  With  monarchy  and  democracy. 

342.  This  is  the  case  in  Gn.  ^t  britain  and  other  limited  monarchic*. 
The  king  represents  the  monarchy,  the  nobles  the  aristocracy,  and  the 
representative  body  the  democracy. 

343.  What  is  a  Democracy  or  Republic  ? 

A.  It  is  a  free  government,  in  which  the  people  choose 
llieir  own  rulers  for  stated  periods  of  time. 


1  ■ 
1 

,6 

;'! 

4 

;■  i 

-f 

i 


ri 


«.A 


A%  * 


48  GEOGRAPHICAL  DEFINITIONS. 

344.  What  Btoteg  arc  Republics  7  ,     „    ,     o  i 

A.  The  llnitoa  States,  Texas,  Mexico,  and  all  the  Spanish 
American  Stutes. 

345.  Wliat  was  the  first  kind  of  government  I 

A.  The  Putrianhul,  in  which  every  father  or  patriarch 
rules  his  own  ianiily  or  servants. 

34G.  Docs  this  kimi  of  government  still  exist? 

A.  Yes ;  but  it  is  found  only  amongst  rude  and  barbarous 

tribes. 

347.  What  tribes  arc  governed  in  tluf  manner 
A.  The  Bedouins  of  Arabia  and  the  Great  Desert,  llic  Lap. 
'anders,  and  some  others. 

318    How  diu  Patriarelis  become  chiefs  ? 

A.  In  process  of  time  families  increased  in  numbers,  and 
patriarchs  l)Ccanno  chiefs  and  rulers. 

349.  IIow  did  chiefs,  &.c.  become  monarchs? 

A    Some  chiefs  teing  ambitious  and  powerful,  conquered 
others,  and  i)Ccamo  monarchs  of  empires,  kingdoms,  &c. 

350   Wlat  titles  do  rulers  assume  in  ditTcrcnt  parts  of  the  world  ? 

A.  In  Asia,  they  arc  called  Nabobs,  Sultans,  Shalis,  Ra- 
jabs.  Imams,  Khans,  &c. 

351.  What  are  they  called  in  Europe? 

A.  Emperors,  Kings,  Princes,  Dukes,  Electors,  &c. 

35".  What  arc  Uicy  called  in  America  ? 

A.  In  America  the  chief  magistrate  of  the  different  repub- 
lies  takes  the  name  of  President. 

RELIGION. 

^ns   All  races  of  men,  even  the  most  savage,  appear  to  believe  in 

Tany  dit5=*^er  ric'^Sglon.  and  exhibit  one  of  the  n^t  .tnking 
divereitics  by  which  nations  are  distmjiuished  from  each  other. 

354.  What  are  the  principal  systems  of  Religion  ? 

A.  The  Christian,  Mahomcdan,  and  Pagan  or  Heathen. 


35J 
A. 

kind. 


35( 
A. 

A. 

Chris 

35S 

A. 

the  P 

Pope. 

35S 

A. 

theB 

ship. 

36C 

A. 

Luthc 


IITIONS. 

CO,  and  all  the  Spanisii 

cnl  I 

ry  father  or  patriarch 

exist  ? 

(rst  rude  nnd  barborous 

anncr  ? 

3  Great  Desert,  llic  Lop. 

? 

rcascd  in  numbers,  and 

rchs  7 

and  powerful,  conquered 
lircs,  kingdoms,  &c. 
Tcrcnt  parts  of  the  world  ? 
ibs.  Sultans,  Shalis,  Ra- 
kes, Electors,  &c. 
7 

ite  of  the  different  repub- 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DEFINITIONS.  40 

355.  Who  aro  ChriHtiuns  7 

A.  All  those  who  believe  iu  Christ  as  the  Saviour  of  nrnn. 


t  savage,  nppcar  to  believe  in 

osscssnd  of  power  superior  to 

is  faith  is  manifested,  form  so 

libit  one  of  the  moat  striking 

shed  from  each  other. 

if  Religion  7 

md  Pagan  or  Heathen. 


kind. 


A  Cliriilian  Churrli. 

35G.  Into  what  classes  arc  they  divided  7 

A.  Three :  Roman  Catholic,  Greek,  and  Prote  itant. 

357.  Who  aro  the  Roman  Catliolics  7 

A.  Those  who  acknowledge  the  Pope  aa  head  of  the 
Christian  Church. 

358.  Who  constliute  the  Greek  Church  T 

A.  Those  who  adopt  most  of  the  forms  and  ceremonies  of 
the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  but  deny  the  authority  of  the 
Pope. 

359.  Who  are  Protestants  7 

A.  Those  who  reject  the  authority  of  the  Pope,  and  tuke 
the  Bible  aa  the  only  foundation  of  Christian  faith  and  wor- 
ship. 

360.  How  are  Protestants  divided  7 

A.  Into  various  sects,  of  which  the  chief  are  Episcopalians, 
Lutherans,  Presbyterians,  Baptists,  Methodists,  Friends,  &c. 

361.  Who  are  Mahomedans  or  Mussclmanp  I 

A.  Those  who  believe  in  Mahomed,  a  religious  impostor, 
who  lived  in  Arabia  about  600  years  after  Christ. 
4 


'I 


51 


''! 


.11 


,111 


i  w 


M 


fir: 


I 


'-^i 


fla 


aEOOIlAI'HlCAI.  DEFINITIONS. 


A  Mnhomcdaii  Mowpie. 


ai 


3G3.  AVIio  arc  Pnfjnns  or  llciitlicns  7 

A.  Those  who  iMjlirvn  in  false  Gods,  nnd  who  worshif- 
itlols,  Ix'nsts,  birds,  serpents,  &c. 

aoa.  Thoy  coinpriio  Bcvcrnl  clnascK,  »ucli  as  nramins  HiiiUllii»K 
worsliipiiera  of  the  (irand  Lunio,  dec,  and  number  more  Ihou  one  hull 
tlio  inliubitanU  of  Uio  earth. 


Pnffan  Tuiiiplu. 


364.  Who  arc  the  Jews  ? 

A.  They  are  those  who  believe  in  the  Old  Testament,  hut 
reject  the  New,  and  expect  a  Saviour  yet  to  come. 

365.  The  Cliriatian  nations  are  mucli  superior  in  knowledge  and 
power  to  ail  others,  and  tlirough  the  increase  of  tlieir  colonies,  the  in- 
fluence of  the  press,  and  the  exertions  of  the  Missionaries,  will  no 
doubt,  in  the  course  of  a  few  generations,  spread  their  religion  over  the 
greater  part  of  the  earth. 


\V(1 

nil 


(hi 


cIlD 
Ulll 


.1 

piiii 
urn 

UIKJ 
llllOl 

tlll'l 

Am 

.'icni 
II 
II 
II 
II 
II 
II 
3' 


*..« 


NITI0N8. 


»|iii' 


Gods,  nnd  wlio  worship 

ncli  as  nramins,  Uii(Ulliinl>'. 
1  nunibtr  more  than  one  liulf 


in  the  Old  Testament,  but 
jr  yet  to  come. 

h  superior  in  knowledge  anil 
rcase  of  tlieir  colonics,  the  in- 
I  of  the  Miwionaries,  will  no 
,  spread  their  religion  over  tlie 


OBOORAPHK  AL    DKFINITIONrf. 


51 


nCO.  71,0  ImportMMcr  attach, , I  \,y  inm.kind,  in  nil  .nmrtirs  of  the 
world,  to  t  hn  „or^h.|.  .,t  the  D.ity,  i»  inosl  Mriklnjfly  .hHi.h.y.d  hy  the 
nmul„..r,  .,1   roMly  und  s|.l.ndi.l  tdinccs  er.cttd  for  rrligi,!  purpoU 

>Vhat  iiiilioiiH  are  HuiHrior  in  knowkdjj,.  and  jiowcr  to  nil  otiicrs  / 

ihiMuriV?'"  '"""'"  ""''  '■''''*'''""  '"  ^  "I'"""*  o**^""  "'o  IT'olcr  purt  of 

To  whiit  .lo  mankind,  in  all  .|imrfcr.  of  the  world,  attach  imporlunco  .' 

How  M  it  must  Ktrikinjfly  di»|iliiyt.d  ! 

3i;7.  ThoHo  lire  ci.II.nI  nmonff  Cliristians.  chiirrhos  cuthcdr.ik  nnd 

Sdion^'irp"'"  •   !'''5""-'"r.""y  "•'««  tho  nume  of  Mos'.iuTJ; 
Ma  among  tlio  I'agnn  Hindoos,  tliey  arc  termed  Pagodas. 

32  


I.ANfJl'AGES. 

nnS.  Tho  diversities  of  lanpiiap,.  f„nn  one  of  the  most  slrikinir 
ponits  of  distinction  l)ftween  tlu,  various  nations  of  the  earth,  and  their 
urrangenient  into  a  Rtiieral  nyst.',,,  ronstitut.s  an  important  hrancli  of 
(r<:o)rrni.liy  The  langna^rs  of  cuhivutt.d  nations  nro  botli  written  ond 
e|K)ken;  while  those  of  savage  und  barbarous  races  ore  incrclv  verbal 
and  arc  not  rcdiieed  to  writiiijr.  '  ' 

„l.n!;'■J'!'^  "•"'".'"'.'■■  "•■  """Ji""!  languages  in  the  world,  amounts  to 
bout  80,  hut  ine  uding  the  various  dialecU  or  branches  derived  from 
tl.ini,  they  number  upwards  of  ■.mi),  of  whieh  more  than  I'iOO  arc 
A.nericnn  and  about  MO  Kuropcan.  In  Asia  and  Oceanicu,  there  are 
nearly  1000,  and  in  Afrieu  1>76. 

How  many  original  languages  are  t»    re  in  the  world  ? 

How  many  brunches  or  dialects  are  u      /v^  from  thom  7 

How  many  of  these  are  American  ? 

How  many  arc  European  ? 

How  many  are  there  in  Asia  and  Occsnica  ? 

How  many  are  there  in  Africa  ? 

moJie  tlt''.h^''p""'r  'r^".T  '"  "P"K«".''y  «he  K'eato.t  number  of 
piople,  but  the  English  is  tho  most  widely  spread,  and  will  probablv 

ncTund  strrngft'"'  ""•  "  d.stmguishcd  for  iu  simplicity,  concise^ 

371.  The  number  of  books  printed  in  the  Engli-h  language  is  prob. 
tipun  in  the  case  of  any  other  language. 

Wliat  language  is  spoken  by  the  greatest  number  of  people  ? 

\Vhieh  is  the  most  widely  spread  7     Where  is  it  spoken  7 

For  what  is  it  distinguished  7 

■KpriiUed^'''"''"'*^''  '"  "  ^'°^"'''''  "'"'  "'°  ^'''""'  """'''"  "^  ^^' 


'14 


wm** 


1^    ' 


I 


5'i 


(IKOISIIAPIIKAL    EXERCISES. 


33 


EXKRCISKS  ON  TIIK  MAPS. 

MAP  OF  TIIK  WOULD,  NO.  1.  niM'OKK  TIIK  I.KARNEH. 

Of  wiml  llcmisplicircii  iIoch  tlila  Mup  coliHint  I     Kn.  oii<l  Wii. 
WIml  (IcK'H  the  EiKtcni  ILiiUHpliero  coii)pri««  7 
A.  All  llmt  i.;u-t  of  tlio  larlli  lying  cuit  of  longitude  '-'0 
(Irgrcps  west  fruiii  tlricnwith. 
llniiiKplicrc  uiiifnificH  Imlf  a  Rlobo. 
AVlmt  gnat  ilivisioiu  dooi  llio  Ett»torn  IIcmiBphcro  contuin  ?     Lc, 

Tl.cRO  divisioiiH  form  the  Eastern  Continrnf,  or  Old  World. 
W'lmt  dopx  tlic  Wfiitorn  CniiliiK^nt  coiiii)risc  ? 
A.  All  that  part  of  tlus  earth  lying  west  of  longitude  20 
dogrces  west  from  (Jrccinvich. 

What  great  divisions  docs  the  Wcetcrn  Hemisphere  contain  7     N.- 
Aa.,  S-An. 
Thuso  divi»ion«  form  the  Western  Continent,  or  the  Now  World. 
What  is  a  Continent  ?     Refer  to  No.  .'>;),  piii;i!  16. 
What  (Treat  diviHion  lies  partly  in  the  Kustern  and  partly  iu  the 
Western  Hemisphere  ?     Oa. 

This  division  is  comiiosed  entirely  of  islands. 
Whieli  Hemisphere  contains  the  most  land  7     En. 
Whieh  Heinispliero  contains  the  most  water?     Wn. 
Which  Hemisphere  contains  the  largest  islands?     En. 
Which  is  the  largest  islond  in  the  world  ?     Aa. 
Which  arc  the  two  next  largest?     Bo.,  N.-fia. 
Which  is  the  largest  division  of  the  Eastern  Hemisphere  7    Ao. 
Which  is  the  smallest  division  7     Ec. 

Which  division  of  the  Eastern  Hemisphere  extends  ftullinl  luuth? 
Aa. 

Which  extends  farthest  to  the  north  ?     Aa. 

Which  extends  furthest  soutii,  Europe  or  Asia  ?    Aa. 

Which  extends  farthest  west  ?     Aa. 

Wh«ch  extends  farthest  cast  7    Aa.  i 

34 

Which  is  the  most  southern  land  in  the  Eastern  Hemisphere  7  Es.-Ld. 
Which  is  the  most  southern  in  the  Western  Hemisphere  7    Gs.-Ld. 
What  is  an  Ocean  7 


A 
V 

Ac.. 
V 

Ac. 

T 

both 
Hern 

V 

v\ 
w 
^^ 
w 
w 

Aa. 
\\ 
W 

u 
\\ 
u 
w 

Ir 
W 

Sd.,6 


W 

w 
w 
w 

Ec.,  I 

w 

S,.A« 

m 
X 
w 
A 


MAPS. 

KE  TIIK  I.KARNEH. 

It  I    Ell.  oiiil  Wii. 
iio? 
cuit  of  longituJo  'iO 

Icmi»phcro  contuin  ?     Ec, 

,t,  or  Old  World. 

tc? 

^  west  of  longitude  20 
[Icmisphcro  contain  7     N.- 

snt,  or  the  New  World. 

Ill  (JO  16. 

HuHtcrn  and  partly  in  the 

[ids. 

dT    En. 
tcr?    Wn. 
iilands  ?    En. 

An. 
[..fin. 
cm  HcniiBplicre  7    Ao. 

lero  extends  fUttllt-it  south? 

La. 
Asia?    Ao. 


lastcrn  Hemisphere  7  Es.-Ld. 
ern  Hemisphere  7    Gs.-Ld. 


cmu(iriAi>iii(  Ai.  KXF.iicismii. 

A.  It  is  u  vnHt  Ixxly  <jf  Miilt  wiitrr. 

Wliiit  five  Oi'L'.'iiiN  lire  in  the  lluNU'rii  llciuiiiphcro?  Nn.,  iiii.,  Pc.| 
Ac,  In. 

Wliiit  tiiur  Oceans  aro  in  tiic  Western  Heniinphure  7     Nn.,  Sn.,  Po,, 

Ac. 

There  ore  only  five  Oceans  on  the  eiirtli,  of  which  four  extend  into 
bntli  llc'iiiiHphercs,  'I'lio  Indian  Ih  the  only  Ocean  that  is  wliully  in  one 
lleinJHpherc. 

Which  is  the  largest  Ocean  7     Pc. 
Which  is  the  second  in  extent?     Ac. 
Which  is  the  third  in  extent  7     In. 
Which  is  the  fourth  in  extent  7    Sn.  or  Antarctic. 
Which  is  the  fifth  in  extent  7     Nn.  or  Arctic. 
Whinh  is  the  largest  division  of  tliu  Western  Heiuisphvro  7    N.> 
Aa. 

Which  extends  farthest  East  7    S.-A. 

Which  extends  farthest  West?     N.-A. 

Is  North  America  in  North  or  South  Latitude  7    N.-Lc. 

Why  is  it  in  North  Latitude  7 

Is  South  America  mostly  in  North  or  in  South  Latitude  7  S.-Lc. 

Why  is  it  mostly  in  South  Latitude  ? 

In  what  direction  does  South  America  lie  from  North  America?     S. 

What  regions  lie  South  and  South-east  of  South  America  7  &.• 
Sd.,  S..Oy.,  8..Ld.,  G.-Ld. 


95 


MAP  OF  THE  WORLD,  NO.  9. 


What  Hcmi8|riMlH  does  ttiis  Map  comprise  7    Nn.  and  Bn< 

Wliieh  Hemiafiwre  contains  the  most  land  ?     Nn. 

Which  Humility  "ro  contains  the  most  water  ?    Sn. 

What  pwM  diMsioni  aro  wholly  in  the  Northern  Hemisphere  7   Au., 
Ec.,  N..JV 

Whkfc  gmt  divisions  aro  partly  in  the  Northern  Hemisphere  ?   Aa., 
a.A»v«)k. 

VrtMl  does  the  Northern  Hemisphere  comprise  7 

A.  Ail  that  part  of  the  earth  north  of  the  Equator. 

Wh*t  docs  tlic  Southern  Hemisphere  comprise  7 

A.  All  that  part  of  the  earth  south  of  the  Equator. 


i;'lf:' 


il  "M 


1 1  ^V'l 


.^^'i^-- 


u 


^*-%l 


54  GEOGRAPHICAL    EXERCISES. 

Wluit  great  divisions  are  partly  in  the  Southern  Homispliore  1    Aa. 
S.-Aa.,  Oa. 

Wiial  four  regions  lio  nearest  tlio  North  Pole  ?  N.-Sa.,  N.-Za., 
Sn.,  Gd. 

Wliat  lands  lie  nearest  the  South  Pole  7     Gs.-I.d.,  Es.Xd. 

What  navigator  has  sailed  nearest  the  South  Pole  ? 

A.  Captain  Wcddell,  in  1823. 

What  other  navigator  sailed  nearly  as  far  south  ? 

A.  The  celebrated  Captain  Cook,  in  1774. 

Captain  WeddcU  sailed  within  1100  miles  of  the  South  Pole.  Somo 
navigators  have  gone  much  nearer  to  the  Nortli  Pole :  Captain  Parry 
went  within  500  miles  of  it,  but  was  stopiwd  by  the  ice  from  approacli- 
ing  closer.  He  found  the  sea,  even  in  the  middle  of  summer,  covered 
with  ice,  and  no  signs  of  cither  birds  or  beasts  were  to  bo  seen. 

36  


MAP  NO.  3.  — NORTH  AMERICA. 

What  Ocean  bounds  North  America  on  tlie  East  ?    Ac. 

What  Ocean  bounds  it  on  the  West  ?     Pc. 

What  Ocean  bounds  it  on  the  North  ?     Ac. 

An  Ocean  is  a  vast  body  of  salt  water. 

Wliat  Sea  is  north  of  Britisli  and  Russian  America  ?     Pr. 

Wlwt  Sea  between  the  West  Indies  and  South  America  ? 

Tell  what  a  Sea  is.    Refer  to  Question  22,  page  11. 


Cn. 


What  great  Gulf  lies  cast  of  Mexico  ?     Mo. 

What  Gulf  between  Mexico  and  California?     Ca. 

What  Gulf  west  of  Newfoundland  ?     S.-Le. 

What  Gulf  west  of  Prince  William's  Land  ?     Ba. 

What  great  Bay  separates  Prince  William's  Land  from  Greenland  7 


Bs. 


What  great  Bay  is  south-west  of  Prince  WiUiara's  Land  7     Hs. 

What  Bay  south  of  Hudson's  Bay  7     Js. 

What  Bay  between  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick  7     Fy. 

What  two  Bays  on  the  east  coast  of  the  United  States  7     Dc.,  Ce. 

What  Bay  cast  of  \  ueatan  7     Hs. 

What  Bay  west  of  Yucatan  7    Ce. 

What  Bay  east  of  Guatimala?    Ga. 

What  Bay  west  of  Alaska  7     Bl. 

Describe  a  Bay.    24. 


\\ 

A\ 
A\ 

\\ 

^^ 
w 

D 

V 

Mn. 
W 

w 

G.-S 
V 
V 
V 
T 

V 
\\ 

CI. 
M 
V 
V 

W 

W 
D 
H 


JRCISES. 

luthcrn  Hcmiapliere  1    Aa. 

jrtli  Pole  ?     N..Sa.,  N.-Za., 

Gs.-I.d.,  Es..Ld. 
ulh  Pole  ? 

south  ? 
1  1774. 

3  of  the  South  Pole.  Some 
Nortli  Pole :  Captain  Parry 
id  by  the  ice  from  approach, 
middle  of  summer,  covered 
ists  were  to  be  seen. 


AMERICA. 

JieEast?    Ac. 

'c. 

kc. 

in  America  ?     Pr. 
Soutii  America?    Cn. 
32,  page  11. 

Mo. 
nia?     Ca. 
-Lo. 

and  7     Qa. 
iin's  Land  from  Greenland  7 

0  WiUiara's  Land  7    Hs. 
i. 

ew  Brunswick  ?    Fy. 
United  States  7    Dc.,  Ce. 


WliBt  Strait  between  America  and  Asia  7 

\\  hat  Strait  west  of  Greenland  7     Ds, 

AVIiat  docs  it  connect  7      B.-By.  and  the    A.-On. 

What  three  Straits  north  of  Labrador  7     Hs.,  Fs.,  Cd. 

What  Strait  separates  Newfoundland  fiom  Labrador?     Bo. 

What  is  a  Strait  7     25.         

What  two  Sounds  in  BaiHn's  Bay  ?    Ss.,  Ls. 
What  Sound  on  the  cast  coast  of  Greenland  ?     Ds. 
What  two  Sounds  in  Russian  America?     Nn.,  "-Ws. 
What  Sound  between  Queen  Charlotte's  and  Vancouver's  Island? 
Q.  V». 
Wiiat  Sound  north  of  Cape  Ilatteras  ?     Ae. 
Describe  a  Sound.     2G. 


What  five  Lakes  are  in  the  northern  part  of  the  United  States  ?   Sr., 
Mn.,  Hn.,  Ee.,  Oo. 

Wliat  river  do  they  all  flow  into  7     S.-Le. 

Wiiat  arc  the  four  principal  Lakes  in  British  America  ?    Wg.,  Aa., 
G.-Sc.,  G.-Br. 

What  two  Lakes  are  in  the  northern  part  of  Mexico  7     Ts.,  Ba. 

What  Lakes  arc  in  the  western  part  of  Mexico  ?    Te. 

What  Lake  is  in  the  southern  part  of  Guatimala  7    Na. 

Tell  what  a  Lake  is.    29. 

37  

What  River  flows  into  the  Polar  Sea  ?     Ms. 

Which  are  the  two  chief  Rivers  that  flow  into  Hudson's  Bay  7    Nn., 


01. 


What  River  of  the  United  States  flows  into  the  Pacific  Ocean  ?    Ca. 

What  River  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  California  7    Co. 

Which  two  '-rgu  Rivers  flow  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico?     Mi,,  Ne. 


What  River  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lowrence  7 
What  River  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Georgia  ?     Fs. 
What  River  flows  into  Ungava  Bay  7     Kli. 
What  River  flows  from  Lake  Chapala?     Ge. 
What  River  flows  from  Lake  Nicaragua  7     S.-Jn. 
Describe  a  River.     34. 
How  are  Rivers  shown  on  Maps  ?     174, 


S..Lc. 


What  Peninsula  is  in  the  south  part  of  Russian  America  ? 

What  Peninsula  north  of  Hudson's  Bay  7     Me. 

What  Peninsula  in  the  southern  part  of  Britbh  America? 


Aa. 


N.ga. 


i     I! 


,ii  :;^^it 


56 


GEOGRAPHICAL    EXERCISES. 


What  Peninsula  in  the  southern  part  of  the  United  States? 
What  Pciiinsuhi  in  tiie  western  part  of  Mexico  ?    Ca. 
What  Peninsula  in  tiio  eastern  part  of  Mexico  ?     Yn. 
What  is  a  Peninsula  ?     54. 


Fa. 


W..Is. 


Ca-  Hi., 


What  Island  lies  cast  of  Greenland  7     Id. 

Wliat  Island  west  of  Greenland  ?     Do. 

What  Island  in  Hudson  Bay  ?     Sn. 

What  four  Islands  in  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence?    Nd.,  Ai,  CBn, 
P..Es. 

What  Islands  east  of  Savannah  ?     Bi'. 

What  Islands  south-east  from  Florida?     5a. 

What  Islands  between  North  and  South  Americu? 

Which  are  tlie  four  largest  of  the  West  Indiu  Islands  ? 
Ja.,  P.Ro. 

These  ore  calleo  the  Great  Antilles. 

Which  arc  the  two  chief  Islands  on  the  west  coast  of  the  I.  nited 
States  ?     Vs.,  Q..C8. 

Tell  what  Islands  are.    56. 

Which  is  the  most  western  Cape  of  North  America  ?    P.- We. 
Wliich  is  the  most  eastern  Cape  ?    Re. 
Which  is  the  most  southern  Cape  ?    Ga. 
Which  is  the  most  southern  Capo  of  Greenland  ?     Fl. 
What  three  Capes  on  the  cast  coast  of  the  United  States?    Cd., 
Hs.,  CI. 
Which  is  the  most  southern  Cape  of  the  United  States?    Se. 
The  most  southern  Cape  of  California  ?     Ls. 
The  most  eastern  Cape  of  Guatiinala  ?    G.-Da. 
What  is  a  Cape?    57. 

38 

What  Mountains  extend  through  the  whole  of  North  America  7   Ry 

What  are  they  called  in  Mexico?     M.  Cs. 

What  Mountains  extend  along  the  west  coast  of  Mexico?    Sy. 

What  Mountaitis  extend  through  the  eastern  part  of  the  United 
States  ?     Ay. 

What  two  Mountains  are  in  the  southern  part  of  Russian  America? 
S..Es.,  Fr. 

What  two  Mountains  are  in  the  western  part  of  British  America? 
Bn.,  Hr. 

What  is  a  Mountain?    59. 


■*31*^    \ 


w 

M( 
Wi 

M 

callc( 

WI 
WI 
WI 
WI 

WI 
WI 
WI 

WI 
Th 
WI 

Th 

mark, 

Wf 

■:.''l 

'4 

;vi 

WI 
WI 
Thi 
WI 
WI 
WI: 

Wli 
Wl] 

Wii 
Wli 

Wli 

Wh 
Wh 
Ini 
In^ 
Ini 


RCISES. 

ihc  United  Slates  ?    Fa. 
ilo.vico  ?     Co. 
[uxico  ?    Yn. 


awrcnce?    Nd.,  Ai,  CBn, 


5a. 

America  ?    W.-Is. 
st  Indiu  Islands?    Ca^  Hi., 


Iio  west  coast  of  the  l  nited 


th  America  ?    P.- We. 


eenland  7    Fl. 

af  the  United  SUtes  7    Cd,, 

B  United  States?    Se. 
Ls. 
G.-Ds. 


loie  of  North  America  7   Hy 

3s. 

coast  of  Mexico?    Sy. 

eastern  part  of  the  United 

n  part  of  Russian  America  7 

rn  part  of  British  America? 


GEOGttAPHICAL 

What  Highlands  arc  in  the  nortiiern  part  of  Greenland  ? 
Mountains  iind  Hills  are  often  called  Highlands. 
WImt  two  Peaks  arc  in  the  western  piirt  of  tiie  United  States  ?   Ls.,  Js. 
Mnnntains  tliat  arc  higher  than  those  around  them  are  sometimes 
called  Peaks. 

What  Peaks  are  in  the  northern  part  of  Mexico  7    Sh. 
What  Volcano  is  in  the  southern  part  of  Mexico  ?     PI. 
What  two  Volcanoes  arc  in  Guatimala  ?    Wr ,  Ca. 
What  is  a  Volcano  7     C2. 


What  Desert  lies  in  the  western  part  of  the  United  States  7 
What  Desert  lies  in  the  northern  part  of  Mexico  7  G.-Sy. 
What  is  a  Desert?    70. 


Which  is  the  most  western  division  of  Nortli  America  ?     R.-Aa. 

This  is  called  Russian  America  because  it  belongs  to  Russia. 

Which  is  the  most  custom  division  of  Nortli  America  ?    Gd. 

This  is  sometimes  called  Danish  America  because  it  belongs  to  Den- 
mark. 

Which  is  the  largest  division  in  the  North  7     B.-Aa. 

i'lis  is  called  British  America  because  it  belongs  to  Great  Britain. 

■   hich  is  the  largest  division  in  the  Centre  7     U.-S. 

A'liich  is  the  largest  division  in  the  South  7     Mo. 

What  division  lies  between  the  United  Stutes  and  Mexico  7     Tb. 

Which  division  lies  south  of  Mexico  7     Gu. 

This  division  is  likewise  called  Central  America. 

What  small  division  lies  north  of  Guatimala  ?     Bo. 

What  great  Archipelago  lies  east  of  Mexico  and  Guatimala  ?   W.-Ib. 

What  is  an  Archipelago  7     23. 


What  is  the  capital  of  British  America  7    Qc. 
What  is  the  capital  of  the  United  States  7     VVn 
Wliat  is  the  capital  of  Texas  1    Hn. 
What  is  the  capital  of  Mexico  7     Mo. 
What  is  the  capital  of  Guatimala  7     S..Sr. 


What  part  of  North  America  is  crossed  by  the  Tropic  of  Cancer  7  Mo. 
What  parU  ore  crossed  by  the  Arctic  Circle  ?     Gd.,  B.-Aa.,  R.-Aa. 
In  what  Zone  is  the  middle  part  of  North  America  7    N.-Te. 
In  what  Zone  is  the  southern  part  7     Td. 
In  what  Zone  is  the  northern  part  7    N.-Fd. 


I  t.HPi;gg(im 


f,  '''-<  ■ 


>  Hi 


^^! 


J  i, 


f.  ti 


GEOGRAPHICAL    EXERCISES. 


58 

WlHit  countries  of  North  America  arc  in  tl.e  Ncrtli  Frigid  Zone? 
G(l.,  n.-Aa.,  n.-An.  ,     n   A™  n  <S 

What  countries  are  in  the  North  Temperate  Zone?  B-Aa,  U..h., 
Ts.,  Alo.  , 

VVlKit  coimtrifs  nrc  in  the  Torrid  Zone  ?     Mo.,  Ga.,  VV.-lfl. 

In  wliiit  Zone  is  tlio  largest  part  jf  Nortli  America  7     N  -Ts. 


39 


What 
What 
Wliat 
Wliat 
What 
Wliat 
>vi,at 
Sr.,  Hn., 
What 
Wliat 
What 


MAP  NO.  4.  — UNITED  STATES. 
country  hounds  the  United  States  on  the  North  ?     B.-Aa. 
Ocean  hounds  it  on  the  East  ?     Ac.-On. 
Ocean  hounds  it  on  the  West  ?     Pc.-On. 
Gulf  bounds  it  on  the  South  ?     Mo. 

Gulf  separates  Vancouver's  Island  fiom  Oregon  Territory  7  Ga. 
Republics  lie  west  of  the  United  States  7     Mo.,  Ts. 
five  great  Lakes  are  in  the  northern  part  of  the  United  States? 
Mn.,  Ec.,  Oo. 

is  the  name  of  the  eastern  part  of  Lake  Huron  'i     Me. 
Lake  lies  cast  of  Lake  Ontario  ?    Cn. 
Lake  lies  north-west  of  Lake  Superior  ?     Ws. 

What  great  river  extends  through  the  middle  of  the  U.  States  7    Mi. 

Which  are  its  three  great  western  branches  7     Mi.,  As.,  Rd. 

Which  is  its  principal  eastern  branch  7     Oo. 

Into  what  Gulf  does  the  Mississippi  flow  '     Mo. 

What  River  with  two  names  in  the  western  part  of  the  United 
States  7     On.  or  Ca. 

What  arc  its  two  principal  branches  7     Ls.,  Cs. 

What  three  Rivers  flow  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean  north  of  Cape  Cod? 
Ft.,  Kk.,  Mk. 

Wh  it  three  between  Capo  Cod  and  Cape  Charles  7    Ct,,  Hn.,  De. 

What  three  flow  into  Chesapeake  Bay  7     Sa,,  Pc.,  Js. 

What  River  flows  into  Albemarle  Sound  7    Re. 

What  two  flow  into  Pamlico  Sound  7    Tr.,  Ne. 

What  seven  Rivcis  flow  into  the  Atlantic  between  Cape  Lookout 
and  Cape  C^annaveral  7     C.-Fr.,  G.-Pe.,  Sc.,  Sh.,  Aa.,  S.-Ms.,  S..J8. 

What  three  Rivers  flow  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  east  of  the  month 
of  the  Mississippi  7    PL,  Aa.,  Apalachicola. 

40  

There  are  eight  Capes  on  the  Atlantic  coast  of  the  United  State*. 


Wl 
\VI 
Wl 
Wl 

Fr.,  ( 
Wl 

Y,l) 
Wl 

Wl 

tissipi 

Wl 

Ac,  I 

Wl 

Wli 
Wli 

Wli 
Wh 
Wli 
Roc 
Wli 
•icorg 

Wh 

States 
Wh 

rnile( 
The 
Ini 
Thi 
n'h 
Wh 
Tlic 
Wh 


Ifov 
IIov 

The 

li'     S( 

ccntnii 
l'iiiti"J 


*..,v^ 


ERCISB9. 

in  tlie  Ncrtli  Frigid  Zone  ? 

pcratc  Zone  ?     B.-Aa,  U..S., 

Mo.,  On.,  W.-Ifl. 
,h  America  ?    N  -Ts. 


)  STATES. 

on  the  North  7    B.-Aa. 
kc-On. 
Pc.-On. 
lo. 

fiom  Oregon  Territory  7  Ga. 

States  ?    Mo.,  Ts. 

jrn  part  of  the  United  States? 

f  I-ake  Huron  V    Me. 

Cn. 
perior  ?    Ws. 

niddle  of  tlie  U.  States  7    Mi. 
chcs?    Mi.,  As.,  Rd. 

Oo. 
w '    Mo. 
western  part  of  the  United 

Lb.,  Cs. 
;ic  Ocean  north  of  Cape  Cod  ? 

)c  Charles?    Ct,,  Hn.,  De. 
?     Sa.,  Pc,  Js. 
id?    Re. 
Tr.,  Ne. 

antic  between  Cape  Lookout 
3.,  Sh.,  Aa.,  S..M8.,  S..J8. 
of  Mexico  east  of  the  mouth 
)la- 

coast  of  the  United  States. 


What  are  they  7    Cd.,  Mr.,  Vs.,  Ily.,  lis.,  Ll.,  Fr.,  C'l. 

What  two  C'apps  are  on  the  west  side  of  Florida  ?     Rs.,  So. 

What  CaiM!  west  of  Apaliichcc  Bay  ?     S..B». 

What  C'-ur  CajK-'s  are  on  tlic  I'acific  coast  of  the  United  Slates  ?   Fv.. 
Fr.,  Ocl.,  Mo.  ' 

What  three  Bays  arc  bctwctn  Cano  Cod  and  Cape  Halleras  7     N.- 
Y,Dc.,Ce. 

\Vlmt  four  Bays  arc  on  the  west  coast  of  Florida  ?  Cm.,  Ta.,  Vr.,  Ae. 
What  three  Bays  between  Cbim;  St.  Bias  and  ths  moutlis  of  the  Mis- 
Bissi[ipi  River  ?     Pa.,  Mc,  Bk. 

What  tlirce  Sounds  are  between  Cape  Lookout  and  Cape  Cod?     Po., 
At'.,  I..- Id. 

What  Sound  on  the  west  coast  of  Vancouver's  Island  7    Na. 


Wliat  Island  is  there  on  the  coast  of  Maine  7     M..Dt. 
What  two  Islands  lie  south  of  Massachusetts  ?     Nt.,  M..Vd. 
What  Island  lies  south  of  Rhode  Island  ?     Bk, 
What  Island  lies  south  of  Connecticut  7     L.-Id. 
Wliat  Islands  lie  south  of  Florida  7     F.-lia.  and  T.-Is, 
Kocfs  signify  low  sandy  islands. 

What  Island  is  separated  from  the  Oregon  Territory  by  the  Gulf  of 
•icorgia  7     Vs. 

What  range  of  Mountains  is  in  the  western  part  of  the  United 

States  ?     Ry. 

What  three  ranges  of  Mountains  are  in  tho  Eastern  part  of  the 
I'niled  States  7    Cd.,  Ay.,  B.-Re. 

Tliese  three  ranges  are  called  sometimes  the  Apalachian  Mountains. 

In  what  State  is  tho  Black  Mountain  7     N.-Ca. 

This  is  tho  higiiest  mountain  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  United  S'  ites. 

H'Imt  Mountains  are  in  Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey  7     Be, 

What  Mountains  are  in  Vermont  and  New  Hampshire  7    Gn.,  We, 

The  White  Mountains  are  the  highest  in  Now  England. 

Wliat  Mountains  ore  in  Arkansas  and  Missouri  7    Ok. 


41 


26. 


!fow  many  St  itcs  arc  there  in  the  United  States  7 

How  many  Territories,  ir  jiuding  Florida  7     fi. 

There  is  also  a  District,  called  the  District  of  Colunibi.i,  which  you 
"1'  SCO  on  Map  No.  7.  It  is  10  miles  long  and  10  miles  wide,  and 
contains  Washington  City,  the  capital  of  tho  United  States.  Thus  tho 
\)\\U"}  States  contain  33  separate  divisions. 


'm 


ill 


1: 1  li 


tt; 


60 


GEOGRAPHICAL    EXERCISES. 


Tliere  nrc  13  Stales  lyiii),'  along  tlio  Atlantic  Ocean  between  Florida 
and  New  Brunswiclt. 

VVimt  are  they  ?     Me.,  N.-H.,  Ms.,  R.-I.,  Ct„  N.-Y.,  N.J.,  Dc.,  Md., 
Vo.,  N.-C,  S..C.,  Ga. 

Wliut  State  lies  north  of  Long  iHland  Sound  ?    Ct. 

To  what  State  does  Long  Island  belong  ?     N..Y. 

What  three  States  and  Territory  lie  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico?    La., 
Mi.,  Aa.,  Fu. 

What  two  States  lie  west  of  tlic  Mississippi  River  ?     As.,  Mi. 

What  three  Territories  lie  between  the  Mississippi   -nd  the  Rocky 
Mountains  7     la..  Mi.,  In. 

What  Territory  lies  Uitween  the  Mississippi  River  and  Lakes  Supe- 
rior and  Michigan  ?     Wn. 

What  four  States  lie  directly  cast  of  the  Mississippi  River?    Mi., 
Tc.,  Ky.,  Is. 

What  State  lies  on  both  sides  of  the  Mississippi  ?     La. 

What  Slate  is  bounded  by  Lakes  Huron,  Michigan,  and  Superior?  Mn. 

What  three  States  are  bounded  by  Lake  Erie  ?     N.-Y.,  Pa.,  Oo. 

What  State  is  bounded  by  Lake  Ontario  ?     N.-Y. 

What  two  States  does  Lake  Champlain  separate  ?    N..Y,  Vt. 

What  two  States  are  separated  by  the  Connecticut  River  ?   N.-H.,  Vt. 

What  two  States  arc  separated  by  the  Delaware  River  ?     Pa.,  N.-J. 

What  two  States  are  separated  by  the  Potomac  River  ?     Va.,  Md. 

What  two  Slates  arc  separated  by  the  Savannah  River  ?     S.-C,  Ga. 

What  two  States  are  separatee'  '     the  Chatlahoochec  River  ?  Ga.,  Aa. 

What  five  States  are  boimded  L^  the  Ohio  River  ?    la.,  Is.,  Oo.  Ky.,  Va. 

What  two  States  arc  separated  in  part  by  the  Cumberland  Moun. 
tains?    Va.,  Ky. 

What  two  States  aro  separated  by  Uio  Alleghany  Mountains  7  N- 
C,  Te. 

42 

Which  is  the  largest  State  ?     Va. 

The  smallest  ?     R.-L 

What  is  the  capital  of  the  United  States  ?    Wn. 

Which  of  the  Eastern  States  have  each  t»o  capitals ?     Ct.,  R.-I. 

The  six  Eastern  States  are  Maine,  New  Ilaaipshire,  Vermont,  Mas- 
sachusetts, Rhode  Island,  and  Connecticut. 

What  is  the  capital  of  each  ?   Aa.,  Cd.,  Mr.,  Bn.,  Pe.,  Nt.,  Hd.,  N.-Hn. 

The  four  Middle  States  aro  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Feniisylvania, 
and  Delaware. 

What  is  the  capital  of  each  ?    Ay.,  Tn.,  Hg., 


SXBRCISCS. 

Mlaiilic  Ocean  between  Florida 

I..I.,  Ct,  N.-Y.,  N.-J.,  De.,  Mii., 


I  Sound?    Ct. 

ng?     N..Y. 

on  tlie  Gulf  of  Mexico? 


L«., 


lissippi  River  ?     As.,  Mi. 

the  MisBissippi   .ad  the  Rocky 

ssiRsippi  River  and  Lakea  Supc- 

)f  the  Mississippi  River  ?    Mi., 

Mississippi  ?    La. 
3n,Michignn,and  Superior?  Mn. 
akcErie?    N.-Y.,  Pa.,  Oo. 
ario?     N..Y. 
lin  separate  ?    N..Y,  Vt. 
e  Conncctieut  River  ?   N.-H.,  Vt. 
e  Delaware  River  ?     Pa.,  N.J. 
e  Potomac  River  ?     Va.,  Md. 
e  Savannah  River  ?     S.-C,  Ga. 
e  Chatlahoochec  River  ?  Ga.,  Aa. 
Ohio  River  ?    la..  Is.,  Oo.  Ky.,  Va. 
part  by  the  Cumberland  Moun- 

tlio  Alleghany  Mountains  ?    N.- 


;ateB  ?    \Vn. 

ach  two  ciipitals  7    Ct.,  R.-I. 

New  Hampshire,  Vermont,  Mas- 

icut. 

:d.,  Mr..  Bn.,  Pe.,  Nt.,  lid.,  N.-Hn. 

fork.  New  Jersey,  Penivsylvania, 

Tn.,  Hg.,  Dr. 


GEOGRAPHICAL    EXERCISES.  01 

The  eight  Soulhcrn  States  arc  Maryland,  Virginia,  North  Carolina, 
South  Carolina,  (itorgia,  Alabama,  Mississippi,  and  Louisiana. 

Wlial  is  the  cni)itul  of  each  I    As.,  Rd.,  Rh.,Ca.,  Mo.,  Ta.,  Jn.,  N.-Os. 
The  eiglit  Western  States  ar-.  Ohio,  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  Michigan, 
Indiana,  Illinois,  Missouri,  aiiO  A'Uansan. 
What  is  the  capital  of  each  ?   Cs.,  Ft.,  No.,  Dt.,  Is.,  Va.,  J..Cy.,  L.-Rk. 
The  organized  Territories  are  Florida,  Wisconsin,  and  Iowa. 
Wliat  is  the  capitiil  of  each  7     Te.,  M.-Cy.,  Bn. 
Through  what  States  dora  the  4'nh  parallel  of  Latitude  pass  ?     N.. 
Jy.,  Pa.,  Va,,  Oo.,  la..  Is. 

Through  wliat  Territory  docs  it  pass  ?     la. 

Through  or  near  what  Cities  and  Towns  docs  it  pass  ?  Pa.,  Lr.,  Bd., 
Wg.,  Zc.,  C;s.,  Bn.,  tiy.  These  places  have  all  the  same  or  very  nearly 
the  same  latitude. 

What  six  places  have  nearly  the  same  latitude  as  Washington  City  7 
Wk.,  Ph.,  Mn.,  Vs.,  Va.,  S-Cs. 

By  placing  a  ruler  on  the  Map  directly  on  the  pla  t  named,  keeping 
it  parallel  with  the  lines  tiiat  cross  the  Map  frc  Mst  to  west,  tho 
learner  will  see  at  ono  all  those  places  that  have  tin        le  latitude. 

What  places  have  tho  same  latitude  as  the  City  of  New-York  7   Nk., 
Br.,  Br.,  Pu.,  Lt.,  Pa.,  Hn. 
What  places  have  the  same  latitude  as  Boston  7     V.'r.,  Dt.,  S..Jh.,  Ga. 
Through  what  Slates  docs  tho  meridian  of  Washington  pass  ?     N.- 
Y.,  Pa.,  Md.,  Va.,  N.-C. 
Through  or  near  what  Cities  or  Towns  docs  it  pass  ?     Ea.,  Ga. 
These  places  therefore  have  the  same  longitude  as  Washington  City. 
What  four  places  have  about  the  same  longitude  as  Boston?    Sm., 
Nt.,  Ph.,  Dr. 

43  

MAP  NO.  10.  — SOUTH  AMERICA. 

What  Ocean  bounds  South  America  on  the  East  ?    Ac. 

What  on  the  West?     Pc. 

What  Sea  bounds  it  on  tho  North  7    Cn. 


What  arc  the  principal  Mountains  of  South  America  ? 
What  is  their  length  ? 

The  highest  peak.  Mount  Sorato,  is  nearly  5  miles  high 
highest  Mountain  in  America. 
What  is  the  next  highest  Mountain  ?     li. 
On  what  side  of  South  America  are  the  Andes  ?    Wt. 
What  Mountains  are  on  the  East?     Bn. 
How  long  arc  they  7 


As< 


It  u  the 


Ml 


■1      i 


Ha..:v 


62 


OEOGRAPIIICAL    EXKlltiSES 


What  Momituiim  aro  in  the  wchI  part  of  Uruv.il  ?     til- 
What  Mountains  arc  lM;twccn  Ura/.il  and  Uuiana  ^     Ay 

Which  is  the  largest  River  in  South  America  ? 

Wliich  i8  iiH  laru.st  branch  ?     Mi. 

Wliicli  is  tiio  sceond  Hiver  in  lcngtl\  ?     R.-Pa. 

Which  is  the  third?     Oo. 

Whicli  is  tlic  fourth  .'     S.  Fo. 

Into  wliat  Ocean  do  tlicsc  tlow  /     Ac. 

What  River  flows  into  the  CariW»can  Sea  7 


Ma. 


Wiiich  is  the  most  northern  Cape  of  South  America?    Gs. 
Which  is  tlie  most  soutiicrn  Cai)C  7     Iln. 
Wliich  is  tiic  most  eastern?     S.-Rc. 
Whicli  is  tlie  most  western  ?     Bo. 

What  two  Gulfs  arc  on  the  Caribbean  Sea  7     Dn.,  Va. 

What  two  arc  on  the  west  coast  ?     Gl,,  I's. 

What  are  the  princiiial  Bays  on  the  west  const  ?     Pa.,  Co. 

What  are  the  principal  Bays  on  the  east  coast  7   A.-Ss.,  S.-Ms.,  S.-Oc. 


What  Islands  are  in  the  Caribbean  Sea  7     B.-Ac,  Ma. 
Those  are  a  part  of  the  Liltle  Antilles,  which  form  the  southern  divi- 
sion  of  the  West  Indies.     Margarita  belongs  to  Venezuela,  and  is  the 
onl?  West  Inu.-.   Island  that  is  owned  by  a  South  American  jm^er. 
What  five  Islands  north  of  South  America  ?   Td.,  To.,  Ga.,  Bs.,  S.-Vt. 
Those  form  a  part  of  the  Caribbeo  Islands. 
What  Island  lies  between  the  Amazon  and  Para  rivers  7     Js. 
What  Islands  on  the  coast  of  Brazil  south  of  the  Equator  7    la.,  As., 
S.-Sn.,  Ca.,  S..Ca.,  Ti. 

What  Islands  cast  of  Patagonia  ?     Fd. 

What  Island  south  of  Patagonia?     T.-Fo. 

What  Island  cast  of  Terra  del  Fucgo?     S.-Ld. 

What  Island  cast  of  Staten  Land  7     S.-Ga, 

What  Islands  south  of  Terra  del  Fucgo  7     Cn. 

What  Island  south  of  Ciiili  7     Co. 

What  three  ArchipelagocB  south  of  Cliiloe  7     Cs.,  M.-Ds.,  Q.-As. 

What  Island  soutli  of  the  Gulf  of  Penas  7     Wn. 

What  Islands  west  of  Chili  7     J-Fs.,  S.-Fx. 

What  Island  in  the  Gulf  of  Guayaquil  7    Po. 


LEUCi81iS. 

,f  Uru/.il  ?     til- 
1(1  Uuiana  ?     Ay. 

incrica  ?     An. 

R.-PB. 


3ca?    Ma. 

■toulli  America  ?    Gi. 
in. 


Sea?     Dn.,  Va. 
1.,  Ph. 

,t9t  conHt  ?     Pa.,  Co. 
iBt  coast  7   A.-Ss.,  S.-Ms.,  S.-Gc. 

ca  7     B.-Ac,  Ma. 
B,  wliicli  form  tlie  southern  divi- 
telongs  to  Venezuela,  and  is  llio 
by  a  South  American  jtower. 

rierictt  ?   Td.,  To.,  Ga.,  Bs.,  S.-Vl. 
tlands. 

m  and  Para  rivers  7     Js. 
south  of  tlic  Equator  ?    la.,  As., 

Fd. 

T..Fo. 

ro?     S..Ld. 

's..Ga. 

lego  7    Cn. 

Chiloe  7    Cs.,  M.-Ds.,  Q.-Ab. 
'enas  7     Wn. 
J.,  S.-Fx. 
[uil?    Po. 


OEOUUAPHICAL    EXEBCISEtf. 
44 

Wiiit  Lake  lies  in  the  north-west  i)art  of  Vcnr/.ncla  7     Mo, 
Wliat  Lake  forms  part  of  tlio  boundary  between  South  Peru  »nd 
Bolivia  7     Ta. 


Wli«t  two  Lakes  arc  in  Bolivia?     Uy.,  Xs. 

What  three  Lakes  arc  in  Unenos  Ayrcs  ?     Ve.,  Ph.,  In. 

Wliut  two  Lakes  arc  in  the  southern  part  of  Brazil  7     Ph.,  Mm. 

What  Lake  in  North  Peru  forms  the  source  of  the  Amazon  Hiver  7  lis. 


What  arc  the  cxicnsivo  gias..y  plains  in  Iho  east  part  of  Brazil 
culled  :•     The  Sm. 

What  arc  the  elevated  plains  in  the  west  part  of  Brazil  called  7    C.-Vv. 

Point  out  in  Venezuela  the  word  Llanos,  and  in  Buenos  Ayrcs  the 
word  Pampas.  These  are  the  names  jrivcn  to  extentive  plains  in  those 
parts  of  South  America.  They  are,  like  the  Sertam  in  Brazil,  the  Prai- 
ties  in  North  America,  and  the  Sleppes  of  Asia,  covered  with  grass,  on 
which  vast  herds  of  cattle  roam  and  teed. 

The  three  most  northern  divisions  on  the  west  side  of  South  America 
are  called  the  Colombian  States. 

Which  arc  they  7    Va.,  N.-Ga.,  Er. 

The  three  next  lying  immediately  south  of  these  arc  called  the  Peru- 
vian States. 

What  are  their  names  7     N.-Pu.,  S,-Pu.,  Ba. 

Which  is  the  largest  division  of  South  America  7     BI. 

Which  is  the  smallest  division  7     Py. 

Which  division  belongs  to  the  British,  Dutch,  and  French  7    Ga. 

Which  is  the  most  northern  division  of  South  America  7     N.-Ga. 

Which  is  the  most  western  division  7     Er. 

Which  is  the  most  eastern  division  7     Bi. 

Which  is  the  most  soutlicrn  division  ?     Pa. 

Which  two  divisions  are  separated  by  the  Andes  7     B.-As.  and  CL 


What  is  the  Copital  of  New  Grenada  7     Ba.     Of  Venezuela  7  Cs. 

OfEquador?     Qo.     Of  North  Peru?     La.      Of  .South  Peru  7  Co. 
Of  Bolivia  7     Co.     Of  Brazil  7     R.-Jo.     Of  Paraguay?     An. 

Of  Uruguay  7     Mo.     Of  Buenos  Ayrcs  7    B.-As.      Of  Chili  7  So. 


What  States  docs  the  Equator  pass  through  7    BI.,  Va.,  N.-Ga.,  Er. 
What  is  the  Equator  7     115. 

What  States  docs  tho  Tropic  of  Capricorn  pass  through  ?    BI.,  Py., 
B.-As.,  Ba. 


M 

i   i 


04  GEOOBAl'HICAL   EXBllCISES. 

In  what  Zone  in  tlml  part  of  South  America  that  lies  north  of  the 
Tropic  of  Capricorn  J     'I'd.  ,    a  t„ 

In  wh.il  Zone  h  that  part  south  of  tJio  Tropic  of  fapricorn  7    8.  Ic. 

What  portioi-  .f  South  America  i»  in  tlio  Torrid  Zone,  the  UrgMt  or 
cmallest  '     lit. 

llow  do  you  know  it  it  in  the  Torrid  Zone  ?     189. 


In  wliat  Latitude  ih  the  (rroateot  part  of  South  America?    8.  Lc. 
Why  is  it  in  South  Latitude^     131. 
What  is  Latitude  7     130. 

In  what  Longitude  is  South  America,  reckoning  from  Greenwich  7 
W.  Le. 

How  do  you  know  it  is  in  West  Longitude  7     151. 
What  is  Longitude  7    146. 

MAP  NO.  11. -EUROPE. 

What  Ocean  bounds  Europe  on  the  West  7    Ac. 
What  Ocean  bounds  it  on  the  Nnrlli  7     Ac. 
What  Sea  bounds  it  on  tlie  South  7     Mn. 
What  Mountains  bound  it  on  tiio  east  7     UI. 
There  are  eiglit  Seas  in  Europe.    What  aro  they  ? 
Ih.,  Mn.,  Ma.,  Bk.,  Av. 
What  Sea  is  on  the  nortli  of  Russia  7    We. 
What  Sea  between  Russia  and  Sweden?     Be. 
What  Sea  bi'tween  Scotland  ond  Denmark  7     Nh. 
What  Sea  between  England  and  Ireland  7     Ih. 
What  Sea  between  Europe  and  Africa  7     Mn. 
Wliat  Sea  south  of  Turkey  7     Ma. 
What  two  Seas  south  of  Russia  7     Bk.,  Av. 
Wliat  is  the  name  of  the  Sea  between  Greece  and  Asia  ? 
Whot  is  an  Arcliii)€lago  ?    93. 


We.,  Be,  Nh., 


Ao. 


What  large  Islands  lie  west  of  Europe  7  B-Ii. 

The  Island  containing  England,  ScoUand,  and  Wales,  is  called  Great 
Britain. 

What  Island  lies  west  of  Great  Britain  ?  Id.                „..,.,, 

What  four  groups  of  Islands  arc  west  and  north  of  the  British  Isles  7 
Hs.,  Oy.,  Sd.,  Fe. 

What  large  Island  lies  west  of  Norway  7  Id. 


ERCISES. 

ncricft  that  lies  north  of  the 

Fropic  of  C«pricorn?    8.  To. 
10  Torrid  Zone,  the  largest  or 

one?     189. 

f  South  America  1    8.  Lo. 

reckoning  from  Greenwich? 
tudc?    151. 


:UROPE. 

est  7     Ac. 

Ac. 
In. 

7    UI. 
hat  aro  they  7    We.,  Be,  Nh., 

We. 

n  7    Be. 
nark?     Nh. 
md7    III. 
i7    Mn. 

k.,  Av. 

I  Greece  and  Asia  7    Ao. 


pc7    B.-I1. 

Jand,  and  Wales,  is  called  Great 


iin 


Id. 


it  and  north  of  the  British  Isles  ? 
(ray  7    Id. 


(IF.OGRAPinLAL    EXEnciSEa. 

What  Islands  aru  in  the  Duhic  .Sva?  Ad.,  Do.,  01.,  Gd.,  Od.,  Rn., 
Zd.,  F.I. 

What  Islands  in  tho  Mrdittrrnnean  belong  to  Spain  7     Be. 

What  Islands  Inilong  to  France  7  Ca.  To  Great  Britain  I  Mn.,  In. 
ToKgypt'    Ca., 

What  Island  south  of  Italy  '    Sy. 

What  Mountain  do  you  observe  un  it  7    Ea. 

What  Island  cast  of  Greece  7     Nt. 

What  small  Island  Ixjlwccn  Tuscany  and  Corsica?     F.a. 

Tliis  islnnd  is  remarkable  fjr  bcint;  tho  place  to  which  Napoleon  Bo- 
naparte was  banished  in  2814. 

What  Island  lx;nrs  the  same  name  as  a  kingdom  in  Italy  ?     Sa. 

What  small  Island  between  England  and  Ireland  7    Mn. 


What  Gulf  between  Sweden  and  Russia  7     Ha. 

What  two  Gulfs  in  the  Baltic  Sen  '    Fd.,  Ra. 

What  Gulf  south  of  France  7     Ls. 

What  Gulf  south  of  the  ningdom  of  Sardinia?    Ga. 

What  Gulf  cast  of  Italy  7     Vc. 

What  Gulf  in  the  Black  Sea  7     Bs. 

What  Bay  north  of  Spain  7    By. 


I 


40 


What  Channel  between  Franco  and  England  7  Eh. 
What  Channel  between  Wales  and  Ireland  7  S.-Gs. 
What  Channel  between  Ireland  and  Scotland  7  Nh. 
What  Channel  Iwtwccn  Diiitnark  and  Norway  7  S.-Rk. 
What  Channel  between  Denmark  and  Sweden  7  Ct. 
What  Channel  between  tho  Marmora  and  Black  Seal  7    Co. 


Wiiat  Strait  between  Franco  and  England  7     Dr. 

What  Strait  between  Euro|)o  and  Africa  7     Gr. 

What  Strait  between  Corsica  and  Sardinia  7     Bo. 

What  Stroit  between  the  Mediterranean  and  tho  Sea  of  Marmora  7  Da. 

What  Strait  between  the  Ul  ,ck  Sea  and  the  Sea  of  A2ov7     Ee. 

What  Strait  between  Italy  and  Turkey  7     ()o. 


What  Mountains  form  the  buundury  between  Europe  and  Asia?   Vh 
What  Mountains  divide  Sweden  and  Norway  7    Dd. 
What  Mountains  divide  France  and  Spain  7    Fs. 
5 


'     :     i 


l;U 


ee  GEOGRAPHICAL  EXliRCl8E8. 

WImt  Moiintoini  in  France?    C«.,  Ae. 
WImt  Moiinlainii  in  tlic  norlli  of  S|miti  f    Cn. 
^VImt  MoinituinBin  tlicKoulliofSpain?     Sn-Mn.,  Sa..Na. 
Wlmt  MountainH  in  Swilicrland?     A..  tl>e«,;  urc  the  h.frhc.t  in  En- 
rop.     Ml.  rilanc  iH  the  hi«ho»t  of  the  Alpi.,  U  i»  near  three  luilc.  liigh. 
Whiit  Mountains  ixlonil  Ihrough  Italy?     Ae. 
Wlial  MountninH  in  the  cant  of  AuHtria?     Cn. 
Wiiut  MounUin*  extend  llirough  Turlicy  ?     Dn. 


Wliich 
Whicii 
Which 
Which 
Which 
Which 
Which 
Which 
Whicli 


ia  tlic  most 
13  the  nioHt 
iH  the  most 
is  the  most 
in  the  nioKt 
in  the  nioit 
ii  the  mo«t 
is  the  moit 
is  tlio  most 


Nh. 


northern  cape  of  Europe  7 
goutlicrn  /     Mn. 

iouthcrn  cape  of  Norway  '     No. 
southern  ca|M:  of  England?     L.-Ed. 
southern  capo  of  Ireland  ?    Cr. 

nortiicrn  cape  of  Spain  ?     01. 

wcBt<!rn  capo  of  Spain  ?     Fe. 

southern  capo  of  Portugal '     S..Vt. 

souUiern  cai*  of  Grccco  ?     .VIn. 


Wlmt  Rivers  flow  into  the  Wliitc  Sea  ?     Oa.,  D.'.,  Me. 

What  Rivers  flow  into  the  CJulf  of  Botlmiu  ?  Ua.,  To.,  Kx.,  Ltt.,  So, 
11.,  I.a.,  IH. 

What  Rivers  flow  into  the  Raltic  Sea  ?     Da.,  Nn.,  Va.,  Or. 

What  Rivers  flow  into  the  Nortli  Sea  ?     Ee.,  Wr.,  Es.,  Re. 

What  Rivers  flow  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean  7  Sn.,  Sc.,  Le.,  Go.,  Mo, 
Do.,  'I's.,  (Ja.,  Or.  T'      Ti      rr 

Wlmt  Rivers  flow  into  the  Mediterranean  Sea  ?     Lo.,  Re.,  Tr. 

What  River  flows  into  the  CJulf  of  Venice  7     P. 

What  Rivers  flow  into  the  Bluck  Sea  7     Dc.,  Dr.,  Bg.,  Dr. 

What  River  flows  into  the  Sea  of  Azov  7     Dn. 


47 


What  Peninsula  lies  west  of  the  Baltic  sea  and  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia  1 
Sn.  Ny. 
What  Peninsula  lies  south  of  Norway  7    Dk. 
What  Peninsula  lies  south  of  France  7    Sn.  PI. 
What  Peninsula  lies  west  of  the  Gulf  of  Venice  7     ly. 
What  Peninsula  lies  south  of  Turkey  7    Ge. 
What  Peninsula  lies  west  of  the  Sea  of  Azov  7    Ca. 


ER(J1S&S. 

?    Cn. 

7    Ho-Mb.,  8tt..Na. 

,  tlicse  uru  the  lii(ftic«t  in  Eii. 

|M,  it  in  near  tlirco  iuilc»  high. 

7     Ae. 

,7    Cn. 

oy  7     Bn. 

uropc  7    Nil. 


orwuy 


?     No. 
n|;1and?     L.-Ed. 
tland7    Cr. 
pain  7    01, 
)i\in  7     Ff. 
ortugul '     S..Vt. 
Irccco  7    .Mil. 

7     Oa.,  D.'.,  Me. 

tliiiia?    Ua.,  Ta.,  Kx.,  Lo.,  So, 

?  Da.,  Nil.,  Va.,  Or. 
7  Ec.,  Wr.,  Es.,  He. 
)cean  7    .Sii.,  Sc,  Le.,  Go.,  Mo, 

icaii  Sea  ?     Eo.,  Re.,  Tr. 
.■nice  7     P. 
7     Dc.,  Dr.,  Bg.,  Dr. 
ov  7     Dn. 


ic  sea  and  tiic  Gulf  of  Bothnia  1 
y?    Dk. 


i7    Sn.  PI. 

r  of  Venice  7    ly. 

r  7    Ge. 

of  Azov  7    Co. 


UHO'illAPiilCAL  r.XF.IKiSEH. 


67 


Wliiit  grand  diviHJun  of  tho  earth  lien  cant  of  Eiiru|)0  7     Aa. 

What  niiiiitry  liiH  cant  of  th(i  Crnl  .MuuntaiMH  t     8a. 

What  IH  till'  KifKLut  (iiviition  in  Euro|H!  I     Ua. 

What  liivibiuiiN  liu  we«t  of  tlio  Baltic  Sua  and  the  Gulf  of  Butlinia  ? 

Sn.,  Ny. 

What  (liviHidii  lies  Hoiilh  of  the  Haltin  Hen  7     Pa, 
W  hat  division  lict  went  of  the  Black  Sea  /     Ty. 
What  divinion  liea  west  of  thu  Arehi|H:liigo  I     Go. 
What  divinion  lies  went  of  the  (iiilf  of  Vi'iiico  7     ly. 
What  diviNioii  \iv»  north  of  the  (Jiilf  of  Venieo  7     Aa. 
What  cliviHioii  Uim  north  of  the  .McditerrHiirnn  ."^ta  7     Fo. 
What  divinions  he  west  of  the  Mediterranean  .Sea  7     ■Mi.,  PI. 
What  diviiiiona  lie  on  the  Black  .Sea  I     Ty.,  Ha. 

What  Hoven  diviitioiiii  lio  on  the  North  Sea  7     Ny.,  Sd.,  Ed.,  Dk.,  Ilr., 
lid..  Bin. 

What  diviidons  lio  on  tho  Baltic  .Sea  7    Hn.,  Dk.,  R:i.,  Pa. 

What  diviHiona  lio  on  tho  Atlantic  Ocean?     Ny.,  Sd.,  li'    Fe., Sn., PV 

What  divisions  lio  on  tho  Mediterranean  Sea  7     Sn.,  Fe.,  ly.,  lie. 


What  is  the  (Capital  of  Sweden  ?  Sm.  — Of  BuRsia  ?  S..Pg.  — Of 
Denrimrk  ?  Cn.  — Of  Hanover  7  Hr.  — Of  IJijrIand  7  Ln.— OflT..l 
Innd?  lie.  —  Of  Helgiuni?  B.^. —  < )f  Prussia  .'  Bn.  — OfSaxoyV 
Dn.  — Of  Wirtcmhcrir7  Sd.  — Of  Bavaria?  .Mh.  — Of  Switzcrlt  idT 
Be.  — Of  France?  Ps.— Of  Spain  7  Md.  —  Of  Portugal  7  I,i..~ 
OfSardinia?  Tn.  — t)f 'I'uKeany  7  Fe.  —  Of  the  Popedom  7  Re.  —  Of 
Naples/  Nd.— Of  Austria?  Va.  —  Of  Turkey  ?  Co.  —  Of  Greece  7 
As. 


In  what  I/.'xtitude  is  Europe  7  N.-Lc.  —  IIow  do  you  know  it  is  in 
North  Latitude  7  In  what  Longitude  is  it  mostly  ?  E.-Lc. —  I  low  do 
you  know  it  is  in  East  Longitude?  What  parts  of  Europe  arc  in  West 
Longitude?  PI.,  Sn.,  Fc,  Ed,,  Sd.,  Id.  —  Which  is  tho  mo;?t  Northern 
Country  of  Europe  >  Ny.  —  Which  is  tho  most  Soutliern  7  Ge.  — 
Which  is  tho  most  Eastern  7    Ra.  —  Which  is  tho  most  Western  7    Id. 


48 


MAP  NO.  12.  — ASIA. 

What  great  division  bounds  Asia  on  tho  West  i     T.-: 
What  great  division  bounds  Asia  on  tho  Norti!  -'    \ '!    N. 
Vhat  great  division  bounds  it  on  the  South  West  7    Aa. 
V^hat  Ocean  bounds  it  on  the  North  ?    Ac.  or  Northern. 


Aa. 


111^ 


tfi^ 


68 


GEOGRAPHICAL  EXERCISES. 


What  Occim  bounds  it  on  the  South  ?     In. 
VViial  Ocean  bounds  it  on  the  East  ?    Pc. 


An. 


What  Sea  divides  Asia  from  Africa  ?    Rd. 

What  Sea  Bei>arates  Hindoostan  from  Arabia? 

What  Sea  lies  west  of  Syria  ?     Mn. 

What  two  seas  lie  north  of  Turkey  7     Mu.,  Bk. 

What  Sea  lies  cast  of  IVova  Zembla  ?     Ka. 

What  Sea  lies  eust  of  Kamtschatka?     Ka. 

What  Sea  lies  wist  of  Kamtschatka  ?    Ok. 

What  Sea  lies  west  of  the  Kurilo  Islands  ?     Jo. 

What  Sea  lies  between  Niphon  and  Corcu  7     Jn. 

What  Sea  lies  west  of  Corca?     Yw. 

What  Sea  lies  east  of  Cochin  China?   Ca. 

Asia  contains  three  interior  Seas :  which  are  they  7    Cn.,  Al.,  Dd. 


What  Mountains  sepa/ate  Europe  from  iVsia  7     III. 

What  Mountains  bound  Siberia  on  the  South  7     L.-Ay.,  G..Ay. 

What  Mountains  extend  through  Mongolia  ?     Tn. 

What  Mountains  bound  Thibet  on  the  north  7     Kn. 

What  Mountains  bound  Hindoostan  on  the  Nort'ii-East  ?     Hh. 

Which  is  the  highest  of  the  Himmalch  mountains  and  its  height  7    Ce. 

What  Mountains  in  the  southern  part  of  Hindoostan  7     Gt. 

What  Mountains  arc  in  Turkey  7    Ts. 

What  Mountains  are  in  Persia  7     Ez. 

What  Mountains  bound  Independent  Tartary  on  the  South  7    H,-Ko. 

What  Mountains  are  in  China  7     Pg.,  Mg. 

What  Mountains  separate  Circassia  from  Georgia  7    Cs. 

What  three  Gulfs  arc  in  the  north  part  of  Siberia  7    Oe.,  Yi.,  La. 

What  two  Gulfs  between  Persia  and  Arabia  7     Pn.,  Os. 

What  two  Gulfs  on  the  west  coast  of  Hindoostan ?    Ch.,  Cy. 

What  Gulf  Separates  Hindoostan  from  Ceylon  7     Mr. 

What  Gulf  south  of  Birmah  7     Mn. 

What  Gulf  between  Siam  and  Cambodia  ?    Sm. 

What  Gulf  cast  of  Anam  7     Tn. 

What  Gulf  north  of  Kamtschatka  7    Ar. 


Which  is  the  most  northern  Cape  of  Asia  ? 
Which  is  the  most  southern  Cape  7    Ra. 


C.-Vi. 


BRCISEd. 

In. 

'c. 

Id. 

rubia?    An. 

VIu.,  Bk. 

K'a. 

Ka. 

Ok. 

ds  ?     Jo. 

eu  7     Jn. 

Ca. 

h  are  tliuy  ?    Cn.,  Al.,  Dd. 

1  Asia  ?    Ul. 

South?    L.-Ay.,  G..Ay. 

olia  ?     Tri. 

north  ?     Kn. 

tlie  Nort'ii-East  ?    Hh. 

nountains  and  its  height  ?    Ce. 

)f  Hindoostan  7    Gt. 


irtary  on  the  South  7    H^-Ko- 

Mg. 

am  Georgia  7    Cs. 

t  of  Siberia  7    Oe.,  Yi.,  La. 
irabia  7    Pn.,  Os. 
lind  jostan  ?    Ch.,  Cy. 
Ceylon  7    Mr. 

lia  7    Sm. 

Ar. 

Uia7    C.-Vi. 
la. 


GEOGRAPHICAL  EXERCISES. 


Mgaa;aiEjii->fc^-^BWWBffi^?^^^^ 


U9 


Wliich  is  tho  most  eastern  Cape  7     Et. 

Which  ure  tho  most  soutliern  Capes  of  Hindoostan  and  Birmah  7   Cn. 

and  Ns. 


.4() 


Wliat  tlircc  great  Rivers  flow  into  the  Northern  Ocean  7    Oc.,  Yi.,  La. 

What  River  flows  into  tlio  Channel  of  Tartary  ?    Ar. 

What  two  large  rivers  flow  through  China  7    Ho.,  Yg. 

What  River  sei)aratcs  Cochin  China  from  Cambodia  7     Ca. 

What  River  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  3Iartaban7     ly. 

What  two  Rivers  flow  into  the  Buy  of  Bengal  7     Gs.,  Br. 

What  River  bounds  Hindoostan  on  the  west  7     Is. 

What  two  Rivers  unite  and  flow  into  tho  Persian  Gulf  7     Es.,  Ta. 

What  Rivers  flow  into  tlie  Caspian  Sea  7     Va.,  Ul. 

What  two  Rivers  flow  into  the  sea  of  Aral  ?    Ao.,  Sp. 

What  River  flows  through  Little  Bucharia  7    Cr. 


What  Island  west  of  Syria  7    Cs. 

What  Island  south  of  Hindoostan  7     Cn. 

What  Islands  in  tlie  Bay  of  Bengal  7     An.,  Nr. 

What  Island  west  of  Malacca  7     P.-Pg. 

What  Island  south  of  China?    Iln. 

What  Islands  east  of  China  7    Fa.,  L.-Co. 

What  Islands  form  the  Empire  of  Japan  ?    Jo,,  Nn.,  Se.,  Ku. 

What  Island  east  of  Mantchooria  7     Sn. 

What  Islands  south  of  Kamtschatka  ?     Ke. 

What  range  of  Islands  east  of  Kamtschatka  7    An. 

What  threo  Islandii  nortli  of  Siberia  7     Ki.,  Lf.,  N.-Sa. 


My. 


What  Strait  separates  Asia  from  North  America  ?     Bs. 

What  Strait  between  the  islands  of  Jcsso  and  Niphon  7 

What  Strait  between  Corea  and  Japan  7    Ca. 

What  Strait  between  China  and  Formosa  7     Fa. 

What  Strait  between  Malacca  and  Sumatra  ?    Ma. 

What  Strait  between  Arabia  and  Abyssinia  7     Bl. 

What  two  great  divisions  does  this  Strait  separate  ?     Aa.,  Aa. 


Aa. 


What  Peninsula  lies  between  the  Persian  Gulf  and  the  Red  Sea  7 
What  Peninsula  south  of  Siam  7    Ma. 

What  Peninsula  between  the  Yellow  Sea  and  the  Sea  of  Japan  7   Ca. 
What  Peninsula  between  the  seas  of  Ochotsk  and  Kamtschatka  7   Ka. 


'1 

, 

70  GEOGRAPHICAL  EXEilCISES. 

Wl.al  Isthmus  between  tl.c  Red  Sea  :  .id  tl.c  Mediterranean  Sea  ?    Sz. 
Wliat  two  great  divisions  docs  it  <.iiitc  ? 


Aa.,  Aa. 
What  Isthmus  west  o(  tlic  Gulf  of  Siam  ?     Kw. 


50 


Wliat  three  Lakes  are  in  the  southern  part  of  Siberia  7     Ty.,  An.,  Bl. 
Wliat  two  are  in  Sooiigaria  ?     Bh.,  Z.-Nr. 

The  word  Nor  in  Central  or  Middle  Asia,  appears  to  mean  Lake. 
What  Lake  is  in  Little  Bucharia  ?     L.-Nr. 
What  three  Lakes  in  China  ?     K.-Nr.,  Tg.,  Pg. 
What  Lake  in  Afghanistan?     Zh. 

The  Caspian,  Aral,  and  Dead  Seas,  are  in  fact  Lakes,  but  have  been 
called  Seas  because  their  waters  are  salt. 


Rn. 

Ce. 


■Ty. 


Sa. 


Hn. 


Tj  what  Empire  do  the  Northern  parts  of  Asia  belong  ? 

What  Empire  in  the  middle  and  eastern  parts  of  Asia? 

What  great  division  in  the  south  of  Asia  ?     la. 

What  country  north  of  the  Altay  Mountains?     Sa. 

What  great  division  south  of  tlie  Altay  Mountains  ?     C. 

What  great  division  cast  of  the  Caspian  Sea  ?     I.-Ty. 

Wliat  country  soutli  of  the  Black  Sea  ?    Ty. 

What  country  east  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea? 

What  country  east  of  the  Red  Sea  ?    Aa. 

What  country  south  of  tiie  Caspian  Sea  ?     Po. 

What  countries  east  of  Persia  ?     An.,  Bn. 

What  country  between  tlie  Arabian  Sea  and  the  Bay  of  Bengal  ? 

What  countries  east  of  the  Bay  of  Bengal  ?     Bh.,  Sm. 

What  division  cast  of  the  Cambodia  River  ?     Am. 

What  countries  are  included  in  Anam  ?    Ca.,  C.-Ca.,  Tn.  part  of  Ls. 

What  country  north  of  Anam  ?    Ca. 

The  Chinese  Empire  includes  nine  different  countries ;  what  arc  they  ? 
Sa.,  Ma.,  Ma.,  L.-Ba.,  L.-Tt,  Tt.,  Bn.,  Ca.,  Ca. 

Independent  Tartary  includes  six  different  countries ;  what  are  they? 
Ks.,  Ta.,  Ka.,  Kn.,  G.-Ba.,  Kz.  ,^     ,     „     ^, 

Afghanistan  includes  two  different  States ;  what  are  they  7    Ht,  Cl. 
What  Empire  lies  cast  of  the  Chinese  Empire  ?    Jn. 

What  is  the  Capital  of  Siberia?  Tk.-Of  the  Tartar  State.s, 
Kokan,  Khiva,  and  Great  Bucharia  ?  Kn.,  Ka,  Ba.  -  Of  Persia  ?  I  n. 
—  Of  tiie  Arabian  States,  Hedjaz,  Yemen,  Nedsjed,  and  Omon  I  Ma., 
Sa.,  Da.,  Mt.  —  Of  Herat  ?    Ht.  —  Of  Cabul  ?    CI. 


EXCISES. 

I  the  Mudiltrrancan  Sua  ?    Sz. 

Aa.,  Aa. 
n  ?     Kw. 


rart  of  Siberia  7    Ty.,  An.,  Bl. 

'fr. 

ia,  appears  to  mean  Lake. 

•Nr. 

Tg.,  Pg. 

in  fact  Lakes,  but  have  been 


I  of  Asia  belong?    Rn. 
rn  parts  of  Asia  ?     Cc. 
sia  ?     Ia. 
intains  ?     Sa. 
y  Mountains  ?    C.-Ty. 
inSea?    I.-Ty. 
?    Ty. 
lan  Sea  ?    Sa. 
Aa. 

;a?     Pa. 
Bn. 

!a  and  the  Bay  of  Bengal  7    Hn. 
ingai  7     Bh.,  Sm. 
liver  7     Am, 
1 7    Ca.,  C.-Ca.,  Tn.  part  of  Ls. 

'erent  countries ;  what  arc  they  ? 

'a.,  Ca. 

"erent  countries ;  what  are  they  7 

ates ;  what  are  they  7    Ht,  CI. 
D  Empire  7    Jn. 

Tk.  — Of  the  Tartar  States, 
Kn.,  Ka.,  Ba.  —  Of  Persia  7  Tn. 
len,  Ncdsjed,  and  Omon  7  Ma., 
Cabul7    CI. 


GEOGRAPHICAL  EXERCISES. 

Of  Lahore?  Lc.  —  Of  Hindoostan 7  Ca.  — Of  Thibet 7  La.  — Of 
Birmah?  Aa.  — OfSiain?  Bk.  — Of  Anam?  He.  — Of  China? 
Pn.  —  Of  Corea  ?     Ko.  —  Of  Japan  7    Jo. 


What  country  in  Asia  docs  tiie  Arctic  Circle  pass  through  7    Sa. 
What  countries  does  the  Tropic  of  Cancer  pass  through  7    Aa.,  Hn., 
Bh.,Ca. 
In  what  Zone  is  the  northern  part  of  Asia  ?    N.  Fd. 
In  what  Zone  is  the  central  part  of  Asia  7     N.-To. 
In  what  Zone  is  tlie  soutliern  part  of  Asia  7    Td. 
In  what  Latitude  is  Asia  wholly  7     N.-Lo. 
How  do  you  know  it  is  in  North  Latitude  ?     135. 
In  what  Longitude  is  Asia  from  Greenwich  7     E.-Lc. 
How  do  you  know  it  is  East  Longitude  7     151. 


51 


MAP  NO.  14.  — AFRICiL 


What  Sea  bounds  Africa  on  the  North  7 
What  Sct>  bounds  it  on  the  East  7    Rd. 
What  Ocean  bounds  it  on  the  East  7     In. 
What  Ocean  bounds  it  on  the  West  7    Ac 


Mn- 


What  Strait  separates  Morocco  from  Spain  7    Or. 
What  Strait  separates  Abyssinia  from  Arabia  7     BL 
What  Gulf  between  Tripoli  and  Barea  ?     Sa. 
What  Gulf  between  Berbora  and  Arabia  7     An. 
What  Gulf  south  of  Upper  Guinea  7     Ga. 

What  Bays  on  the  southern  part  of  the  west  coast?     G.-Fh.,  Wh., 
S.-Cr.,  S.-Ha. 

What  Bay  on  the  east  coast  north  of  CafTraria  ?     Da. 
What  Channel  between  Madagascar  and  Mozambique  ? 


Me 


Ba. 


Which  is  the  most  northern  Capo  of  Africa  7 

Which  is  the  most  southern  Cape  ?     Ls. 

Which  is  the  most  eastern  Cape  7     GL 

Which  is  the  most  western  Cape  7    Vc. 

What  celebrated  Cape  near  the  southern  extremity  of  Africa  ? 

What  two  Capes  on  the  desert  coast  7     Br.,  Bo. 

What  Cape  at  the  southern  extremity  of  Liberia  7    Pb. 


G.-Hc. 


ft  "I 


'H 


79  GEOGRAPHICAL  EXERCISES. 

What  Cape  at  the  northern  crtrcmity  of  Mozanibi(iue  7     Do. 
What  Cape  at  the  nortliern  extremity  of  Zanguebar  7    Bb. 

Wliich  is  the  principal  River  in  Africa  7    Nc. 

The  Nile  is  remarkable  for  flowing  1600  miles  without  receiving  the 
■mailest  tributary. 

Into  what  Sea  docs  the  Nile  empty  7    Mn. 

What  are  its  three  chief  branches  7    Ad.,  Ai.,  Te. 

What  three  Rivers  empty  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean  on  the  west  coast 
of  Africa  7    SI.,  Ga.,  R.-Ge. 

WhatRiver  in  Liberia?    S.-P». 

What  River  empties  into  the  Gulf  of  Guinea  ?    Nr. 

This  is  a  very  remarkable  river  ;  though  heard  of  20  centuries  ago, 
its  source  and  mouth  were  discovered  only  a  few  years  since. 

What  River  between  Angola  and  Bcnguela  ?     Ca. 

What  River  between  Loango  and  Congo  ?     Co. 

What  River  south  of  Bcnguela  7     Be. 

What  River  runs  through  tlie  country  of  the  Hottentots  7    Oe. 

What  River  flows  into  Dclagoa  Bay  7     Me. 

What  River  flows  into  the  Mozambique  Channel  7    Ze. 

What  Rivers  run  through  Zanguebar  7     Oe.,  We. 

What  Rivers  flow  into  Lake  Tchad  7    Yu.,  Sy. 

Wliat  two  Lakes  in  Soudan  7     Td.,  Fe. 

What  Lake  north  of  Banibarra  7     De. 

Wliat  Lake  in  Abyssinia  7     Da. 

What  Lake  in  Barbary7    Lh. 

What  Lake  west  of  Zanguebar  and  Mozambique  ?    Mi. 

52  

What  three  groups  of  Isknds  in  i.  Atlantic  Ocean  belong  to  Por- 
tugal 7     Ae.,  Ma.,  C.-Ve. 

What  group  of  Islands  belongs  to  Spain  7    Cy. 

What  three  Islands  in  the  Gulf  of  Guinea  belong  to  Portugal  7  Ps., 
S..TS.,  An. 

Which  is  the  most  northern  Island  in  the  Gulf  of  Guinea  1    F.-Po. 

What  two  Islands  south  of  the  Equator  belong  to  Great  Britain? 
An.,  S.-Ha. 

St.  Helena  is  remarkable  for  being  the  place  of  imprisonment  and 
burial  of  Napoleon  Bonaparte.  He  died  here  in  1821,  afler  a  residence 
of  sijc  years. 

What  great  Archipelago  in  the  Indian  Ocean  7    En. 


Fi 


SRCISES. 

Mozatnbi(iue  7     Do. 
Zanguebar  7     Bb. 

No. 
)  miles  without  receiving  the 

In. 

1.,  Ai.,  Te. 

atic  Ocean  on  the  vrest  coast 


uinea  ?    Nr. 

;h  heard  of  20  centuries  ago, 

r  a  few  years  since. 

lela  7    Co. 

0?    Co. 

f  the  Hottentots  ?    Oe. 
Me. 

Channel?    Ze. 
Oe.,  \Vc. 

Yu.,Sy. 


OEOGRAPHICAL  EXERCISES. 


73 


zambiquc  ?     Mi. 


Ulantic  Ocean  belong  to  Por- 

n?    Cy. 

nea  belong  to  Portugal  7    Ps., 

the  Gulf  of  Guinea  7    F.-Po. 
ktor  belong  to  Great  Britain? 

le  place  of  imprisonment  and 
here  in  1821,  after  a  residence 


Ocean  7    En. 


Wiiut  arc  its  prinripiil  Isluiula  and  groups  ?     Mr.,  Co.,  Se.,  Ac.,  Ma. 

Which  are  the  MuBcarcnlia  Isliinds  ?     Bn.,  Ms. 

The  latter  is  olliu  calltd  tlic  lelc  of  France. 

What  Islands  bi  long  to  Great  Britain  ?     Ms.,  Sc.,  Ae. 

Wiiat  Island  belongs  to  France  7     Bn. 

What  Islands  Ixjlong  to  Muscat  ?     Tu.,  Zr.,  Ma. 

Wliat  Islands  bttwccii  Madagascar  and  Mozambique?     Co. 

What  Islands  nrrth-cafai  of  Cape  Guardafui  ?     Sa.,  A.-Ca. 

To  what  power  does  Soeotra  belong  7     Kn. 

V/hat  Moantains  extend  througii  Barbary  ?     As. 

What  is  the  highest  Peak  of  the  Atlas  Mountains  ?  Mn.  How  high 
is  it? 

What  Mountains  between  Soudan  and  Guinea?     Kg. 

What  INlountains  between  Soudan  and  Eliiiopia  ?     Mn. 

What  Mountains  in  Congo  ?     CI. 

What  Mountains  in  Cape  Colony  ?     Sw. 

What  Mountain  west  of  Mozambique  ?     La. 

These  Mountains  have  been  called  by  geographers  the  Back-Bone 
of  the  world,  but  their  very  existence  is  now  considered  doubtful. 

What  Mountains  in  Madagascar  7    Ra.,  Rd. 


What  great  division  occupies  the  northern  part  of  Africa  ?     By. 

What  States  docs  Barbary  inclua?  ?     Mo.,  As.,  Ts.,  Ti.,  B.-Jd. 

What  great  division  lies  south  of  Uarbary  ?     G.-Dt. 

What  great  divisions  lie  south  of  the  Hreat  Desert  7     Sn.,  Sa. 

What  great  divisions  lie  south  of  Soudan  ?     U.-Ga.,  L.-Ga.  and  Ea. 

What  great  division  lies  west  of  Soudan  7     Sa. 

What  great  division  on  the  west  coast  on  both  sides  of  the  Equator  ? 
L..Ga. 

Wait  great  divisior  on  the  east  coast  on  botli  sides  of  the  Equator  7  Zr. 

What  great  division  lies  south  of  the  Mountains  of  the  Moon  7     Ea. 

What  lolony  occupies  the  southern  extremity  of  Africa  7     C.-Cy. 

What  two  races  of  men  inhabit  the  country  north  of  Cape  Colony  7 
H?.,  B«. 

53 

What  countries  lie  on  the  Red  Sea  ?     Et.,  Na.,  Aa. 
In  what  country  arc  the  mouths  of  the  river  Nile  situated  7     Et. 
What  is  the  district  comprised  between  the  outlets  of  the  river  Nile 
called  7    Da. 


v'.l  •'. 


74 


GEOGRAIPHICAL  EXERCISES. 


Wlint  ia  a  Delta  ? 

It  is  n  term  npplu  .!  to  th>-c  ili«tfict»  i  mbraf 'i:  Wy  the  outlets  of  rivers. 


The  Nile,  Niger,  (.;iri){c.', 
eacii  tiieir  rcHpcctivc   lult^i^. 


<ii8Bi;>[ii,  and  (iIIh;.-  jjreat  struaiiiB,  bavo 


F    t 


1-^ 


-1 


(  ';    .   '  1 


What  Desert  occupies  a  largo  [mrtionof  the  ncria  of  Africa  ?     G..Dt. 

What  DoM'  it  between  i';e  river  Nile  and  the  li-'d  Sen?     Nn. 

What  Dcser'  i>-  erosscii  liy  Ihc  Tropic  of  Capricorn  .'    Ch. 

IJow  long  anil  wide  is  the  Great  Desert? 

This  is  the  largest  DLar.-f  in  the  world:  mid  I  .^ugh  extremely  hot, 
and  in  ino-l  pliices  r'.  .itilute  of  wa'^■l,  yet  jntam;-  a  number  of  fertile 
spolf  ciUc'J  Oast's  nil  of  which  are  iiihal'i'.cd. 

\Vluch  lire  tlio  (ive  principal  Oas-H?     Fn.,  Tt.,  As.,  Bh.,  Ty. 

There  ari' four  .ither  Oases:  whi   :.    rothoy'    Aa.,  Sh.,  E.-Dl.,  E.-Kh. 

What  is  !i!0  w;;acrn  pari  (>''  the  tuoat  Desert  called  ?     Sa. 


What  is  the  Cai>itnl  of  Morocco?  Mo.  —  Of  Algiers ?  AI.  —  Of 
Tunis?  Ts.  —  !>r  Tripoli?  Ti.  —  Of  Fczzan  ?  Fn.— Of  Egypt? 
Co.  ~  Of  Nubia  !  N.-Da.  —  Of  Foota  Jalloii  ?  To.  —  Of  Ashanteo  ? 
Cc.  —  Of  Dali(iriu\v  ?  Ay.  —  Of  Benin  ?  Bn.  —  Of  Kaarta  ?  Ko.  — 
OfTimbuctoo?  "To.  —  Of  Bambarra  ?  So.  —  Of  Houssa  ?  So.— 
OfYarriba?  £■>  —  Of  Bornou  ?  Bu.  —  Of  Bergoo  ?  Wa.  — OfDar- 
fur?  Co.  — Of  iuirdofan?  It.— Of  Abyssinia?  Or.  — Of  Congo? 
S.-Sr.  — Of  Ang<.:i?  S.-P.-Lo.  —  Of  Bcngucla  ?  S.-F.-Ba.  — Of  Ca. 
zcmbe?  Ce.  —  Oi  Monomotapa?  Zo.  —  Of  Mozambique  ?  Of  Capo 
Colony  ?    C.  Tn.  —  Of  Imcrina  ?     Tu. 


What  parts  of  Afriea  are  crossed  by  the  Tropic  of  Cancer  1  G.  Dt,  Et. 

What  parts  by  the  l-^uator  ?     L.-Ga.,  Ea.,  Zr. 

What  parts  by  the  Tropic  of  Capricon.  ?    Hs.,  D.-Cb.,  Bs.,  Mo. 

In  what  Zone  is  Africa  mostly  ?     Td. 

In  what  Zone  is  that  part  of  it  north  of  the  Tropic  of  Cancer  7     N.  Te. 

In  what  Zone  is  that  part  of  it  south  of  the  Tropic  of  Capricorn  ?   S.  To. 

Africa  comprises  about  37  degrees  of  North  Latitude,  and  35  degrees 
of  South  Latitude.    In  what  Latitude  then  is  it  mostly  situated  ?    N.-Le. 

Africa  comprises  more  than  50  degrees  of  East  Longitude,  and  about 
1 8  degrees  of  West  Longitude.  In  what  Longitude  is  it  then  mostly  7 
E.-Le. 

54  

MAP  NO.  16.  — OCEANICA. 
Which  arc  the  three  grand  divisions  of  Oceanica?    Mu.,  Aa.|  Pa. 


BRCISBS. 


braf  il  iiy  thr  outlets  of  rivers. 
1(1  (iilici'  ^rcat  strvaiiiB,  Imvu 


'the  notlii  of  Africa  ? 
]  the  H'll  Sen ?  Nn. 
f  Capricorn  .'    Ch. 


G..Dt. 


1 :  nw(!  t  .^ugh  extremely  hot, 

1    jntaina  a  number  of  fertile 

iUu). 

;  n.,  Tt.,  As.,  Bli.,  Ty. 

;l»:y  '    Aa.,Sh.,E.-Dl.,E.-Kh. 

Desert  called  7     Sa. 


[o.  — Of  Algiers?     AI.  — Of 

Fczznn  ?     Fn.  —  Of  Egypt  ? 

iiUoii  >  To.  —  Of  Ashanteo  ? 
Bn.  —  Of  Kaarta  ?  Ko.  — 
So.— Of  Houssa?      So.— 

•OfBcrgoo?    Wa.  — OfDar. 

byssinia  ?     Gr.  —  Of  Congo  ? 

nguela  ?     S.-F.  -Ba.  —  Of  Ca. 

-  Of  Mozambique  ?    Of  Capo 


Tropic  of  Cancer  ?  G.  Dt.,  Et. 

Eu.,  Zr. 

.?    Hs.,  D..Cb.,  Bs„  Mo. 

ho  Tropic  of  Cancer  7  N.  Te. 
le  Tropic  of  Capricorn  7  S.  To. 
forth  Latitude,  and  35  degrees 
1  is  it  mostly  situated  ?  N.-Le. 
I  of  East  Longitude,  and  about 
;  Longitude  is  it  then  mostly  7 


:EANICA. 

f  Oceanica  7    Ma.,  Aa.,  Pa. 


GROGRAPIIICAL  EXERCISES. 

Which  is  the  Inrgcst  division  of  Oceanica  ?     Pa. 
Which  is  the  smallest  division  of  Oceanica  ?     Ma. 


What  three  considerable  Islands  does  the  Equator  pass  throiigh  in 
Malaysia  l     Sa.,  Ho.,  C's. 

What  Island  lies  south-cast  of  Sumatra  ?     Ja. 

What  five  Islands  enst  of  Java?     By.,  Sa.,  Ja.,  Fs.,  Tr. 

What  Islands  c;-'.  "I"  C'-lebcs  ?     Se. 

Wliat  Islands  oast  of  the  China  Sea  ?     Pe. 

Which  are  the  two  largest  ol  the  Philippine  Islands  ?     Ln.,  Mo. 

What  Strait  separates  Sumatra  from  Malacca  ?     Ma. 
What  Strait  separates  Sumatra  from  Java  ?     Sa. 
American  vessels  grncrallv  pass  through  the  Straits  of  Sunda  on 
going  to  or  returning  from  China. 

What  Strait  between  Borneo  and  Celebes  ?     Mr. 

What  Islonds  between  Borneo  and  IMindanas  ?     So. 

What  Mountain  in  Sumatra  directly  under  the  Equator  7     Or. 

Which  is  the  largest  Island  of  Australasia  ?     Aa. 

What  are  its  divisions  ?     N.-Hd.  and  N.-S.-Ws. 

What  Colony  on  the  south-cast  coast  of  Australia  ?     B.-By. 

What  Colony  on  the  west  coast  ?    S.-Rr. 

Whut  Island  south  of  Australia  ?    V.-D.-Ld. 

What  Strait  separates  Australia  friiii  Van  Diemen's  Land  ?     Bs. 

What  Strait  separates  Australia  from  Papua  or  New  Guinea?     Ts. 

What  two  Gulfs  on  opposite  sides  of  Australia  ?     Ca.,  Ss. 

Which  is  the  principal  River  in  Australia?     My. 

Which  are  the  principal  3Iountains  in  Australia?     Be.,  Bs. 

Which  is  its  principal  town  ?    Sy. 


What 
What 

Bn.,  Lc. 
What 
What 
What 
What 
What 

Zealand 
What 


large  Island  north  of  Australia  7    Pa.  or  N.-Ga. 

Islands  north-east  of  Australia  7      S.-Ao.,  N.-Ga.,  N.-Id.,  N 

Islands  east  of  Australia  ?     N.-Hs.,  N.-Ca.,  Nk. 
Sea  between  Australia  and  New  Hebrides  7     CI. 
Islands  south-east  of  Australia  ?     N.-Zd. 
Strait  between  the  two  largest  Islands  of  New  Zealand  ?    Cs. 
Strait  between  the  middle  and  southernmost  Island  of  New 
?     Fx. 
Bays  in  the  northern  part  of  New  Zealand  7    Is.,  Py. 


7a 


UEOGRAI'IIICAL  EXBKCISKS. 


i  ) 


'5  , 


Wliicli  Arcl  i  iclago  of  Polynuuiu  docs  tlio  K(|uator  puss  tliruiigli !    CI. 
Whicli  arc  the  priiici|>al  ArcliijH'tugncs  and  luluiids  of  I'olyiicaia  iiurtli 
of  tlu!  Krjuator  /     AIh.-A.,  As.-A.,  (^u.,  Lc,  Sli.,  Aii. 

Wliat  Arclii|iclugo  iicN  on  tlic  14()th  meridian  of  Longitude  went  from 
Greenwich  ?     Ma. 

WImt  groups  of  IshiudA  dues  it  contain  7    Wn.,  M». 

Wliich  arc  the  principal  Islando  cast  of  the  100th  meridian  of  Longi- 
tude west  from  Greenwich,  and  south  of  Uio  Equator  ?  By.,  Go.,  Cm., 
Al.,  Ps.,  Pu.,  Gr.  P..W8.,  K..G8. 

Which  arc  tlic  principal  Islands  that  lie  west  of  the  ICOth  meridian 
of  Longitude  west  from  Greenwich,  and  south  of  tJio  Etiuator  ?  Nf., 
Fy.,  Fe.,  Hi.,  Fa.,  Ko. 


Which  is  the  most  northern  Island  of  Polynesia  ?     Ms. 
Which  are  the  most  southern  Isles  of  Polynesia  ?     Kc. 
Which  is  the  most  coKtern  Island  of  Polynesia  ?     Er. 
Which  are  the  most  western  Islands  of  Polynesia  ?     S.-As. 


The  most  important  group  of  Islands  l)eloriging  to  Polynesia  is  on 
the  20th  parallel  of  iVorth  Latitude.    Which  is  il  ?     Sh. 

Which  is  the  principal  of  the  Sandwich  Islands  ?     Hi.  or  Oe. 

What  high  Mountain  is  on  the  Island  of  Hawaii  ond  ita  heiirht ' 
M..Rh.  * 

What  distinguished  personage  was  killed  here  in  the  vear  1779  ? 
C.  Ck. 


What  Tropic  crosses  the  northern  part  of  Oceanica  ?    Cr. 

What  Tropic  crosses  the  southern  part  7    On. 

What  great  Circle  crosses  the  central  or  middle  part  ?    Er. 

In  what  Zone  is  the  northern  part  of  Oceanica  .'     N.-Te. 

In  what  Zone  is  the  middle  parts  7     Td. 

In  what  Zone  is  the  southern  part  7    S.-To. 

Oceanica  comprises  .50  decree-   ;  South  Latitude, and 40  North  Lati- 
tude. 

In  what  Latitude  then  is  it  n:ostly  7     Sh. 

Oceanica  comprises  about  8.5  degrees  of  coat  and  72  of  west  Longi- 
tude from  Greenwich. 

In  what  Longitude  then  is  it  mostly  7    Et. 


m>p»iiiii,i  II  "- 


ilKCISKS. 


K(|Uiitor  piiHs  tliruii;;!!  '    CI. 
itl  luluiuls  of  I'olyiiL'Hia  iiortli 
Sh.,  All. 
Idian  of  Loi)(ritudo  we«l  <'rom 

'    Wn.,M8, 

.ho  100th  meridian  of  Longi- 

iio  I'^quator  ?     By.,  Un.,  Cm., 

west  of  the  1  COth  meridian 
outli  of  tlio  E<juator  ?     Nt., 


>lyncsia  ?    Ms. 
•lynegia?     Kc.     '  « 

yiicsia  ?     Er.  < 

Polynesia  ?     S.-As. 

elonging  to  Polynesia  ia  on 
;!i  is  ii  ?     ah. 
Islands  ?    Hi.  or  Oe. 
of  Hawaii  and  its  height' 

ed  here  in  the  year  1779  7 


'  Oceanica  ?    Cr. 

On. 
middle  part  7     Er. 
canica7    N.-Tc. 

Tc. 

Latitude,  and  40  North  l^ati- 


'  east  and  7i2  of  west  Longi- 

St.. 


DB3CRIPTIVE    GEOORArilY. 

PART    SECOND. 


77 


DESCRIPTIVE    G!    ^GUAPIIY. 


Figure  and  Population  of  the  Earth. 


50 


1.  The  Earth  is  a  vast  glote  or  spherical  body  similar  to  a 
solid  ball.  Its  entire  surl'acc  is  about  200  millions  of  square 
rnilcs,  of  which  one-fourth  or  50  millions  of  square  miles  is 
land,  and  the  remaining  three-fourths  are  covered  with  water. 

2.  Ignorant  people  suppose  ihc  earth  to  be  a  flat  body,  bounded  on 
all  sides  by  the  sea  and  sky.  More  attentive  observers  were,  however, 
^ong  Qgo  persuaded  that  it  is  a  globe  or  sphere,  similar  in  form  to  a 
ball  or  apple. 

3.  Various  circumstances  render  it  evident  that  the  earth 
must  be  a  body  round  in  every  direction ;  of  which  one  of  the 


1.  What  is  the  earth?  What  is  its  entire  surface?  How  much  is 
land  7  How  niucli  is  water  7  3.  What  do  ignorant  people  suppose  the 
earth  to  be  7  Of  what  were  more  attentive  observers  persuaded  7 
X  What  is  one  of  the  most  striking  proofs  that  the  earth  is  round  in 


•fill 


'■ri 


78 


DESCRU'TIVE    OKOGRAPllV. 


f   t 


M 


moat  «triking  proofs  is  ihnt  fumislu-fl  by  nn  col  ipse  of  tho 
,n,.on,  which  lakes  plaff  in  consrimcimo  of  tliu  cnrlh  <;oinmj^ 
bt^tworn  tlio  sun  aiul  tho  mo..ii,  i.imI  .•iiusiii','  th«  circiilur 
shaiiow  of  tliu  cartli  t<.  1h;  thrown  on  the  liitl-r  hody. 

4.  If  thfl  earth,  instead  of  being  ronn.l  in  ull  .lirrclions.  was  m.'rcly 
a  rireulur  Ihit  lH,c)y  like  thn  top  of  u  ronn.l  l.l.lo.  ll.e  h  md^nv  thrown 
from  it  on  tl.o  moon  wouid  at  one  time  or  other  prenent  tho  «p|K!an.m.o 
of  an o"«l.  of  a  «tr...Kht  lin. ,  or  .on.c  other  figure  d.lVcrent  trom  that 
which  it  hiJ  ulwuyM  htin  found  to  asHunie. 

5.  Saiiiii«  round  the  worhl  is  another  i>ro..f  of  its  giolmlnr 
form.  It  is  well  known  that  niivi^iitorg,  by  Icuving  any  sea- 
port,  I'hih.del|)hia  lor  instance,  and  sailing  as  nearly  east  or 
west  from  it  us  the  lijrni  of  the  ditlerent  contnients  will  jwr. 
mit,  may  go  round  the  world  and  reiiirn  to  the  place  they  loll 
in  a  direction  opposite  to  that  from  which  they  started. 

6.  To  fail  round  tlio  world  is  called  firrumniivigatinR  it,  and  was 
first  accomplished  by  M.iK.dlan,  a  Portnj-i.eHo  navigator,  "'"f"  '''""; 
three  hundred  years  ngo.  It  was  for  a  long  tunc  eoi.Hidercd  a  gant 
undcrtakinir,  hut  it  has  been  of  1  ite  years  bo  otlcn  performed,  that  it  W 
not  now  thouglit  to  bo  an  enterpriiie  of  any  impottancc. 


57 


7.  When  a  ship  comes  from  sea  towards  tho  land,  wo  first 
aet  sight  of  the  to|)s  of  the  masts  and  rigging  ;  as  slie  advan- 
ces nearer,  the  lower  parts  are  seen  ;  and  at  last  the  hull,  or 
body  of  the  vessel,  come  s  distinctly  into  view.  II  the  earth 
was  not  spherical,  the  hull  would  be  the  first  part  seen. 

8.  A  i)crf.on  i-uilimr  to  the  southern  parts  of  the  earth,  (H^rocives  that 
tho  sun  apirears  more  and  more  to  come  directly  over  him  at  noon,  which 
nt  length  actually  happens ;  and  after  he  has  parsed  the  Iviuator  he 
Hun  begins  to  appear  to  the  northward,  and  will  go  farther  and  farther 
in  that  direction  as  he  advances  south.  , 

!).  New  stars  will  also  come  into  view  in  the  southern  horizon,  while 
those  in  the  northern  parts  will  (fraduuUy  disappear.  These  circum- 
stances could  not  possibly  happen  if  the  earth  were  a  flat  tody,  whereas 

every  direction  ?  4.  If  the  earth  was  a  circular  flat  body  what  apixiar. 
ance  would  its  shadow  present?  5.  What  in  another  proot  o»  its 
Blobiilar  form?  How  must  navigators  sail  to  go  round  the  woriur 
6.  What  is  it  called  ?  Who  was  tho  first  that  did  it?  VN  hat  was  U 
for  a  long  time  considered  ?  7.  What  do  we  first  get  sight  of  when  a 
ship  comes  to  sen  ?  What  at  last  comes  distinctly  into  view  ?  8.  What 
will  a  personsailing  to  tho  south  perceive  ?  After  ho  has  passed  the 
Equator,  what  will  begin  to  appear?     !).  What  will  coino  into  view  . 


01 

b( 

d 

SI 

3; 

ti 

ai 
li 

f 

tl 
a 
t 

8 

0 

c 

\ 

c 

t 
1 

c 

I 

1 


li   liy  an   eclipso  of  tlio 
trv.  of  till-  wirtli  <'()iniii;^ 
iimsiii^   th<!   circiilur 
I  lie  hiU'-r  l)ody. 

III!  ilirrctiniiH,  was  liii'rily 
<l  I  ililc,  till!  Hliailiiw  thrown 
tliir  iircNi'iit  till!  iipiicariinoo 

lijriiru  dilVurviit  t'roiii  that 

her  prouf  of  its  gloliulnr 
[(irs,  l)y  Icuving  uny  sea- 
i!\iliiig  a.s  nearly  wiat  or 
iont  continents  will  |K;r- 
turn  to  the  pluce  they  lolT: 
rhieii  tlioy  sturtcil. 

irrumnavifrnting  it,  and  wai 
ij>iiiMic)  navigator,  morn  than 
ong  liiiio  coimidured  a  (rrcat 

ISO  otlvn  iiirformcd,  that  it  i» 
y  iiiipottancc. 


towards  the  land,  we  first 
nil  riifging  ;  as  sheadvan- 
;  and  at  last  the  hull,  or 
f  into  view.  If  the  earth 
J  the  first  part  seen. 

ta  of  till)  tartli,  (M;ri;civt's  that 
rcctly  over  liitn  at  noon,  wliirh 
J  has  |>aH8cd  thu  FViiiafor,  (he 
id  will  ^o  farther  and  (iirther 

in  the  southern  liorizon,  while 
ly  disappear.  These  circum- 
iirtii  were  a  flat  Ixidy,  wlicrcaa 

lirciiiar  flat  body  what  ap[H>ar. 
Vliat  in  another  proof  of  ita 
sail  to  fro  round  the  world  7 
t  that  did  it  ?  What  was  it 
i  we  fifKt  get  sight  of  when  a 
istinctly  into  view  ?  8.  What 
e  7  After  )ic  Iibh  passed  tho 
What  will  eonio  into  view  7 


Ship  ciiininR  IVain  flea. 

on  the  8up|)osition  that  it  ia  spherical,  they  all  apjK-ar  Himplo  and  pro- 
bable. 

10.  The  inhabitants  of  the  earth  amount  to  al)out  eij/ht  linn- 
drcd  millions,  and  if  they  were  equally  distriliuted.  every 
S(|uarc  mile  of  land  would  contain  16  liuman  brines 

11.  On  an  averaf^c,  a  generation  of  men  is  supposed  to  exist  about 
33  years.  Some  individuals  live  more  than  twiee,  and  a  very  few  tliree 
times  that  period  ;  but  the  estimate  is  that  8(10  millions  of  human  beiiirrs 
are  born  and  die  every  33  years;  being  at  the  rate  of  almost  25  mil- 
lions a  year,  6(3,000  every  day,  2700  every  hour,  and  45  every  minute. 

12.  The  creation  of  tho  world,  according  to  the  Injok  of 
( lenesis,  took  place  near  6,000  years  ago,  so  that  supposing 
the  average  duration  of  life  to  have  been  always  the  same, 
alx)iit  175  generations  of  men  would  have  existed  since  that 
time. 

13,  In  tho  early  ages  of  tho  cnrth,  however,  tho  duration  of  life  was 
greater  than  at  present;  therefore,  it  is  probable  that  a  smaller  number 
of  generations  of  men  must  have  existed  than  according  to  tlio  abovo 
calculations. 

What  could  not  possibly  happen  t  10.  How  many  Inhabitants'aro  (hero 
on  the  earth  7  Suppose  they  were  equally  distributed,  what  would  be 
tho  effect  7  11.  How  long  on  an  overage  does  a  generation  of  men  exist  7 
How  many  are  born  and  din  every  thirty-three  years  ?  How  iqlMiy  dio 
every  year  7  Everyday?  Every  hour  7  Every  minute  7  13.  How  long 
has  tho  world  been  created  7  How  many  generations  are  sunposcd  to 
have  lived  since  that  time  7     1.3.  When  was  the  duration  of  li:;:  f^'cutor 


w^ 


I  I 


'«! 


UBSCBIl'TIVE  OEOGBAPIIY. 


80 


14.  Tlio  world  rnnipriscs  five  (zreal  divisions,  viz:  Amen- 
ca,  Kiiropt-,  Asia,  Arrica,  and  (V.-anicii ,  these  am  cnoh 
subdivided  into  various  Hiiii.in.si,  lvin«doms,  Uopublics,  Aic. 

15.  America  in  a  gront  .oiUln.nl,  entirely  i.0|mrnt.Ml  (Vcn.  the  other 
parti  of  ti.e  cnrtii.  It  is  olkn  tallu.l  tl.o  New  World,  und  alio  tl.« 
Woitcrn  continent. 

16.  Europe  M  the  BmallcHt  .)f  the  five  grand  divi.ioni.yct  it  contaiiii 
the  most  powerful  nationM  in  the  worlil. 

17  Asia  is  tho  largest  divis-ion  of  tlio  Globe,  and  coinnrises  mor« 
than  one  Imlf  of  tho  Euslorn  continent.  It  is  tlio  most  populous  quarter 
of  tho  earth. 

18.  Africa  is  a  great  jicninnila,  united  to  Asia  by  tho  isthmu*  of 
Suox.     It  is  tho  least  known  of  any  of  tho  great  divisions  of  tho  earth. 

19.  Oreanica  comprises  the  various  groups  of  Islands  situated  in  th« 
Pacific  t)ccau  between  tho  ICastcrn  and  Western  continents. 

20.  or  tlic  population  of  the  earth,  400  millions  belong  to 
tho  Euroiienn  or  Caucasian  race;,  280  millions  to  the  Asiatic 
or  Mongolian  race,  00  millions  to  tho  African  or  Negro  rai^e, 
20  millions  to  the  Malay  race,  and  10  millions  to  the  America  i 
race. 


Anterica 
Europe  . 
Asia  • .  •  • 
Africa  •  ■ 
Occanica 


SquareMlIrK 

is^o'.dooj 

3,500,000; 
16,000,000 
11,000,000 

4,500,900 


■■npiilstinn. 

45,000/)00 

•i30,000,000 

450,000,000 

57,000,000 

18,000,000 


50,000,000 


800,000,000 


1* 

Northern  Ocean  | 

Pacific 

do. 

Atlantic 

do. 

Indian 

do. 

Souttiern 

do. 

Siiunro  Milc'R. 

"einooiooo 

77.000,000 
34,000,000 
20,000,000 
13,000,000 


{150,000,000 


tlmn  at  present  ?  1 4.  What  does  tho  world  comprise  7  What  are  they  7 
15.  What  is  America?  16.  What  is  Europe  7  17.  What  is  Asia? 
18.  What  is  Africa?  19.  What  does  Occanica  comprise  7  20.  Of 
the  population  of  tho  earth,  how  many  belong  to  tho  European  race  7 
The  Asiatic  7  Tho  African  7  The  Malay  7  Tho  American  7  Tell 
from  the  tabic  the  number  of  square  milos  and  population  in  America. 
In  Europe.  In  Asia.  In  Africo.  In  Oceanica.  Tell  the  extent  in 
iquwikniles  of  tho  Northern  Ocean.  Tho  Pacific.  The  Atlantic. 
TholtSian.    The  Soutliern. 


th 
te 
w 

th 
P' 
I'l 

ri 
ol 
iti 

n: 

di 
n 


ol 
2' 


IRAPIIY. 


at  divisions,  viz :  Aincri- 
•caiiicii ,  these   am  cnoh 
ij{(loms,  Itopiiblics,  iic. 
cly  KopflrntiMl  (Vmii  the  other 
0  New  World,  nnd  ul»o  tli« 


rand  diviaioni,  yet  it  containi 

Globe,  and  comnriM*  mora 
It  in  tlio  most  populoui  quarter 

d  to  Aula  by  the  isthintw  of 
o  grcttt  divisions  of  the  earth, 
lups  o(  Islands  situated  in  th« 
Vusiorn  contimmts. 
til,  4U0  millions  belong  to 
!H0  millions  to  the  Asiatic 
be  ACricnn  or  Negro  race, 
U  millions  to  the  America  i 


I' 

Northern  Ocean  | 

Pacific 

do. 

Atlantic 

do. 

Indian 

do. 

SouUicrn 

do. 

Si|unro  MilcB, 

"c/iooiooo 

77.000,000 
34,000,000 
20,000,000 
13,000,000 


1 150,000,000 


Id  comprise  7  What  are  they  7 
Europe?     17.  What   is  Asia? 

Oceanica  comprise  ?  20.  Of 
belong  to  the  Euro|M;an  race  7 
aluy?  The  Anioricttn  ?  Tell 
lo8  and  population  in  America. 
OceanicB.     Tell  the  extent  in 

Tho  rauific.     The  Atlantic. 


21.  America  is  an  extensive  continent,  comprising  one  of 
tho  grand  divisions  of  the  globe.  It  contains  aliout  ll. roe- 
tenths  of  the  dry  land  on  the  surface  of  tho  earth,  ami  is 
washed  on  all  sides  by  vast  oceans. 

22.  Its  climate  is  various,  embracing  that  of  every  Zo  ic  ; 
tho  torrid,  the  trmjTerato  on  both  sides  of  the  equator,  ind 
part  of  the  frigid.  It  is  said  to  be  colder,  generally,  than  in 
places  in  the  same  latitude  in  other  parts  of  the  world. 

23.  This  continent  is  distinguished  for  the  variety  nnd 
richness  cf  its  vegetable  productions,  the  number  of  its  mines' 
of  gold,  sflver,  and  precious  stones,  and  for  the  frc.'odom  of 
its  political  institutions. 

24.  The  inhabitants  aro  supposed  to  amount  to  cbout  45 
millions,  of  whom  19  millions  aro  white,  10  millions  of  In- 
dians, 8  millions  of  negroes,  and  8  millions  of  the  mixed 
races. 

25.  Tho  whites  ore  chiefly  Englisli  in  the  North,  and  Spaniards  in 

America,  Q.  —  21.  What  does  America  contain?    2Q.  Wha|w*«id 
of   the    climate  7      23.    For  what  is    this    continent    distinguished  7 
24.  What  ia  the  number  of  inhabitanU  7    85.  What  are  the  Whites  7 
6 


62 


DESCRIPTIVE  GEOGRAPHY. 


U, 


tlic  South,  with  some  French,  Portuguese,  Germans,  Dutch,  &c.  The 
negroes  arc  Africans  and  tlieir  descendants, who  were  purchased  as 
slaves  in  their  native  country  and  brouglit  liitlier  from  time  to  time. 

G.  The  aboriginal  population  consists  of  two  distinct  races  ;  the 
Esquiinaux*  inhabiting  the  shores  and  islands  of  the  Arctic  regions, 
anil  the  cupper-colourcd  Indians  who  are  spread  over  the  rest  ol  the 
continent. 

7.  America  is  frequently  called  the  Western  continent, 
from  its  extent,  and  also  the  New  World  1,  m  its  recent  dis- 
covcry.  It  was  unknown  to  the  rest  of  mankind  until  the 
year  1492.  It  was  at  that  time  discovered  by  Christopher 
Columbus,  a  native  of  Genoa,  in  Italy,  who  was  the  most 
skilful  navigator  of  his  age. 

8.  The  great  object  which  engaged  the  attention  of  the  maritime 
nations  of  Europe,  at  that  period,  was  b  passage  by  sea  to  tlio  East 
Indies. 

9.  The  splierieal  figure  of  the  earth,  wliieh  Columbus  understood, 
made  him  conceive  the  idea  that  the  eastern  parts  of  the  world  stretched 
so  far  towards  Europe,  that  they  might  be  readied  in  a  moderate  space 
of  time  by  sailing  westward. 

1 0.  The  project  of  Columbus  was  generally  regarded  as  so  visionary, 
that  it  was  only  after  many  years  of  ardent  solicitation,  that  Ferdinand 
and  Isabella,  King  and  Queen  of  Spain,  were  at  last  induced  to  patronize 
his  enterprise. 

60 

n.  Ho  was  furnished  by  them  with  three  small  vessels  and  ninety 
men,  and  Icfl  Palos,  a  port  on  the  south  of  Spain,  August  3d,  1493. 
On  the  12lh  of  October  following,  ho  discovered  Guanahani  Island, 
which  he  named  St.  Salvador. 

li.  He  visited  at  that  time  several  of  the  adjacent  Islands,  and  re- 
turned to  Spain,  wliere  lie  was  received  with  the  greatest  honours.  He 
made  three  other  successful  voyages  of  discovery,  but  was,  notwith- 
standing, treated  with  gross  injustice  by  those  who  were  envious  of  the 
fame  he  had  acquired. 


i  I'   ■ 


it: 


The  Negroes?  G.  The  Aboriginal  population?  7.  What  is  Amer- 
ica frequently  called  ?  In  what  year  was  it  discovered  ?  Who  dis- 
covered it?  8.  What  great  object  engaged  the  attention  of  the 
nations  of  Europe  at  that  period?  9.  What  idea  did  Columbus  con- 
ceive? 10.  Who  patronized  him?  11.  What  did  they  furnish  hini 
with  Wt  When  did  he  leave  Spain  ?  When  did  ho  discover  Guanahani  ? 
12.  What  did  he  visit  at  that  time  ?     How  was  he  received  in  Spain  ? 

*  Esquimaux,  Es-kc-ni6. 


GRAPHY. 

,  Germans,  Dutch,  &c.  The 
)ants,who  were  purchased  as 
it  liitlicr  from  time  to  time. 
a  of  two  distinct  races  ;  the 
Islands  of  tiic  Arctic  regions, 
B  spread  over  tiic  rest  of  tlic 

1  the  W' stern  continent, 
tVorld  1.  in  its  recent  dis- 
L'st  of  mankind  until  the 
discovered  by  Christopher 
Italy,  who  was  the  most 

the  attention  of  the  maritime 
a  passage  hy  sea  to  ti>c  East 

which  Columbus  understood, 
em  parts  of  the  world  stretched 
JO  reaciicd  in  a  moderate  space 

crnlly  regarded  as  so  visionary, 
cnt  solicitation,  that  Ferdinand 
verc  at  last  induced  to  patronize 


:hrec  small  vessels  and  ninety 
th  of  Spain,  August  3d,  1493. 
discovered  Guanahani  Island, 

'  the  adjacent  Islands,  and  rc- 
with  the  greatest  honours.  He 
}f  discovery,  but  was,  notwith- 
'  those  who  were  envious  of  the 


jpulation?  7.  What  is  Amcr- 
was  it  discovered  1  Wiio  dis- 
engaged the  attention  of  the 
Wliat  idea  did  Ck)Iumbus  cnn- 
1.  What  did  they  furnish  liini 
lien  did  lie  discover  Guanaliani  ? 
low  was  he  received  in  Spain  ? 

Js-kc-nio. 


AMElltCA. 


83 


13.  The  discovery  of  Columbus  excited  aspiritof  cntcrprifc  unknown 
and  unfclt  iit  any  lime  before,  and  drew  numerous  adventurers  from 
all  parts  of  Europe. 

M.  In  1497,  John  Cabot,  and  his  son  Sebastian,  natives  of  Venice, 
in  the  service  of  Henry  VII.  of  England,  discovered  North  America, 
and  explored  the  coast  from  Newfoundland  to  Florida. 

15.  In  1499,  Amcricus  Vespucius,  a  native  of  I'lorcnce,  visited  South 
America.  On  his  return  to  Europe,  he  jiublished  the  first  account  of 
tlic  New  World,  of  wliieh  he  claimed  the  original  discovery,  and  thereby 
gave  his  name  to  the  Western  Continent.  This  however  docs  not  lessen 
the  glory  which  crowns  the  discovery  of  Culumbus,  and  which  will  de- 
scend with  his  memory  to  the  most  distant  ages. 

16.  It  was  at  first  supposed  that  America  was  a  part  of  tiie  Eastern 
Continent ;  tlic  Islands  first  discovered  received  therefore  the  name  of 
the  West  Indies,  and  tlic  inhabitants  that  of  Indians,  which  was  after- 
wards extended  to  the  natives  of  the  whole  country. 

17.  Much  controversy  has  taken  place  on  the  origin  of  the  inhabitants 
of  the  Now  World  :  they  were  found  in  various  stages  of  society,  from 
the  lowest  savage  state  to  that  of  a  half-civilized  people.  The  conclu- 
sion is,  that  they  emigrated  from  the  Enstern  Continent,  and  that  they 
reached  America  from  the  nearest  points  of  North- Western  Europe  and 
North.Eastern  Asia,  but  at  what  period  is  entirely  unknown. 

18.  Several  years  elapsed  before  America  was  known  to  be  a  scpa- 
rate  continent ;  at  length  Balbao,  a  Spanish  adventurer,  ascended  the 
nio'Mitains  in  tlic  isthmus  of  Darien,  and  first  saw  the  Pacific  Ocean, 

19.  Tiie  Western  Continent  is  generally  described  under 
two  grand  divisions,  viz  :  North  America,  and  South  America ; 
these  are  joined  together  by  the  isthmus  of  Darien.  There 
is  also  a  great  collection  of  islands  lying  between  the  two 
continents,  usually  called  the  West  Indies ;  but  by  some  it  is 
also  termed  the  Columbian  Archipelago. 


What  did  he  afterwards  do  ?  How  was  ho  treated?  13.  What  did 
the  discovery  of  Columbus  excite?  14.  Who  discovered  North  Amer- 
ica ?  15.  Who  published  the  first  account  of  the  New  World  ?  After 
whom  was  it  named  ?  What  will  descend  to  the  most  distant  ages? 
16.  What  was  America  supposed  to  be?  What  did  the  Islands  first 
discovered  receive?  The  inhabitants?  17.  What  has  taken  place  on 
tlie  origin  of  the  inhabitants  ?  How  wore  they  found  ?  What  is  tlio 
conclusion?  18.  Who  first  saw  the  Pacific  Ocean?  19.  What  are 
the  divisions  of  the  Western  continent  ? 


m 


'    S 


1; 
i; 

:,.> 

1 

,■ 

Vl/ 


84 


DESCRIPTIVE  GBOGKAPHY. 


NORTH   AMERICA. 


V^. 


I  '  Ai 


North  American  Indians. 


61 


1.  North  America  comprises  the  northern  division  of  the 
Western  Continent.  It  extends  from  the  Arctic  Ocean  to  the 
Isthmus  of  Darien,  a  distance  of  4800  miles  in  length,  and 
from  3200  to  2600  in  breadth. 

2.  The  Rivers,  Lakes,  Plains,  and  Mountains,  of  this 
continent,  are  all  on  a  grand  scale,  and  arc  among  the  most 
remarliablc  in  the  world. 

3.  The  Mississippi  and  Missouri  far  surpasses,  in  length  of  course, 
the  principal  rivers  of  the  eastern  continent ;  and  Lake  Superior  is  the 
largest  body  of  fresh  water  known.  It  forms,  with  the  great  lakes 
witli  which  it  is  connected,  a  vast  interior  sea,  affording  a  continuous 
navigation  many  hundreds  of  miles  in  extent. 

4.  The  precious  and  useful  metals  and  minerals,  exist  in 
North  America  in  great  abundance.  Gold,  silver,  copper,  and 
viii,  are  found  in  Mexico ;  and  gold,  iron,  lead,  and  coal,  in  the 


North  America.  Q.  —  l.  What  is  North  America?  What  is  its 
extent?  2.  What  arc  on  a  grand  scale?  3.  What  is  said  of  ils 
rivers   and    lakes  ?     4.  What    exista    in    great  abiindiincc  ? 


What 


vi/ 


HAl'Hy. 


IICA. 


lians. 


e  northern  division  of  the 
n  the  Arctic  Ocean  to  the 
300  miles  in  length,  and 

and  Mountains,  of  this 
and  arc  among  the  most 

iirpnBSCS,  in  length  of  course, 
lit ;  and  Lake  Superior  Is  the 
forms,  with  tlie  great  lakes 
>r  sea,  affording  a  continuous 
tent. 

Is  and  minerals,  exist  in 

Gold,  silver,  copper,  and 

ron,  lead,  and  coal,  in  the 


irth  America?  What  is  its 
Ic?  3.  What  is  said  of  its 
I    great   abiindiinec  ?      What 


NORTH  AMERICA. 

United  States — \vhere  the  throe  latter  abound  in  such  quanti- 
ties, that  ngcs  of  the  most  active  industry  will  not  probably 
exhaust  them. 

.■).  Among  tlie  animals  of  North  America,  there  arc  several  species 
not  found  in  any  otiier  part  of  the  world.  The  grizzly  and  barren  ground 
licars  are  peculiar ;  also  the  moose  or  elk,  the  wapiti,  and  the  caribou  or 
rein-deer.  The  buffalo,  musk-ox,  and  rocky  mountain  sheep  and  goat, 
all  differ  from  n.niinals  of  the  same  kind  found  elsewhere. 


Buflhlo. 


Rocky  Mountain  Sheep. 


6.  Various  s|)ecies  of  birds  abound  ;  of  the  rapacious  kind,  there  arc 
eagles,  vultures,  hawks,  falcons,  «fcc.  The  bald-headed  eagle  is  well 
known  as  being  the  chosen  emblem  of  our  own  republic.  The  wild 
turkey  is  a  native  of  this  continent,  and  was  introduced  into  Europe 
about  30  years  after  the  discovery  of  America. 


Biild  Englc.  Pinna'.cd  Grouse. 

7.  The  highly  esteemed  canvas-back  duck,  the   diminutive  hum- 


Ml  H 


abounds  in  the  United  States?  5.  What  is  bquI  of  the  animals  of 
North  America ?  6.  What  species  of  birds  abound?  What  is  said 
of  tlie  wild  turkey,  &c.?      7.  What  other  birds    are  mentioned  7 


m 


fli 


86 


DESCRIPTIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


ming.bird,  tl.o  wlup-poor-wiU,  the  bl.io  jay,  and  th"  '"°=^'"S  ^'  ^' "° 
uU  confinea  to  this  conthumt ;  wliilc  grouw,  pheasants.,  &c.,  ot  ditlcrcnt 
kinds,  arc  found  in  various  parts,  -ud  arc  liiglily  esteemed  tor  tooa. 


Alligator. 


Rattle  Siiake. 


8  The  alligator  exists  only  in  the  southern  section  of  the  continent, 
beine  seldom  seen  north  of  Louisiana  and  the  Carolinas.  The  rattle- 
snake  is  peculiar  to  the  New  World ;  it  is  formidable  for  the  deadly 
venom  of  its  bite,  and  comprises  tivc  or  six  different  varieties. 

9  The  Indians  and  Esquimaux  constitute  tlic  original  inliabitants 
of  thu  country.  Tlic  Indians  are  usually  tall,  straight,  and  erect  m 
form,  of  a  dark  coppcr-colour,  with  high  cheek-bones  and  long  coarse 
black  hair ;  wliile  the  Esquimaux  are  short  ond  stout  m  person,  and  ol 
a  dirty  reddish  yellow  complexion.  The  latter  are  lively  and  cheerful 
in  disposition,  and  appear  to  be  more  social  and  domestic  in  their  fiabits 
than  sivages  usually  arc. 

10.  North  America  is  politically  divided  into  the  Republics  of  the 
United  States,  Texas,  Mexico,  and  Guatimala :  these  occupy  the  conti- 
nent  south  and  west  of  tlic  great  lakes,  while  the  northern  parts  com- 
prise the  colonial  territories  of  Great  Britain  and  Russia. 


OBSERVATIONS    CH    THE    QUESTIOWS. 

In  bounding  any  country  or  ptate,  let  the  learner  tell  what  is  on  the 
north,  what  on  the  south,  on  tl.o  east,  and  on  the  west. 

To  the  first  question  on  the  following  page— How  is  Russian  America 
bounded  ?  the  answer  will  be,  on  the  north  by  the  Polar  Sea,  soutbby  the 
Pocific  Ocean,  east  by  British  America,  and  west  by  Bhering  s  istrait. 

In  telling  of  Gulfs,  Bays,  or  Sounds,  say  wliat  countries  they  are  in, 
or  are  siu-rounded  by,  and  what  Oceans  they  are  connected  with,  thus: 
Baffin's  Bay  is  bounded  east  by  Greenland,  west  by  Prmce  William  s 
Land,  and  leads  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

8  Of  the  alligator  7  9.  Who  comprise  the  original  inhabitants  of 
the  country?  What  is  said  of  the  Indians?  Of  the  Esqumiaux? 
10.  How  is  North  America  politically  divided  ? 


mmmmm 


RAPHY. 

1(1  the  mocking  bird,  arc 
,  plicasants,  Slc,  of  dillercnt 
iglily  esteemed  for  food. 


Rattlu  Snake. 

icrn  section  of  the  continent, 
d  tlic  Carolinas.     The  rattle- 
is  formidablo  for  the  deadly 
X  different  varieties, 
itute  the  original  inhabitants 

y  tall,  straight,  and  erect  in 
cheek-bones  and  long  coarse 

Irt  and  stout  in  person,  and  of 
latter  are  lively  and  cheerful 

al  and  domestic  in  their  habits 

ed  into  the  Republics  of  the 
mala ;  these  occupy  the  conti- 
.■hilc  the  northern  parts  corn- 
tain  and  Russia. 


SE    QUESTZONS. 

the  learner  tell  what  is  on  the 
I  on  the  west. 

age — How  is  Russian  America 
1  by  the  Polar  Sea,  soutI>  by  the 
md  west  by  Bhering's  Strait, 
ly  what  countries  they  are  in, 
they  are  connected  with,  thus : 
ind,  west  by  Prince  William's 


o     the  original  inhabitants  of 


dians  I 
,-idcd  ? 


Of  the    Esquimaux  1 


NORTH  AMERICA. 


•87 


Tell  what  Countries,  or  divisions,  biraits  separate,  ond  what  Oceane, 
Bays,  &c.  they  connect:  thus,  Blicring's  Strait  separates  America  fr jm 
Asia,  and  connects  the  Pacific  and  tht  Arctic  Oceans. 

Tell  where  Lakes  are  situated,  and  with  ,vhat  Rivcvs  they  .ire  con- 
nected;  thus,  Lukes  Superior,  Huron,  Erie,  aiid  Ontario,  ar?  bt.wcen 
Canad>!  and  tlie  United  States,  and  flow  into  the  St  Lawrence  RUer. 

Tell  where  Peninsulas  arc  situated,  to  what  countrici  they  b'')ong, 
and  what  waters  surround  thern :  thus,  Novi  Scotia  is  in  liie  soutliern 
part  of  British  America;  it  has  the  Bay  of  Fundy  and  thj  Gulf  of  St. 
Lawrence  on  the  north,  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean  on  the  south. 

Tell  where  Islands  are  situated,  and  their  direction  from  the  nearest 
Continent  or  other  Ulands :  thus,  Cuba  is  in  the  AVes^t  Indies ;  it  is  south 
of  the  United  States,  east  of  Mexico,  and  north  of  .Vamaica. 

Tell  wlicre  Mountains  arc  situated,  how  they  cx'.end,  what  countriea 
they  separate,  and  what  their  length  is  :  thus,  the  Rocky  Mountains  are 
in  the  western  part  of  North  America;  they  extend  through  Russian 
America,  British  America,  the  United  States,  and  Mexico ;  they  sepa- 
rate in  part  the  United  States  and  British  Amcrici,  and  arc  4,000  miles 
in  length. 

Tell  where  Rivers  rise,  in  what  direction  they  flow,  and  where  they 
empty :  thus,  the  Mississippi  River  rises  west  of  Lake  Superior ;  it  flows 
southward  through  the  United  States,  aiid  empties  into  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico. 

USE  OF  THE  SCALES. 

By  means  of  the  Scales  of  Miles,  which  ar-;  attached  to  nearly  all  tl)e 
Maps,  the  learner  may  measure  the  length  and  breadth  of  Continents, 
Seas,  Gulfs,  &e.  Thus,  for  example,  take  witli  a  pair  of  compasses,  or 
the  edge  of  a  slip  of  paper,  the  length  of  the  Scale  of  l.Iiles  of  Map 
No.  3,  and  measure  with  it  from  Smith's  Bound  to  the  southern  ex- 
tremity of  North  America ;  it  will  Ik;  found  to  extend  nearly  five  times 
the  length  of  the  scale,  or  about  4,800  mile-.  On  north  latitude  40  de- 
grees, the  breadth  of  the  Continent  is  3,600  riilcs ;  on  latitude  53  degrees, 
3,000  n)iles,  and  from  Nova  Scotia  to  Porto  Rico  1,800.  These  exercises 
will  give  variety  to  the  studies,  and  impress  on  the  mind  of  the  pupil 
the  length  and  breadth  of  countries  and  tlicir  distances  from  each  other. 
Sec,  in  a  more  decided  manner  than  by  any  other  method. 

By  studying  the  Explanation  on  the  Maps,  the  learner  will  under- 
stand how  the  Capitals  of  Countries,  the  population  of  the  cities  and 
towns,  and  the  lengths  of  the  rivers,  arc  represented. 


62 


Map  No.  3. — How  is  Russian  America  bounded  ?  British  Amcricii 
bounded  ?  Capital  ?  United  States  bounded  ?  Capit  •!  ?  Texas  bound- 
ed ?  Capital?  Mexico  bounded?  Capital?  Gui.timala  bounded? 
Capital?     Balize  bounded  ?    Capital/ 

How  is  North  America  bounded  7 


{      \ 


88  DESCRIPTIVE  GEOGRAPHY. 

Where  is  Coronation  Gulf?  G.  of  nootl.ia?  G.  of  St.  Lawrence? 
WelcoineG.?  G.  ofGeorgia?  G.  of  Culiforniii  ?  (i.  of  Mexico?  G. 
of  Tcliuuntepec  ?     What  is  a  Gulf  or  Bay  ?     24,  page  13. 

Wiicrc  is  Bristol  Bay  ^  Melville  B.  ?  Hudson's  B.  ?  Musqnito  B.  ? 
UnuavaB.?  James' B.?  B.  of  Sir  Franeis  Drake  ?  B.  of  Fumly  7 
Delaware  B.?  Chesapeake  B.  ?  Tampa  B.  ?  B.of  Campeclic  ?  B.ot 
Honduras  7     B.  of-  Guatimala  ?  * 

Whcrs  is  Norton's  Sound?  Prince  William's  S.7  Smith's  S.7 
Lancaster  S. ?  Davy's  S.7  Quccu  Charlotte's  S.?  Albemarle  h,? 
What  is  a  Sound  7     26,  pr.ge  12. 


Cumberland  S.?     Fro- 
Gut  or  S.  of  Canseau  7 


Whore  is  Bhering'st  Strait?     Davis'  S.  7 
bisher's  S.  7      H\id8on'sS.7     S.  of  Bcllisle 7  t 
Claaset's  S.  ?     How  wide  is  Bhering's  S.  7 

What  la  a  Strait?     25,  page  12. 

Where  is  Great  Bear  Lake?  Great  Slave  L.7  Athabasca  L.7 
'Vinnipeg  L.7  L.  SupiTu.r?  L.Huron?  L.Michigan  7  L.  Erie? 
L.  Ontario 7  L.Chapala?^  L.  Nicaragua?  |1  What  are  the  lengths  of 
the  four  first  and  of  tlie  last  Lake  7 

What  is  a  Lake  7     29,  page  12. 


Where  is  the  Peninsula  of  Alaska  ?     Melville  ? 
Scotia?     Florida?     Yucatan?     California? 
What  is  a  Peninsula  7     54,  page  16. 


Greenland  7    Nova 


Where  is  Cape  Prince  of  Wales  7  C.  Bathurst  7  C.  Brewster  ?  C. 
Farewell?  C.  St.  Lewis?  C.  Race?  C.  Sable?  N.  S.  C.  Cod? 
C.  Hatteras?  C,  Sable  7  Fa.  C.  St.  Antonio?  C.  Gracias  &  Dios? 
C.  Mendocino?  C.  Morro  Hermoso?  C.  St  Lucas?  C.  Gotda? 
Point  De  Witt  Clinton?  P.  Bcechey  ?  P.  Barrow?  Capes  are  fre- 
quently called  Points. 

What  is  t  '^ape  or  Point  ?    57,  page  16. 


Where  is  Nu-  ,ivack  Island  7  KodiakL?  SitohaL?  Qupcn  Char- 
lotte's I.  7  V'  oouver's  1. 7  North  Georgian  Islands  7  Southampton 
I.V  Disco  1.7  Newfoundland  L?  Anticosti  1.?  Prince  Edward's 
1.7  Cape  Breton  1.7  Bermudas  Islands?  Bahama  Islands?  The 
West  Indies?  Cuba?  Hayti  ?  Jamaica?  Porto  Rico  ?  The  last 
four  are  called  the  Great  Antilles.  Where  are  the  Caribbee  Islands  ? 
Where  is  Curacoa?  Margarita?  Buen  Ayn  '  Oruba?  Torluga? 
Orchilla?     The'last  six  are  callud  the  Little  Antilles. 

What  are  Islands  ?     56,  page  16. 

*  Gmliinn'a,  Gwa-temah'-la.  +  niirrmg's.  Bo-rings'.  }  BeUide,  Bel-iitt'. 
5  Chapaia,  Sha'-pa-la.  II  Nicaraeva,  Nic-ar-aw'-guo. 


RAPHY. 

tliia  ?  G.  of  St.  Lawrence  ? 
forniii?  (i.  nf  Mexico?  G. 
?     24,  page  13. 

rludson's  B.  ?  Musqnito  B.  ? 
icis  Drake  ?  B.  of  Fumly  ? 
t.  ?    B-ofCampeclic?    B.of 


Villiam's  S.7      Smitli's   S.7 
irloUe's  S.?     Albemarle  S,? 


S.? 


Cumberland  S.?     Fro- 
Gut  or  S.  of  Canseau  / 


Slave  L.?  Athabasca  L.? 
1  ?  L.  Michigan  ?  L.  Erie  ? 
a  ?  II     What  are  the  lengths  of 


[elville  ?    Greenland  ?    Nova 

n? 


Bathurst  ?    C.  Brewster  ?    C. 

C.  Sable  ?     N.  S.     C.  Cod  ? 
ntonio?     C.  Gracias  h  Dios? 

C.  St  Lucas?      C.  Got  da? 

P.  Barrow  ?     Capes  are  fre- 


6. 


I.?  SiuliaL?  QuPcnChar- 
irgian  Islands  ?  Southampton 
iticosti  1.?  Prince  Edward's 
lis?  Bahama  Islands?  The 
ica  ?  Porto  Rico  ?  The  last 
;re  are  tlie  Caribbec  Islands  ? 
1  Ayrc  '  Oruba?  Torluga? 
ttlc  Antilles. 


•s,  Bc-rings'.     t  Dettide,  Bel41«'. 
?{ic-ar-aw'-gua. 


RUSSIAN  AMERICA. 


89 


03 


Where  arc  the  Rocky  Mountains  ?  and  what  is  their  Icngtli?  Wiicre 
ore  the  Snowy  Mts.  ?  AUoghany  Mts.  ?  and  their  length  ?  Where  aro 
the  Arctic  Highlands  ?  Tliu  Mexican  Cordilleras  I  Where  is  Mount  St. 
Elias  ?  Mt.  Brown  .'  Mt.  Hooker  !  Tell  the  heights  of  tho  three  last 
Mountains.  Where  is  Long's  Peak  ?  Spanish  P.  f  Popocatepetl*? 
Tlie  Water  Volcano?    Cosiguina  ?     Tho  three  last  aro  Volcanos. 

What  is  a  Volcano  ?     63,  page  17. 

Where  is  Mackenzie's  River?  Great  Fish  R.?  Churchill  R.? 
Nelson  R.?  St.  Lawrence  R.?  Frazer's  R.  ?  Columbia  R.?  Colo- 
rado R.?  Rio  del  Norte?  Brazos  R.  ?  Mississippi  R.?  Give  tho 
lengths  of  all  these  rivers,  and  the  i)arts  of  the  Ocean  into  which  they 
How.     What  is  a  River  (     34,  page  13. 

What  stream  do  you  observe  extending  along  the  east  coast  of  tho 
United  States  from  Florida  to  the  Grand  Dank  of  Newfoundland  ?  Gf 
Sin.  This  is  a  remurUabli-  current  in  tho  Atlantic  Ocean,  wliieh  runs 
where  it  is  nanowest  at  the  rale  of  5  miles  an  hour,  lessi  ning  in  ra- 
pidity aa  it  (lows  north.  Tlie  water  is  warmer  in  the  (iulf  Stream  than 
in  the  adjacent  parts  of  the  Ocean,  and  of  a  diti'ercut  colour  also;  so 
that  sailors  know  wlien  they  come  within  Um  limits. 

How  many  milr ;  is  it  from  Labrador  to  Russia?  To  Denmark  7 
From  Van-  uver  k  Island  to  Mongolia?  From  Califuriiin  »'•  t'orea? 
To  Thiltcl  To  llindoostan  '  From  the  United  Statt  s  to  Greece  ? 
From  the  Bermudas  to  Madeira?  From  the  United  States  to  Egypt? 
From  Guatimala  to  Ilinuoostan? 

Which  are  the  eight  largest  Cities  in  Nortli  America  ?  The  popula- 
tion of  these  is  80,000  and  upwards.      Bn.,  N.-Yk.,  Pa.,  Be.,  N.-Os., 

There 'are  six  Cities  that  contain  between  40,000  and  80,000  inliabi- 
tants  each  ;  which  are  they  ?     Ml.,  Ci„  S.-L.-Pi.,  fio-.  ^a^'  ''v-''!^-„nn  • 

There  are  fourteen  Cities  that  contain  bctv.cen  20,000  and  40,000  in- 
habitants each  ;  which  are  they  ?  Qe.,  Ay.  Pg.,  Lc,  Cn.//s.,  Do.,  Vd., 
N..Ga.,  Ln.,  Co.,  S.-Jo.,  Kn.,  S.-Js.     What  is  a  City  ?     202,  page  39. 


e* 


RUSSIAN  AMERICA. 
1.  RuasiANf  Ameri.-a  ..  -^v  -.ses  that  part  of  the  Conti- 
nent lyin<r  nearest  to  Asia,  froi.       l-ch  it  is  separated  by  Bhc- 
rings  Strait,  and  from  British  America  by  tlie  141st  degree 
of  west  longitude. 


Russian  America.  Q.— 1.  What  docs  Russian  America  comprise  7 
What  separates  Russian  America  from  Asia  ?     What  separates  U  from 


•  Popocatepell,  Po-po-eat-a-peet'-il. 


t  Russian,  Ru'-shan. 


i\ 


■W  r 


i  =     Ji 


m 


^^U'i 


00 


DESCmi'TIVE  GEOGRAPHY. 


It  is  a  cold,  drcnry,  and  almost  unknown  region,  inhabited 
cliiedy  l)y  Intiiiins  niid  Esqiiinimix, 

a.  Tlic  UussianH  liavc  cstabliBlu'cJ  a  number  of  Irudin^  factoricB 
nloiiff  the  couKt,  tho  principal  of  w!iich  iK  New  Archangel.  Here  Ihejr 
buricr  fire-arins,  beads,  tobacco,  und  otlier  articles,  lor  tho  furs  ob. 
tained  by  the  natives  in  iiunting. 


Subterrani Dus  Mansion  of  tliu  Aluuliuii  Islandera, 

3.  Tho  Aleutian  •  or  Fox  Islands  extend  to  a  great  distance  west- 
wsi'd  from  the  Peninsula  of  Alaska  :  they  arc  inhabited  by  a  race  of 
f<BV?.^es  who  live  in  houses  under  ground,  which  contain  each  from  50 
to  loO  inhabitants,  and  are  divided  into  numerous  apartments,  which, 
though  dark  and  dirty,  protect  their  inmates  eilectually  from  tlie  weatlier, 

Map  No.  3. — What  Sea  bounds  Russian  America  on  the  north  ?  Pr.  — 
What  Ocean  on  the  south  ?  Pc.  —  What  country  on  the  east  ?  B.-Aa.— 
What  is  the  most  northern  jKiint?  Bw.  —  The  most  western  Cape? 
P.-Ws.  —  What  Peninsula  in  the  south  7  Aa.  —  What  two  Mouatains  in 
the  south-east  ?  S.-Es,  f\'.  —  On  what  Island  is  New  Archangel  situ- 
ated ?    Sa. 


Cm 


GREENLAND. 

1.  GHEENtAND  IS  onc  of  tho  iTiost  desolttle  and  barren  re- 
gions on  the  lace  of  the  oarth.  An  filmost  perpetual  winter 
prevails,  interrupted  only  by  a  short  summer  of  a  few  weeks' 

British  America  .'  By  whom  is  it  chiefly  inhabited  ?  2.  What  have 
the  Russians  established  along  the  coast  ?  How  do  the"  trade  with  tho 
natives?  3.  What  Islands  extend  westward  from  Alaslia?  By  whom 
are  they  inhabited  ?  How  do  they  live '!  What  do  they  contain  ?  How 
are  they  divided  .' 

Greenland.  Q. — 1.  What   is  Greenland  7     To  what  po\7er  does  it 


ni 

ail 

di 
h: 
i.i 
hi 

sr 


V 
V 

I 

p 

it 


ftAPHY. 

known  region,  inhabited 

imbcr  of  trudin^  factories 
'cw  Archangel.  Here  llicjr 
r  articles,  ibr  tbo   fum  ob> 


uuliuii  Islanders, 

(1  to  tt  great  distance  west- 
arc  inhabited  by  a  race  of 
A^hich  contain  each  from  50 
LimcrouH  apartments,  which, 
eflcctually  from  tlie  weatlier, 

.inerica  on  the  north  ?  Pr.  — 
untry  on  the  cast  ?  B.-Aa.  — 
—  The  most  western  Cape? 
1.  —  What  two  MouBtains  in 
land  is  Nqw  Archangel  situ- 


:  desolate  and  barren  re- 
fit most  perpetual  winter 
summer  of  a  few  weeks' 

f  inhabited  ?  2.  What  have 
How  do  thov  trade  with  the 
rd  from  Alaslia?  By  whom 
/hat  do  they  contain  ?    How 

I  ?  To  what  po\7er  does  it 
lan. 


GI^EK.\^AND,  AND  bUITlSH  AMFUtC  A. 


91 

(kirnlion.  Tlu3  wliolo  region  is  cluimcd  by  Diiimaik,  which 
has  fonoed  some  small  .ic'ttlcmcnts  along  the  w.wf.;rn  coast. 

i>  Several  of  ti.eso  are  also  Moruviun  miHaioiiary  stulioi  t,  where  tlio 
inhabitants  imve  been  in  some  measure  converted  Irom  llieir  ignorHUce 
and  suiH^rstition.and  partly  CMh^-htcned  by  the  docf.rmes  of  Chni.tianity. 

X  In  the  Northern  i.art  of  Greenland,  Captam  Ross  ,  iscovercd  a 
district  which  he  named  the  Arctic  Ilighlunds.  The  inhabitants,  who 
h:id  novel  before  «ecn  an  EuroiH)an,  were  sci/ed  with  the  utmost  anto- 
..ishment.  cnixicially  at  the  ships,  which  they  at  first  imagined  to  bo 
husrc  birds  with  wings.  .    , ,      ,  r  ...a 

4  The  eliffs  on  tlie  const  present  the  remarkable  phenomenon  ot  rtU 
snow,  the  nature  and  origin  of  wliieh  has  excited  much  controversy 
among  the  learned  in  Europe. 

Map  JVo.  3.  — What  Bay  boundn  (Jrecnland  on  the  west?  B^.— 
What  Ocean  on  Iho  east?  Ac.  — What  is  its  southern  Cap  !  ti-  — 
Wliat  missionary  stations  on  the  west  coast?  Hg.,Si..,  K.-lii.,  i-h.,  J"., 
I,u.  -  Wliat  land  on  the  east  coast  ?  Ss.  -  Docs  the  largest  or  smallest 
part  of  Orecnland  lie  north  of  the  Arctic  circle  ?  Lt.  —  What  /one  then 
is  it  in  ?    N.-Fd. 

BRITISH  AMERICA. 

1.  British  America  comprises  the  whole  of  the  American 
continent  lying  north  of  the  United  States,  with  the  exception 
of  the  extreme  north-western  portion,  which  is  clamied  by 
Russia.  It  is  a  region  of  vast  extent,  being  equal  in  area  '.o 
the  whole  of  the  form  r  country. 

2.  Its  divisions  are  New  Britain,  Upper  Canada,  Lower 
Canada,  New  Brunswick,  Prince  Edward's  Island,  Nova 
Scotia,  and  Cape  Breton,  together  with  the  Island  of  New- 
foundland. About  one-tenth  part  only  of  these  territories  is 
as  yet  settled  by  a  civilized  population. 

3.  The  climate  of  British  America  is  very  sev(;re,  much 
exceeding  what  is  fell  under  the  same  latitude  m  the  Old  Con- 
tinent. Even  the  southern  sections  are  covered  with  ice  and 
snow  for  five  or  six  months  in  the  year ;  and  in  the  northern 
parts  of  the  country  the  winter  is  almost  perpetual. 

4.  The  lakes  which  form  a  portio._  of  the  boundary  hne  betwecu 

belonff  •'  2.  What  arc  scvcral'^e"  ettleraePls  ?  Of  the  inhabitanta  7 
3.  What  did  Captain  Koss  discover?  V/hat  did  the  nat.ves  un.-vgme 
respecting  the  sllips  of  their  vbitcrs  ?  4.  What  do  the  chlTs  on  the  coast 
present?  , 

British  America.  Q.-l.  What  docs  BH'i^I'  A'Trer.ca  comprise  ? 
2.    What  are   its  divisions'      3.    Of  the  dunato  ?     4.    Iho  UKcs  ? 


I' 

\ 


111 

1*  if  It'll 

fll 

' ;  'i ,   i; 

t    ,  Ik 

■     j 

•  '  1 

M 


DliSCail'TIVE  GUOGHAPHY. 


1" 


tliix  tcrrilorv  una  the  f  m.',  .!  Htnlrs,  urc  on  ii  Rrcnlrr  sralc  than  in  any 
olhir  piirl  of  (!i(^  wr'\<\.  '1  iirsc  form  n  viist  iiiiiind  hi  n  "l"  IVohIi  ^>  nlpr, 
wliicli  ii*  iiuviKal>io  li)r  vi-hhcIh  of  the  lar(rcHl  Imrlhcn,  ancl  i»  Im  .  rstd 
by  u  numlxT  of  ntiain-boatH,  Hliips,  A,t.,  ill  ulinout  tvcry  direction. 


mk-Mm 


TJio  White  or  Croat  Pnlar  Bear.  M»f>i  Ox. 

r>.  Tlio  Wliitc  near,  Munk  0.\,  Caribou  nr  American  Rcin-Dcer,  and 
other  nnimalfl,  nlioimd  in  nil  iho  nortlurii  p.irtx  of  lliis  ri|i;ion,  nndsiip- 
|ily  the  inlmbitants  with  llir  cliii'f  parlo.  fhrir  lolliiiifr  and  food,  bosidca 
fiiniishinK  the  Hkins  whicii  arc  bartered  willi  the  tradirn  nl'tlK'  Hudson's 
Hay  Company  for  the  viirioiis  niaiiufuctiirrd  iiiliclc«  wliiidi  h^ivc  beoonio 
essential  to  the  comfort  and  even  cxisliiicr  of  the  Indiniis. 

G,  Each  province  of  Uritish  Anicriea  liaa  u  governor  and  council, 
wpimintcd  by  the  Sovereign  of  Great  itritnin,*  anil  ii  liouse  of  Commons 
or  ReprCHentutivcB  chosen  by  the  pceple.  The  whole  territory,  however, 
is  under  the  control  of  a  Governor  (uiicral,  who  rcsidea  at  Qui  her. 

7.  Canada  was  originally  settled  by  the  Fr.nch,  but  fell  into  the 
hands  of  the  EngliBli  in  ennsequencc  of  tlic  victory  gained  near  Quebec, 
in  1759,  by  General  Wolfe. 

a  Since  that  period  the  trade  and  population  of  these  provinces  have 
greatly  increased,  and  they  have  likewise  enjoyed  a  considerable  degree 
ol  prosperity,  but  owing  to  various  unpopular  acts  of  goverimient,  much 
discontent  has  been  of  late  evinced  by  the  (jeople,  espeeiully  in  Cannd.i. 

Map  No.  3.— What  bounds  Uritish  America  on  the  North  ?     P.-Su. 

—  On  the  West?  H.-Aa. —  South  ?  U.-Ss.—  Kast?  A-On.  —  What 
separates  it  from  Greenland?  D.-Hy.  —  In  what  continent  is  British 
America  ?     Wn.  —  What  circle  extends  through  the  Norih  part !     Ac. 

—  In  what  Zone  is  that  part  of  it  wliich  lies  north  of  the  Arctic 
circle?  N.-Fd.  —  In  what  Zone  is  the  southern  part?  N.-Tc  —  In 
what  latitude  is  British  America?  N.-Lc.  —  In  what  longitude  from 
Greenwich  ?    W.-Le. 


What  do  they  form  ?  5.  W^Jiat  animals  abound  ?  6.  What  is  said 
of  the  provinces  of  British  America  ?  7.  By  what  people  was  Canada 
first  settled  ?    8.  What  has  taken  place  since  ?    What  has  been  enjoyed  7 

Evinced  ? ___________ 

*  Britain,  Brit'-in. 


RArHY. 

n  irrcnlrr  scale  than  in  any 
I  iiiiiind  HI  n  "l"  IVphIi  >'  i'''''. 
4l  liurtlun,  and  i»  Inc  .crscd 
ulinosi  every  iliructiuit. 


or  American  Rcin-Dccr,  nnil 
(jarU  nC  lliis  redinn,  andsiip- 
irir  .-jdlliiiif;  ami  Ibcil,  bfsidca 
litlie  trmlrra  nrtlic  Hudson's 
I  iiiliclcs  wliicli  li'ivc  becomo 

of  ihc  Indiniia. 
iiiH  a  governor  and  council, 
II,*  and  11  house  of  Commonu 
riii;  wlioli'  territory,  liowover, 
I,  wlio  resides  at  Qn<  her. 
10  Fri.neh,   but  fell  into  the 

victory  gained  near  Quebec, 

ition  of  these  provinces  have 
njoycd  a  conf.iderablo  dci^roo 
ar  acts  of  governnient,  much 
people, C'speeiully  in  Canndii. 

!rica  on  the  North  7  P..Sa. 
Ss,  —  Kast  ?  A..<)n.  ~  What 
In  what  continent  is  British 
irouEfh  the  North  part  ?  Ac, 
cli  lies  north  of  the  Arctic 
outhcrn  part  ?  N.-Tc.  ~  In 
3.  —  In  what  longitude  from 


aboimd  ?  6.  What  is  said 
By  what  people  was  Canado 
e  ?    What  has  been  enjoyed  7 


NKW  imiTAIN. 


07 


NKW  BRITAIN. 

1.  New  nritniii  rnni|iiises  tlmt  imrt  of  Uritish  America 
situalnl  north  of  tho  CuikkIus  iind  the  United  Htatcs.  It  con- 
tains  more  tliun  tliree-fourtlis  of  tin;  whole  of  tlu;  Jlrilish  pos. 
sessions,  and  is  divided  hy  Hudson's  JJay  into  two  unwinul 
[lorlions. 

y.  The  only  trade  in  this  region  is  I 
wiiirh, the  Hudson's  Bay  Company  l> 
tradini.;-houacs  in  varions  quari' 
Hay  wcstwiud,  to  the  shores  ol 
ward  almost  to  thtj  Arctic  Ocean 
consequence  ollen  called  tiic  Hudson 


of  furs,  to  facilitntfl 

iblishcd  forts  and 

•m  Hudson's 

the  north- 

rcjiion  is  in 

ajy  Territory. 


Iloavcr. 


Raccoon. 


3  Tho  Benvcr,  Raccoon,  Muskrat,  and  other  animals,  arc  eagerly 
hunted  for  ti.  furs;  tho  exports  of  which  have  amounted  m  son  e  year* 
to  upwards  of  ..  million  of  dollars  from  the  port  of  Quebec  alone. 

4  Tho  coast  ot  Labrador,  and  the  whole  of  the  northern  shores  ot 
this  recion,  from  Greenla.id  westward  to  Bhcring's  Strait,  is  inhabited 
by  the  Esquimaux,  a  race  of  savages  diftering  essentially  from  Uio 
Indians,  in  form,  disposition,  and  complexion.  ,,        . 

5.  Among  these  people  on  the  coast  of  Labradrir,  c  Moray-an 
Missionaries  have  established  the  settlements  of  Nan.,  Okkak,  Hopcdole, 
&c.,  and  have  partially  improved  thei/  habits  and  condition. 

Map  No.  3.— What  territory  liesalo.ig  the  east  coast  7  Lr.^  -  On  the 
east  sfde  of  Hudson's  Bay  ^  'e-Mo.  -  On  the  w^st  side  ?  N  .-N.-Ws. 
N.-S.-Ws.  —  On  tho  coast  of  Baffin's  E>y  ?     P.-W.  Ld.  —  West  ot  the 

New  Britain.  Q.  —  1.  What  docs  New  Britain  emprise  ?  .2.  What 
trade  has  it?  What  company  has  established  ibrts  in  various  quarters  ? 
3  What  animals  are  hunted  for  their  furs?  4.  What  peopl.  inliabit 
the  coast  of  Labrador  and  the  Northern  shorct  !  6.  What  have  tho 
Missionaries  established  ? 


1 


fi7;.-S-!H*i'---' 


04 


DESCRIPTIVB  UEOUKAI'IIV. 


(iulf  of  noolliia  7  H.-Fx.  —  Kant  of  IlutlnirHl  Inlet  f  W.-^.-Ltl.  —  WIkiI 
largu  Hiiy  in  New  Uritiiin  ?  IIh.  —  Hnw  limif  nnd  wide  is  il  ?  —  Hctwcrn 
Now  llritaiii  and  (irctidiind  ^  IIm.  —  lluw  wide  \»  it  '  ~  Nuuic  lliu 
I'mir  InrK' Hi  I.aki'H  in  New  Ilritiiin  ?  (J.-ltr.,  (J..S.>.,  Aa.,  Wg.  —  Tlio 
K'lijjtii  of  oucli  /  —  W'lint  lar^rc  rivcr  Howh  into  tlir  I'olar  Sun  t  Mh — 
Itu  lenclli  ■'  —  What  two  ,  utTH  How  into  luko  AllinliiiBtM  t  I'f.,  Au.— 
Tlitir  TrngtIiH  ''■  —  Wliul  riv(;r  tlowB  into  I.ukc  Wituiipi g  .'  Sn.  —  \U 
Icnjrlh  .'  —  What  rivir  ('onncttH  I.aku  VVinnii>cj(  with  liudHoiiV  Iliy  ' 
Nn.  —  Whirh  nrn  the  principal  forlH  '.    Rf.,  Kn.,  CI.,  Yk.,  Sn.,  Ay.,  .Mr. 

—  Tho  prim  ipullndiaii  tribes  f     Cr.,    I).-I{1>.,    Cs.,     Kx.,    Jl.-ht,,  A^-. 

—  Wiiat  Mountains  urc  in  Iho  west  part  of  Now  Hrituin  ?  Ry.  —  'I'lu  ir 
IcnL'th  /  —  Which  arc  the  two  highest  f  Un.,  llr.  —  The  heiifht  ui 
each  ? 


08 


'M 


UPPER  CANADA. 

1.  Uppeb  Canada  cxtctiils  along  tlic  wliolo  chain  of  the 
grrnt  lakes  almost  to  the  western  extremity  ol"  Luke  Supe- 
rior. The  clitnntc  is  generally  healthy  and  salubrious.  The 
summer  heats  crc  more  niaderate,  and  the  winters  shorter  and 
less  rigorous  thtin  in  the  Lower  I'rovinccs. 

2.  The  soil  in  the  settled  parts  of  the  country  is  mostly  very 
fertile,  and  yields  obundant  crops  of  grain,  wheat,  Indian 
corn.,  ;lax,  &c.  Tobacco  is  also  cultivated  in  the  south-western 
di.s^ricts. 

n.  The  most  important  canals  in  British  America  are  in 
Upper  Cantida  ;  these  are  the  Ilidcau  and  the  WcUand  canals; 
the  first  extends  from  the  IJtawas  river  to  Kingston.  The 
VVelland  canal  unites  Lake  Eric  with  Lake  Ontario;  both  these 
works  allow  vessels  of  125  tons  burthen  to  pass  througli. 

4.  In  this  province,  on  the  Niagara  river,  which  connects  Lake  Eric 
with  Lake  Ontario,  is  the  Falls  of  Niagara,  1C5  feet  high.  Tliis  is  one 
of  the  most  magnificent  of  Nature's  works.  The  noise  of  the  cataract 
is  heard,  and  the  cloud  of  vapour  which  rises  from  it  is  seen,  at  the 
dibtance  of  several  miles. 

5.  Toronto  and  Kingston,  on  the  northern  shore  of  Lake  Ontario,  urc 
the  two  principal  towns  of  Upiicr  Canada.  Toronto,  the  capital,  is 
pleasantly  situated  on  a  bay  of  the  same  name  j  it  is  regularly  laid  out, 
and  has  a  number  of  handsome  buildings. 

G.  Kingston  is  the  principal  British  naval  station  on  Lake  Ontario; 

Upper  Canada.  Q. — 1.  What  is  the  extent  of  Upper  Canada  ?  Of 
the  climate  ?  2.  The  soil  ?  What  docs  it  yield  /  3.  Canals  in 
Upper  Canada  ?  4.  What  great  falls  are  in  Upper  Canada?  How 
high  are  they  ?  5.  What  is  the  Capital  7  6.  The  principal  Drltiiih 
naval  station  1 


JIIAMIV. 


•Ht  Inlets  W..l.Ld.  — Wlmt 
iijr  mill  wide  is  il  ?  —  Hctwccii 
uw  wide  ia  it  '  —  Niimi'  lliu 
Hr.,  (i..S.>.,  All.,  Wjr.  — Tlio 
I  into  the  I'oliir  Sin  I  Mh.  — 
luku  AllialKiBtM  /  IV.,  Au. — 
I.ukc  Winiii|icft  f  Sii.  —  lu 
iiini|>cg  with  Uudsoii'H  Iljy  ' 
....  Kn.,  CI.,  Yk.,Sii.,  Av.,Mr. 
-Kli.,  Cs.,  Kx.,  ll..Ft.,  A. 
•f  Now  Hrituin  /  Ry.  —  'I'liiir 
IJii.,  llr.  —  The  htiiflit  of 


VDA. 

g  tlic  wlioln  clinin  of  tlic 
extremity  ol"  Lake  (Supo- 
Itliy  und  sniubrious.  Tlio 
ind  the  winters  shorter  and 
ivinccs. 

the  country  is  mostly  very 

of  grain,  whcnt,   Indian 

livuted  in  the  south-western 

in  British  America  are  in 
u  and  the  WelUmd  canals; 

river  to  Kingston.  The 
h  Lake  Ontario;  both  these 
rtiicn  to  pass  throiigli. 
vcr,  wliich  connects  Lake  Eric 
ra,  1G5  feet  liigh.  Tliis  in  one 
ks.     The  noise  of  tlic  cataract 

rises  from  it  in  seen,  at  the 

icrn  sliorc  of  Lake  Ontario,  arc 
adn.     Toronto,  the  capital,  is 
noino  ;  il  ia  regularly  laid  out, 
a. 
aval  station  un  Lake  Ontario ; 

extent  of  Upper  Canada  7  Of 
locB  it  yield  /  3,  Canals  in 
ire  in  Upper  Canada?  How 
al  ?      6.  The  principal  Drltiuh 


'>>-..„, 


m, 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


11.25 


lfi|j£    125 

■JO   "^"'     MBH 

■^  1^    12.2 


f[   it£    12.0 

yuu 

^IJ4 


FhotogiBphic 

Sciences 
Corporalion 


23  WIST  MAIN  STRin 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  MSSO 

(716)  •73-4903 


;-,t^:a57;'*V,-i-v,'/:i;,,i^-1i;,-..:SiriW)i(taoaS 


^-^»feWi,i-.j /^.,^.,-i: . 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHIVi/ICIVIH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Instituta  for  Historical  IVIicroraproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  da  microraproductions  historiquas 


Pulls  of  Niagara 


it  has  a  fine  harbour  and  a  flourishing  trade.  Niagara,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Niagara  river,  is  a  sniaU  town  with  about  12000  inhabitants. 
Godcrich,  on  Lalie  Huron,  and  London,  on  Thames  river,*  are  the  cliicf 
towns  in  tlie  western  part  of  llie  province. 

Map  No.  4.  —  Wiiat  Inltes  ">eparatc  Upper  Canada  from  the  United 
States  !  Oo.,  Ee.,  Hn.,  Sr.  —  What  river,  in  part,  from  New  Yorli  ? 
S.-Le.  —  Wiiat  river  from  Lower  Canada  ?  Us.  —  What  is  llio  eastern 
partof  Lalce  Huron  called?     Me.  — What  Isles  in  the  north  part? 

Mc. What  Island  in  the  western  part  of  Lake  Superior  ?     Re.  — 

What  is  the  length  of  Lakes  Superior,  Huron,  Erie,  and  OnUrio  ?  -  Gii 
Map  No.  9,  tell  who  was  defeated  on  the  River  Thames,  in  1814  ?  Pr. 
—  Who  was  killed  there  ?  Th.  He  was  a  celebrated  Indian  chief.  — 
On  Map  No.  7,  tell  what  battles  were  fought  in  1814  near  the  falls  of 
Niagara  ?    F-Ee.,  Ca. 


69 


LOWER  CANADA. 

1 .  Lower  Canada  cxtcnd.s  on  both  sides  of  the  St.  Law- 
rence river,  from  its  mouth  to  the  river  Utawas.  The  lower 
part  of  the  province  is  rugged,  cold  and  sterile ;  but  the  upper 
portion  is  fertile,  well  watered,  and  more  moderate  in  tem- 
perature.  All  sections  have,  however,  the  climate  of  Sweden, 
though  in  the  latitude  of  France. 

2.  More  than  three-fourths  of  the  inhabitants  are  of  French 
origia ;  they  speak  the  French  language,  and  are  all  Calho- 

Lower  Canada.  Q.—l.  How  far  docs  Lower  Canada  extend  ?   2.  How 


*  'name$,  Tames. 


mn 


96 


DESCRIPTIVE  GEOGIIAPHY. 


lies.     The  remainder  nrc  mostly  natives  of  Great  Britain  and 
their  descendants,  who  arc  principally  Protestants. 

3.  Education  is  much  neglected, 
nnd  llio  chief  part  of  the  people  are 
very  ignorant.  Tlic  native  French 
Canadians  are  called  hahitans.  They 
are  gay  in  their  dispositions,  cour- 
teous and  polite  in  tlicir  manners, 
and  strongly  attached  to  their  rcli- 
f'lon  and  native  country. 

4.  Lower  Canada  produces  wheat, 
Indian  corn,  and  other  grains  com- 
mon to  the  northern  parts  of  tha 
United  States.  The  exporU  are  grain, 
flour,  lumber,  furs,  pot    and  pearl 

..  , .  ashes,  &c. 

Canailian  Ilabitans. 


City  of  Qupbec. 

5  The  city  of  Quebec  is  the  capital  of  Lower  Canada,  and  also  of  all 
British  America ;  it  is  very  strongly  fortified,  and  situated  half  m  a  plam 
along  the  River  St.  Lawrence,  and  the  other  half  on  a  steep,  perpendicu- 
lar  rock,  350  feet  high.    These  are  called  the  upper  and  lower  towns. 

6.  Montreal »  is  the  commercial  capital  of  Canada ;  it  is  the  centre 
of  the  fur  trade,  and  of  the  commerce  with  the  United  States. 

The  town  of  Three  Rivers  is  the  next  in  importance  to  Quebec  and 
Montreal.  William  Henry,  Chambly.t  and  St.  Johns,  arc  small  towns 
on  the  Sorelle  }  River. 

many  of  the  inhabitants  are  of  French  origin  ?    What  are  the  rest? 

3.  What  is  said  of  education  ?     The  character  of  the  t  rench  Canadiiin  7 

4.  Produce?     Exports?    5.  What  is  Quebec ?     6.  Montreal  ?    Name 
the  other  Towns. 


•  Montreal,  Monl-rc-awl'.      t  Cliamhly,  Shamb'-le.      X  Sorclte,  Sor-el'. 


mAPHY. 

ves  of  Great  Britain  and 
y  Protestants. 

icution  is  much  neglected, 
chief  part  of  the  people  are 
lorant.  The  native  French 
US  are  called  hahitans.   They 

in  their  dispositions,  cour- 
[id  polite  in  their  manners, 
)ngly  attached  to  their  rcli- 
1  native  country. 
,vcr  Canada  produces  wheat, 
corn,  and  other  grains  com- 

the  nortliern  parts  of  the 
states.  The  exports  are  grain, 
imber,  furs,  pot  and  pearl 
tc. 


NEW  BRUNSWICK. 


97 


Lower  Canada,  and  also  of  all 
ed,  and  situated  half  in  a  plain 
er  half  on  a  steep,  perpendicu- 

the  <ippcr  and  lovrer  towns, 
al  of  Canada ;  it  is  the  centre 
h  the  United  States. 

in  importance  to  Quebec  and 
id  St.  Johns,  arc  small  towns 


origin?  What  are  the  rest? 
acter  of  the  French  Canadian  1 
lebcc?     6.  Montreal?    Name 


5hamb'-le.     X  Sorelle,  Sor-el'. 


Map  No.  4. —  What  country  lies  west  of  Lower  Canada  ?  U.-Ca.  — 
What  two  States  lie  south  !    N.-Yk.,  Vt.—  What  State  lies  east  I    Mo. 

—  Tlio  principal  River  ?   S.-Le.     Its  length?  (This  includes  the  Lakes.) 

—  What  Lake  does  the  Suguenay  flow  from?  S.-Is.  The  length  of 
the  Soguenay  I  The  Utawos  ?  What  River  unites  Lakes  Chaniplain 
and  St.  Peters  ?  Sc.  —  The  population  of  Quebec  ?  Of  Montreal  ?  — 
What  tliree  Lakes  arc  in  Lower  Canada  ?    S.Js.,  S.-Ps.,  Tg. 

70  

NEW  BRUNSWICK. 

1.  New  Brdnswick  is  situated  to  the  east  of  the  State  of 
Maine,  and  to  the  north-west  of  Nova  Scotia.  Until  the  year 
1784  it  was  included  within  the  limits  of  the  latter,  which  at 
that  period  was  divided  into  two  separate  provinces. 

2.  This  colony  is  but  partially  cleared,  and  contains  exten- 
sive forests  which  furnish  large  quantities  of  excellent  timber. 
The  soil  is  generally  of  good  quality,  especially  along  tho 
banks  of  the  St.  John's  and  other  rivers. 

3.  The  fisheries  are  a  source  of  considerable  wealth,  and  employ 
many  of  the  inhabitants,  the  produce  being  with  lumber  the  chief  arti- 
cles of  export  Ship-building  is  an  important  branch  of  industry,  and 
is  carried  on  to  a  considerable  extent 

4.  The  Bay  of  Fundy,  which  separates  this  province  from  Nova 
Scotia,  is  remarkable  for  the  great  and  rapid  rise  of  its  tides,  which  often 
attain  the  height  of  70  feet 

5.  Frederickton,  the  seat  of  government,  is  situated  some  distance  up 
the  river  St  John's.  It  is  rather  regularly  built,  chiefly  of  wood,  and 
contains  the  government  oflices,  several  churches,  and  ,a  college. 

6.  The  town  of  St  John's  is  the  most  considerable  place  in  New 
Brunswick,  and  has  an  extensive  commerce.  St  Andrew's,  at  the  head 
of  Possaraaquoddy  Bay,  is  the  next  town  to  St  John's  in  trade  and 
population. 

Map  No.  3. — ^What  Island  lies  near  New  Brunswick  ?  P.-Es. — What 
Gulft)  tho  eastward?  S..Le.  —  What  Bay  on  the  south  ?  Fy.  — What 
Peninsula  south-east  7  N.-Sa.  —  What  is  the  population  of  St.  John's  ? 
Of  Frederickton  ? 


JVeto  BrutuiBiek.  Q. — 1.  How  is  New  Brunswick  situated  ?  In  what 
was  it  included  ?  2.  What  is  said  of  the  soil  ?  3.  The  chief  article! 
of  export  ?  What  is  an  important  branch  of  industry  ?  4.  Of  the  Bay 
of  Fundy?    5.  The  Capital  ?    6.  St  John's?    St  Andrew's? 

7 


'•M    ;  i  i 


II 


A.i    I. 


ti  I 
m  I 


08 


DESCRIPTIVE   GEOGRAPHT. 
71 


NOVA  SCOTIA. 

1.  Nova  Scotia  was  first  seftlctl  by  the  French,  and  named 
hv  them  Acadia.  In  17»i:<  it  was  conquered  by  Great  Bri- 
tain, and  since  that  time  has  been  called  by  its  present  name. 

2.  It  is  a  large  peninsula,  280  miles  long,  and  from  50  to 
100  broad.  On  the  coast  the  soil  is  generally  poor,  but  in  the 
interior  and  northern  parts  it  is  well  adapted  to  cultivation. 

3.  Wheat  and  other  grains,  with  potatocB  of  the  finest  quality,  are 
raised  to  some  extent.  Coal,  and  gypsum,  or  plaster  of  pans,  arc  found 
in  vast  quantities,  and  are  largely  oxiH)rtcd:  copper,  iron,  and  various 
other  minerals,  also  abound. 

4  Halifax,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  one  of  the  finest  harbours  m  the 
world,  and  contains  the  most  extensive  dock-yard  in  British  America. 
Lunenburg,  Liverpool,  Yarmouth,  and  Pictou,  are  all  places  of  some 
trade ;  from  the  latter,  coal  is  shipped  to  the  United  Slates  in  consider- 
able  quantities. 

5.  Cape  Bheton  Island.— Cape  Breton  is  a  largo  Island, 
separated  from  Nova  Scotia  by  the  Gut  or  Strait  of  Canseau ; 

it  is  about  100  miles  in  length,  and  from  30  to  80  in  breadth, 
and  is  divided  into  two  nearly  equal  portions  by  an  arm  of  tho 
sea  called  the  Bras  d'Or. 

6.  Aericulture  is  in  a  backward  state,  tlic  Cod  Fishery  attracting  the 
chief  industry  of  the  people.  This  island  was  in  1820  politically  ot- 
tached  to  Nova  Scotia,  and  sends  two  members  to  the  House  ot  Assembly. 

7.  Louisburg,  which  the  French  carefully  fortified,  was  once  a  place 
of  ereat  importance,  but  it  is  now  entirely  deserted ;  and  Sidney,  a  vil- 
lage  of  about  800  inhabitants,  is  all  the  capital  Cupe  Breton  possesses. 

Map  No.  3.— What  Islands  lie  oast  of  Nova  Scotia?  C.-Bn.,  Sc, 
_  What  Island  north  ?  P.  Es.  -  What  separates  Nova  Scotia  and  C^pe 
Breton'  G..Ca.  — What  Ocean  on  the  south-east?  Ac  — What  Bay 
on  the  north-west  ?  Fy.-  What  is  the  population  of  Halifax  ?  Lunen- 
burg?     Liverpool?    The  southern  Cape  of  Nova  Scotia ?    ha. 

Norn  Scotia.  Q.-l.  By  whom  was  Nova  Scotia  first  settled  ?  What 
was  its  first  name?  When  was  it  conquered  by  Great  Britain?  3.  What 
is  this  Colony?  What  is  said  of  its  soil?  3.  Jtf  P'?*^"""''"^/ .  ^'' 
minerals  ?  4.  The  capital  and  other  towns  ?  5.  What  is  Cape  Breton  ? 
How  is  it  divided?  6.  What  is  said  of  ite  agriculture,  &.c. ?  When 
was  it  attached  to  Nova  Scotia  ?    7.  What  is  said  of  Louisburg,  &.C. 


♦  Canieau,  Can-so". 


IIAPHT. 


<l  the  French,  and  named 
anqucrcd  by  Great  Bri- 
led  by  its  present  name, 
les  long,  and  from  50  to 
Tenerally  poor,  but  in  the 
idapled  "to  cultivation. 
CB  of  the  finest  quality,  are 
or  plaster  of  paris,  arc  found 
d :  copper,  iron,  and  various 

of  the  finest  harbours  in  the 
ck-yard  in  British  America, 
ctou,  are  nil  places  of  some 
10  United  Slates  in  considcr- 

Breton  is  a  largo  Island, 
ut  or  Strait  of  Canseau ;  * 
Vom  30  to  80  in  breadth, 
portions  by  an  arm  of  tho 

lie  Cod  Fishery  attracting  the 
(1  was  in  1820  pohtically  ot- 
icrs  to  the  House  of  Assembly. 
Ily  fortified,  was  once  a  place 
y  deserted ;  and  Sidney,  a  vil- 
pital  Cape  Breton  possesses. 

f  Nova  Scotia?  C-Bn.,  Sc, 
jparutes  Nova  Scotia  and  Cape 
south-east  ?  Ac.  —  What  Bay 
pulation  of  Halifax  ?  Luncn- 
of  Nova  Scotia  ?    Sa. 

va  Scotia  first  settled  7  What 
ed by  Great  Britain?  Q.What 
)il?  3.  Its  productions?  Its 
ns  7  5.  W  hat  is  Cape  Breton  ? 
'  its  agriculture,  &c.  7  When 
it  is  said  of  Louisburg,  &.C. 

vso'. 


NEWFOUNDLAND. 

Ti 

9.  Prince  Edward's  Isi,and. — Prince  Edward's  is  a  fino 
fertile  island  in  the  (jiilf  of  St.  Lawrence,  lying  nearly  parallel 
to  the  coasts  of  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick. 

10.  The  soil  is  good  nml  well  adapted  to  agriculture,  which  is  in  a 
more  improved  state  than  in  any  of  the  neighbouring  colonies.  Clmr- 
lotto  Town  is  the  capital,  with  3,500  inhabitants.  There  are  several  otiier 
■mall  towns. 


NEWFOUNDI^ND. 

1.  NewFouNDtAND  is  a  large  island,  situated  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  and  forming  the  most  eastern  part 
of  British  America.  The  soil  is  mostly  barren,  and  the  timber 
scanty  and  of  small  size. 

2.  It  owes  its  importance  to  its  Cod  fisheries,  which  arc  the 
most  valuable  in  tho  world.  The  fish  are  caught  in  vast 
numbers  upon  certain  shallow  places  in  the  sea  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  island,  called  the  Banks  of  Newfoundland. 

3.  A  great  number  of  vessels  and  men  (chiefly  American  and  French) 
hero  find  employment,  while  the  inhabitants  ot  the  island  carry  on  their 
fisheries  along  the  shore. 

4.  The  fishing  business  is  dangerous,  but  profitable ;  it  is  an  admirablo 
nursery  for  the  hardy  seamen  of  the  New  England  states,  ant;  furnishes 
us  with  an  important  article  of  export  to  other  countries. 

5.  St.  John's  is  tho  principal  place  in  the  island ;  the  houses  ore  all 
built  of  wood,  and  tho  town  has  in  consequence  Huffered  severely  from 
fires.    Harbour  Grace  is,  next  to  St  John's,  the  most  ir)ii)ortant  town. 


Map  No.  3.  —  What  bounds  Newfoundlond  on  the  east  ?  A.  On.  — 
On  the  west  7  G.  S.-Le.  —  What  Strait  separates  it  from  Labrador  7 
Be.  —  What  banks  are  near  the  Island  7  Gd.  Gn.  —  How  long  and  wide 
is  the  Grand  Bank  7  Newfoundland  7  What  is  tlie  population  of  St. 
John's  7    Of  Harbour  Grace. 


Prince  Edteard's  Island.  Q.  —  9.  What  is  Prince  Edward's  Island  7 
10.  What  u  said  of  the  coil  and  agriculture  7  The  capital  and  its  popu- 
lation? 

Newfoundland.  Q.—  1.  What  is  Newfoundland  7  3.  To  what  does 
it  owe  its  importance  7  3.  What  are  thev  called  7  Who  find  emplojr- 
ment  there  7  4.  What  is  said  of  the  fishing  business  7  What  does  it 
fiimish  ui  with  7    5.  Describe  St.  John's.    Harbour  Grace. 


Wm   I  !: 


i      I 


U    (I 


i  100 


DnaCRU'TIVB   GF.OORArHY. 
UNITED    STATES. 


1.  The  United  States  form  one  goycnment,  compn^ng 
twcntv.six  states,  six  territories,  and  one  federal  district.  They 
Spy  the  most  valuable  and  productive  part  of  North  Ame- 
S  a^nd  rank  amongst  the  most  powerful,  commercial,  and 
wealiliy  nations  of  the  globe. 

2  They  are  distinguished  for  the  freedom  and  excellence 
of  their  political  institutions,  the  rapid  increase  of  the  popula- 
Son,  and  for  the  intelligence,  industry,  and  enterprise  of  the 

inhabitants.  .  .      •     .  ;, 

3.  The  territory  of  the  United  States  is  very  ex  ens.ve ,  it 
ran^B  through  29  degrees  of  latitude,  and  58  degrees  of 
longitude.  The  frontier  outline  has  an  extent  ot  10,000  miio«, 
and  a  li"^  drawn  from  north-west  to  south-east  would  mea- 
sure  3,200  miles.  .     ,    ,   , 

4.  In  so  vast  a  region  there  is  of  course  inc  uded  agreat 
varictv  of  surface,  sdl,  and  clim^ie.  It  is  well  watered  by 
noKtreams,  which  ^ot  only  give  fertility  to  their  borders, 

TTniud  StaUi    Q  —  1.  What  do  the  United  States  form  7    Cora- 


M'HV. 


ES. 


UNITED  HTATES. 


101 


Tovcrnment,  comprising 
e  federal  district.  They 
ive  purl  of  North  Ame- 
iverful,  commercial,  and 

freedom  and  excellence 

increase  of  the  popula- 

y,  and  enterprise  of  the 

tes  is  very  extensive ;  it 
ide,  and  58  degrees  of 
nextent  of  10,000  miles, 
o  south-east  would  mea- 

course  included  a  great 

It  is  well  watered  by 

fertility  to  their  borders, 

United  States  form?  Cora- 
2.  For  whut  are  they  distin- 
f  7    4.  What  dfjes  it  include  T 


but  arc  ready  to  carry  the  gids  of  llm  i  artli  to  the  ocean,  and 
to  bring  buck  to  llic  iulmljituiiis  tlio  products  of  otlmr  climes. 

5.  J'lie  soil  returns  an  ample  harvest  fur  nil  th;it  is  planted 
in  it,  and  tlu^  climate  is  favourable  to  nearly  every  i)r<)iluction 
of  the  (^arlb,  that  can  sustain  life  or  increase  its  luxuries. 

G.  Aaricullurc  in  tho  lending  piirsiiit  in  this  country.  Tho  tuHtcrn 
stutc8  uro  devoted  to  ^ruling,  and  llic  dairy  ;  the  iiiidilii)  and  wcHtcrn  to 
tlio  raiHing  of  wheat,  Indian  corn,  &c. ;  and  the  Houtl.trn  states,  to  eot- 
ton,  tolmcco,  8Ugar,  and  rice.  Slave  liiboiir  is  cUiclly  employed  in  tho 
soul  hern  and  80M10  of  the  western  HtiitcB. 

7.  The  United  Slates  ore  richly  mipplied  with  valualile  mmcrals. 
Gold,  tho  niOBt  precious,  and  iron,  the  moat  useful  of  metals,  witli  lead, 
coal,  salt,  and  lime,  all  exist,  most  of  them  in  ({reat.  abundance;  whilo 
beautiful  and  durable  building  muteriaU  are  furnished  by  the  extcnsivo 
quarries  of  the  dirtereiit  sections  of  the  Union. 

8.  The  monufuctures  are  already  extensive,  and  are  rapidly  incroas- 
inir:  they  amount  in  value,  annually,  to  about  ;W0  millions  of  dollars, 
nnd  the  capital  invested  in  all  the  manufactures  in  tho  Union,  is  supposed 
not  to  bo  less  than  1,000  millions  of  dollars. 

9  The  commerce  is,  next  to  that  of  Great  Rritnin,  the  hrgest  in  tho 
world;  it  extends  to  all  parts  of  the  carlli,  ar.d  embraces  the  products 
and  manufactures  of  all  nations.  'I'lie  numb<;r  of  vessels  that  enter  and 
depart  from  the  iiorts  of  tho  United  States,  amouiita  from  20,000  to 
23,000  every  year. 

74 

10  The  Fisheriei  ore  highly  important,  and  are  carried  on  mostly 
by  tlio  New  England  states :  tficy  embrace  chiefly  the  whale,  cod,  and 
mackerel  fislieries,  the  products  of  which  amount  to  from  6  to  &  millions 
of  dollars,  annually. 

11  The  whale  fishery  alone  employs  more  than  140,000  tons  of  ship- 
ping, and  10,000  men.  The  ships  employed  in  this  business,  are  absent 
frequently  two  and  three  years. 

12.  No  part  of  the  world  presents  such  an  extensive  inland  commerce 
as  that  of  the  United  States.  Steam  vessels  navigate  all  the  principal 
rivers,  lakes,  bays.&c.  Tho  Mississippi  River  and  its  tributaries  alone 
are  traversed  by  near  300  steamboats,  all  of  which  make  several  voyages 
every  year. 

13  The  employment  of  Steam  Power  is  probably  greater  in  tins 
country  than  in  any  other  part  of  the  world,  and  forms  one  of  the  prin- 

How  is  it  watered  ?  5.  What  of  the  soil  ?  Climate  ?  6.  Agriculture  ? 
The  eastern  states  7  The  middle  and  western  7  Southern  7  7.  What 
of  the  minerals?  8.  Manufactures 7  Their  value  and  the  capital  em- 
plovcd?  9.  The  commerce?  10.  The  fisheries 7  11.  Whale  fishery? 
13."  The  inland  commerce?    The  Mississippi,  &c.?     13.  Of  the  em- 


(llf^l^ 


102 


PKHCIMI'TIVB  GKOCiRAl'IIV 


Whole  FUliery.-Ciittiiig  up  •  Wliole. 


,.!™.l  nlemftntt  of  American  prosperity.  1300  ilcomboaU  h«Te  been 
Sntrtho  yoar  1807,  of  whicl.  80&  now  exist;  .nd  the  nun.ber  of 
SmTn^incH  fn  ?1  e  United  State,  cnployed  in  .teamb,«tH,  <«on™°t'vo 
roiroud  corB,  and  for  variou.  manufocturing  pur,K„cB.  ..  not  lea.  than 

^'U.' The  American,  have  .urpa..cd  all  other  nation,  in  'h' """'';«; 
•nd  extent  of  their  canol.  and  rail-road. ;  the  im.tcd  length  of  the  former 
'.Jot  le..  than  3.600  mile.,  the  whole  of  which,  with  one  or  two  e.cep- 
lion.,  have  been  executed  in  lc.»  than  twenty  year.. 

\r,  The  rail-road.,  all  con.triictcd  within  tho  la.t  ten  year.,  amount 
to  an  ouBrcgate  of  1.500  mile.,  over  which  carriage,  are  propelled  by 
I^oltfve  ^team-engine,  at  the  rate  of  from  80  to  30  m.le.  an  hour 

16.  The  United  State,  are  more  distingui.hcd  for  the  general  d;ffu. 
Bion  of  knowledge,  than  for  eminence  in  "t""*""',  ""''.''"'^".1,  J^n 
mean,  of  common  .chool  education  arc  more  widely  '"''."^"•l"'*' '^?"  '" 
r„y  other  part  of  the  world,  and  there  are  numerou.  ««''^'""'«»  »/ j"""" 
?ng^hroughout  the  country,  though  there  are  no  univera.t.e.  and  college, 
on  so  largo  a  .cale  as  wimo  in  Europe. 

17  Tho  general  government  of  the  United  States  ha.  done  but  litfJo 
forthe  promotion  of  public  instruction ;  but  .no.t  of  the  ^t"'"  h^"  •"•''° 
cgislative  provision,  and  «,«•=  ha.c  large  funds  set  apart.  «>«■  hat  pur. 
oL  The  first  settler,  of  Dow  England  paid  a  very  laudable  atten- 
K^te  this  important  subject ;  and  so  early  a.  the  year  1628,  a  luw  wa. 
pasaed  for  tho  education  of  every  child  in  tho  colonic.. 

ployment  of  .team  ?  How  many  steamboats  ?  14.  What  i.. aid  of  tho 
American.  ?  Of  canals  7  15.  ftail-roads  ?  1 6.  Of  the  United  State.  7 
Common  school  education  7    Scminarie.  of  learning  7    17.  The  ecncral 


AI'HV. 


1  Wliale. 

300  ttcamboaU  hare  been 
tv  oxiit ;  and  the  number  of 
(I  in  itoainbontH,  locomolive 
g  pur|ioic8,  in  not  Icsa  than 

thcr  nation*  in  the  niimbor 
united  length  of  the  former 
liich,  with  ono  or  two  cxcu|>- 
ty  ycari. 

1  the  laiit  ten  jreara,  amount 
I  carriages  arc  propelled  by 
m  30  to  30  miles  an  hour, 
uishcd  for  the  general  diflfu- 
iteraturo  and  science.  The 
arc  widely  extended  than  in 
iimcrous  seminaries  of  learn- 
B  no  universities  and  colleges 

rd  States  has  done  but  littlo 
most  of  the  states  have  mado 
funds  set  apart,  for  that  pur- 
paid  a  very  laudable  atton- 
as  the  year  163d,  a  luw  was 
10  colonies. 

Is  7     14.  What  is  said  of  the 

16.  Of  the  United  States? 

learning  7    17.  The  general 


S^^aaaaaau- 


UNITED  HTATE8. 


101 


76 


18.  There  is  no  eslabliiihed  rliurch  in  the  United  States,  religion  being 
led  (u  the  vuluiitiiry  choice  of  the  {K'ople ;  yet  in  all  the  well-Nvttlud  parts 
of  the  Union,  religious  iniitruetioii  and  olwervantTs  ore  as  liiitlilully  dis. 
penned  und  iivrlbrmed  as  in  any  other  country  in  the  world. 

l!l.  Tlie  great  body  of  tho  ncopio  are  allaehcd  to  tJia  various  scctx 
beUingiug  to  tho  Priitoatant  Ihith :  of  tlieao  the  Hoiitists,  MethodiBts, 
I'reiiliyteriuns,  and  l.utlieruns,  iitand  first  ait  to  numbers.  There  am 
alw  many  Kotnan  (^(liolics,  Universalists,  Unitarians,  and  Friends  or 
(juukers. 

30.  Tho  United  States  is  a  Fc<lcral  Republic.  E!ach  state  is  inde- 
pendent in  its  local  affairs;  but  the  defence  of  the  country,  the  regulation 
of  commerce,  and  all  tho  general  coiM^vrns  of  the  Union,  arc  committed 
by  the  ('onstitutiuii  to  a  general  govurnnivnL 

31.  Tho  government  cuniprises  tlirco  distinct  powers,  tho  Legislative, 
Judicial,  and  Executive  branches :  tlie  first  named  power  make*  the 
laws,  tlie  acmjnd  expounds,  and  the  lust  executes  them. 

iii.  The  Legistalive  (tower  is  vexlijil  in  u  ('.ongresa  conHisting  of  a 
Senate  and  Houm!  of  Kepreiientatives.  The  Senatu  aHisials  of  two 
members  from  eai;h  titati!,  who  are  elected  for  six  years,  onc-tiiird  of  tiio 
iminber  being  changed  every  two  years.  Tho  nieiNbers  of  tho  Honso 
of  Krpicwjitutives  arc  elected  by  tlie  pco|ile  for  two  years;  their  number 
is,  at  present,  340. 

S3.  Tho  Judicial  power  is  cuniposod  of  a  SupreineCourt  ufone  chief 
and  six  asMociate  Judges,  who  are  op|>oiiitcd  hy  the  Prcsideiit,  with  tho 
advice  and  consent  of  tliu  Senate,  anid  hold  tlieir  offices  during  life  or 
good  behaviour. 

34.  Tlie  Executive  power  is  vested  in  a  President,  wlio,  together  with 
the  Vice-President,  is  chosen  ibr  fiMir  years  by  electors  from  all  the 
states.  The  princijNil  subordinate  otficers  of  the  executive  department 
are  the  Secretary  of  State,  of  tlie  Treasury,  of  War,  and  of  the  Navy, 
tlie  Post-Muster  licneral,  and  tliu  Atloriiey-tieneral.  They  are  ull  re- 
movable ut  the  will  of  tho  President,  and,  with  liie  Vice  President,  form 
the  Cabinet. 

35.  Tho  inhabitants  of  tlie  United  States  may  be  estimated  at  about 
sixteen  and  a  hulf  millions,  of  which  the  black  or  coloured  raccb  form 
one-sixth  part, 
considered  as 


The  Indians  number  about  300,000,  but  arc  not  usually 
forming  a  part  of  tlio  population  of  the  Union. 


Government  T  Of  the  first  settlers  in  New  England  7  18.  Fitablished 
Church?  19.  To  what  are  the  great  body  of  the  people  attached 7 
What  are  they  7  30.  What  is  the  United  States?  31.  What  is  said  of 
the  government  7  S3.  Of  the  legislative  (lower  7  House  of  Represent- 
atives 7  Senate  7  33.  7'lie  judicial  power  7  34.  Executive  power  7 
The  subordinate  officers  7    What  do  they  form  1    35.  What  may  the 


\V\ 


M 


fpiS 


in 


104 


DR8CRIPT1VB  CEOOnAPHV. 


aC.  Thii  smouiil,  ill  |.r(iiH)rliim  to  tlir  vast  itrritory  ovrr  wincli  it  i» 
niinml,  id  mimll,  roiii|iaml  with  tlic  <l<nitc  |Mj|iiiliili<.ri  of  hoimu  of  llio 
KiiroiHaii  Htntrn;  lull  wlicn  it  iH  rnnw.t.  rcil  llial  tlio  iiilmliilnntii  ol  llio 
col.iiiKK  10(1  yearn  ngo  numbered  l.iil  1,0(I(I,<I00,  it  pri'wiitu  tlir  iiioBt 
•Iril^irg  iiiHUnw)  of  iialional  growlli  to  bo  foiind  in  the  liiitor/  of  man. 
kind.  • 
70 . 

Q7.  Tlio  United  Hlatoii  wore  formerly  colonic*  or  profinrcii  of  Orrat 
Briliiiii.  In  llio  year  1775  there  were  Ihirtcfn  colonioK,  with  a  i>o|ml«. 
lion  of  nearly  llirec  inillionH  of  p<o|)le.  At  that  time  they  tm.k  u|i  arnm 
fur  the  puriwio  of  poparnting  theniitclvca  from  the  mother  eoiiiitry. 

28.  They  worn  incited  to  thin  by  the  injustice  of  Oroat  Britain,  who 
taxed  the  people  of  the  colonica  without  their  coiinenl,  and  poased  »Briou« 
cpprcisivo  lawi,  to  which  they  would  not  anbinit. 


Battle  iif  ix'iingtun. 


20.  Tho  firat  battle  between  the  Colonistii  and  the  Uritinh  Irfintm.took 
pluco  ot  LexingU.n,  MusnachusctU,  April  19th,  1775.  On  tlir  4th  of 
July,  177(5,  they  declared  thcmaclvca  independent,  under  tho  title  of  tho 
United  States  of  America. 

30.  The  ofibrta  of  Great  Britain  to  aubduo  (he  country  were  great, 
and  tho  struggle  which  enaued  was  long  aud  bloody ;  but  animated  by  a 
lovo  of  liberty,  and  kd  by  Washington  and  other  gallant  and  |>Btriotic 

inhubiUnU  be  estimated  at ?  Tho  blacks?  Indiana?  26.  How  does 
it  compare  with  tho  (rapulation  of  aome  European  states  ?  27.  What 
were  tho  United  Statce  formerly?  When  did  they  take  up  arms? 
28.  Why  were  they  incited  to  this  ?  29.  When  and  where  did  tho 
first  battle  take  place?  What  did  tlioy  do  on  tho  4tli  of  July,  1776? 
30.  What  is  aaid  of  Groat  Britain?    Of  General  Washington?    Tlw 


|r« 

tin 

|K.1 

n 


tl 

d' 
n 
tl 
d 

a 

tl 
fl 

0 

u 


APIIY. 

t(  rritiiry  ovrr  wliicli  it  U 
IHijiuliilion  iif  noiiiv  of  tlio 
Ifinl  till!  iiihnliiliinU  of  (liu 

1,000,   it     prCM'lltll    tint    IIIOHt 

iiid  in  tlio  liiitory  of  man- 


nie*  nr  profinnck  of  Orrat 
■>ii  culomoH,  will)  ■  |<o|)ul«- 
Imt  time  tliry  Umk  ii|>  arms 
III  the  niolhur  country. 
Nliri!  of  Oroat  Dritain,  wlin 
coiincnt,  and  paaacd  Yarious 
binit. 


I  and  the  liriliith  Irftofw,  took 
9th,  1775.  On  tlii'  4lh  of 
indent,  under  the  title  of  tho 

luo  tho  country  were  great, 
d  bloody ;  but  animated  by  a 
I  other  gallant  and  |)atriotic 

'  Indiana  7  S6.  How  does 
uropean  atalea  ?  27.  Whot 
n  did  they  take  up  ormi? 
When  and  where  did  the 
on  the  4th  of  July,  1776? 
ioneral  Waakington?    Tbo 


UNITRD  HTATE8. 


100 


ImHerii,  Ihn  prnpic  nf  the  I'nili'd  Slalrn,  after  a  wnr  of  ciulit  yearK, 
(IriAf  Ihu  ilritiah  uriiiicH  from  tlicir  uliorri,  anil  catabli^hed  llitir  iiidv. 
IHiicknte. 


Htxiinatiiin  »f  (ipiicral  \Vaiiliiii|lnn. 


31.  At  the  cloao  of  the  Revolutionary  \Var,  tho  American  Army, 
though  HutTering  great  privutioiiN,  (llNlmii(l>:d,  without  violence  or  diHor- 
der;  and  the  ('oinniandcr  in  Cliiif,  (•c'iiltuI  Watthiiigton,  rciigncd  tho 
almost  absolute  power  ho  poRMesHcd  to  the  authority  thot  conferred  it, 
thus  preHcnting  to  tho  world  the  rare  cxuniplu  of  a  great  military  chief 
(leicending  voluntarily  to  the  rank  of  a  private  citizi'n. 

3'i.  The  present  Conitiiution  of  the  United  StutcH  was  frnmed  anil 
adopted  in  1781),  and  liaa  aiiice  licen  amended.  It  icciircH  to  the  penplo 
the  grand  principlcH  of  freedom,  liberty  nf  coiiHcienee  in  inutteri  of  rcli- 
gion,  liberty  of  the  preaa,  trial  by  jury,  and  tlio  right  of  chooaing  and 
of  being  choHcn  to  olfice.  The  PresiikiilH  of  the  I'liitcd  folates  niiicu  the 
adoption  of  the  Constitution,  are  oh  fullowa: 

33.  1.  George  Washington,  of  Vir.  from  17W  to  17!t7— 8  years. 

S.  .lohn  Adams, 

3.  Thomns  JetTerson, 

4.  James  Madison, 

5.  Janiea  Monroe, 

6.  John  Quincy  Adama, 

7.  Andrew  Juckson, 

8.  Martin  Van  Buren, 

people  of  the  United  States?  31.  The  American  army?  The  com- 
mander in  chief  7  3i.  The  Constitution  ?  What  does  it  secure  to  the 
people  7  33.  How  many  Presidents  have  there  been  7  Who  were  from 
Virginia  7  Massachuietts  ?  Tennessee  ?  New  York  7  How  many 
years  did  eacli  servo  ? 


Mass. 

17117  to  1801—4 

Vir. 

1801   to  180!»— 8 

Vir. 

180!)  to  1817-8 

Vir. 

1817  to  182.')— 8 

ms,       Mass. 

1825  to  1829—4 

Ten. 

1829  to  1837—8 

1,          N.  Y. 

1837 

IX  iff' II 


,^l 


t    'I 


.< 


106 


DESCRIPTIVE  GEOGRAPHY. 


77 


How  arc  Jic  United  States  bounded  7 
On  the  North?  tho  South  ?  the  East?  the  West? 
What  is  the  cnpital  of  the  United  States?    \Vn. 
The  cnpitala  of  countries,  the  scholar  will  perceive  by  the  explanation 
on  the  map,  are  made  by  a  large  dot  with  eight  small  ones  around  it  | 
and  the  ca|.ital8  of  states  on  Maps  Nos.  4  and  5,  are  made  by  a  small 
ring  or  circle  with  a  dot  in  the  middle  of  it. 

Which  arc  the  six  Eastern  Slates  T     They  are  Me.,  N.-II.,  Vt.,  Ms., 
R.-I.,  Ct. 

Point  out  their  capitals. 
..  Which  are  the  four  Middle  States?    They  are  N.-Y.,  N.-J.,  Pa.,  De. 
Point  out  their  capitals. 

Which  are  the  eight  Southern  States?    They  are  Md.,  Va.,  N.-C., 
S.-C,  Ga.,  Aa.,  Mi.,  La. 
Point  out  their  capitals. 

Which  are  the  eight  Western  States?  They  arc  As.,  Te.,  Ky.,  Mi., 
Is.,  Ia.,Oo,Mn. 

Point  out  their  capitals. 

Which  are  the  Territories  of  the  United  States  ?  They  are  Fa.,  Wn., 
la..  In.,  Mo.,  On. 

Point  out  the  capitals  of  the  three  first.  The  others  are  not  setUed 
by  white  men. 

How  many  States  are  there  ? 
How  many  Territories  ? 

How  many  States  and  Territories  are  there  altogether?  Besides 
these,  the  District  of  Columbia  contains  the  seat  of  Government,  so  that 
the  whole  of  tho  divisions  of  the  United  States  are  33. 


Where  is  Lake  Superior  ?  L.  Huron  ?  L.  Michigan*  ?  L.  Eriet  ? 
L.  Ontario  ?     L.  Champlain  t  ?     L.  of  the  Woods  ? 

Tell  the  length  of  each  Lake. 

Which  two  are  wholly  in  the  United  States  ?    Mn.,  Cn. 

Where  is  Manitouline  Lake?  Moosehead  L.7  Chesuncook  L.? 
Timiscouata  L.?  L.  Memphramagog § ?  L.  George?  L.  Macaco? 
L. Pontchartrain II  ?  L.  Pepin?  Itasca  L.?  The  Mississippi  flowa from 
this  Lake.  Where  is  Rainy  Lake  ?  Red  L.  ?  St.  Croix*  L.  ?  Win- 
nebago L  ? 


*  Michigan,  Mish'-e-gan.        t  Erie,  E'-re.       t  ChamjMn,  Sham'-phme. 
$  Memphramago/r,   Mem-fra-ma-gog'.  ||  PotHchariTam,    Pon^haHrane'. 


Yor 

A  pa 

O 

V 

» 

See 
V 

^ 
I 

piii 

Osi 
IIU 

Mf 

Wl 

hoi 
Sa 
Ro 
R. 

K( 

Fi 


II 
R 


T  St.  Croix,  Saint  Croy'. 


GRAPHY. 


he  West  T 

s?     \Vn. 

ill  perceive  by  the  explanation 

1  eight  small  ones  around  it ; 

I  and  5,  ore  made  by  a  ■mall 

it. 

['hey  are  Me.,  N.-II.,  Vt,  Mb., 


'hey  are  N.-Y.,  N.-J.,  Pa.,  De. 
7    They  are  Md.,  Va.,  N^., 

They  arc  As.,  Te.,  Ky.,  Mi., 

d  States  ?    They  are  Fa.,  Wn., 
t    The  others  are  not  settled 


re  there  altogether?  Besides 
:he  seat  of  Government,  so  that 
States  are  33. 


?    L.  Michigan*  7    L.  Eriet? 
e  Woods? 

States  7     Mn.,  Cn. 
isehead  L.  7    Chesuncook  L.  7 
(7     L.  George?    L.  Macaco? 
J.  7   The  Mississippi  flow^  from 
BdL.?    St.  Croix  *L.?    Win- 


re.       X  Champtain,  Sham'-plane. 
II  Pontchartram,    Pon-ehor-tnine'. 


UNITED  STATES. 


78 


107 


Where  is  Passamaquoddy  Bay?  Pcnob'.cot  B. ?  C^o.^"  ».?  New 
York  B  7  Delaware  B.  7  ChesaiHsakc  B.  7  Chatham  B.  7  Tampa  B.  7 
Ipulachoc'R?    Pensacolafl.?    MobiletB.?    Black  B.?    BaraUna  B. 

On  the  Great  Lakes,  where  is  Saginaw  B.  7  Thunder  B.  ?  Green  B.  ? 

V  here  is  Long  Island  Sound  7     Albemarle  S.  7     Pamlico  S.  7 

How  many  miles  long  are  each  of  these?  also  Chesapeake  Bay  7- 
Sce  Map  No.  7. 

Wlicre  is  the  Mississippi  River  7 
Where  does  it  rise  7     Where  docs  it  empty  ? 
How  many  miles  long  is  it  7 
What  arc  its  ciiief  tributaries  and  their  lengths? 
Where  is  the  Missouri  River  7     Yellow  Stone  R.  7    Big  Horn  R.  f 
Platte  t  R.  ?      Kanxas  R.  ?     Arkansas  R.  7     Canadian  R.  7      Red  K.  7 
Osage  R?   Des  Moines  R.  ?  St.  Peter's  R.  ?   Wisconsin  R.  ?  Rock  R.  ? 
Illinois  §  R.  7  „  »    .„     ,         n  ■> 

Where  is  the  Wabush  R.  ?  Maumee  R.  ?  Ohio  R.  7  Alleghany  R.  ? 
Monongahela  R.7  Kanawha  R.?  Cumberland  R.7  Tennessee  R.  ? 
White   R.  7     Washita  11  R.?     Yazoo  R.? 

Where  is  the  Pearl  R.7    Tombigby  R. 7     Alabama  R. 7    Chatta- 
hooeheeR.  ?      St  John's  R.  ^   Fa.  -  Alatamalm  R.  7    Savannah  R. 
SantccR.7     Great  Pcdcc  R.  7    C.  Fear  R.  7     NcuselT  R  7     Tar  K.7 
Roanoke  R.7    Jamc.  R.7    Potomac  R.7   Susquehanna  R. 7    Delaware 
R.  ?     Hudson  R.  7     Mohawk  R.  ? 

Where  is  the  St.  Lawrence  R.  7  Connecticut  R.?  Merrimack  R.  ? 
KennebeckR.?     Penobscot  R.  ?     St.  John's  R.?    Mc. 

Where  is  the  Oregon  or  Columbia  R.7  Lewis  R.?  Clark s  R.  7 
Frazer'sR.?    Clamet  R.  ?     fell  how  long  each  of  these  rivers  is. 


Where  is  Cape  Cod  7  C.  Malabar  7  C.  Charles  7  C.  Henry  ?  C. 
Ilatteras?  C.  Fear  ?  C.  Lookout?  C.  Cannaveral 7  C.  Sable  f  C. 
Romans?     C.  St  Bios  7  ••      

Where  is  Mt  Desert  Island?  Nantucket  L?  MarUia's  Vineyard  ? 
Long  L  7     Florida  Reefs  ?    These  are  low  sandy  islands. 

Where  are  the  Tortugas  Islands  7  Manitouline  tt  Isles  ?  G'and  I.  7 
I  Royale?  The  Apostles  ?  The  four  last  are  in  the  Great  Lakes. 
Where  is  Vancouver's  Island  7    How  long  is  it  ? 


*  Apdlachet,  Ap-a-lash-c'. 
%m»m»,  Ill-e-noy'. 
♦•  St.Blat,  Saint  Blaw'. 


tAfofeite,  Mo-beel'. 

II  Washita,  Wash-e-taw'. 

tt  Manilmdine,  Man-e-tu'-lin, 


t  Platte,  Plat. 
tiVeuw,  Nuse. 


f.  \ 


108 


DESCRIPTIVE  GIJOGRAPHY. 


79 


Where  is  Mt.  Ruinicr  »  ?  Mt.llood?  Ml.  Jcfllrson  ?   Ml.  OlympuB  +  ? 

How  high  QIC  Ihc  two  (ir.tl  ? 

Where  are  llic  Rocky  Mu.  ?     How  long  arc  they  ? 

Where  is  Long'H  Peak?    James's  Peak  7    How  higli  are  they  ? 

Whore  are  the  O/ark  Mis.,  and  what  is  their  lieight  t 

Where  arc  the  CuinlKJrIand  Mis.  ?  Aiiegimny  MU.  ?  Their  longtii 
and  height  ? 

Where  is  the  Blue  Ridge  ?  BluoMts.?  Green  Mis.  ?  White  Mta.? 
Black  Hills  !     Where  is  Black  Mt.  ?  ic.  Sec.  ? 

The  three  Biiles  7  The  three  Paps  ?  The  last  arc  said  by  some  to 
be  the  highest  mountains  in  the  United  States ;  but  this  is  uncertain 
Long's  Peak  is  the  highest  known. 


What  nine  Cities  in  the  United  States  number  .30,000  inhabitants  and 
upwards  ?     Bn.,  N.-Y,,  Ay.,  Pa.,  Be.,  Pg.,  Ci.,  Cn.,  N.-Os, 

Wliat  seven  Cities  number  from  20,000  to  30,000  ?  LI.,  Pe^  Bo^  Wn, 
Nk.,  Le.,  Rd. 

What  seventeen  cities  have  from  10,000  to  20,000  ?  Br.,  Pd.,  Sm.,  Hd., 
N.-Hn.,  I'y.,  Ua.,  Rr.,  Lr.,  Wn.,  Wg.,  Dl.,  S.-Ls.,  Nk.,  Pg.,  Sh.,  Me. 


How  far  is  it  from  New  Jersey  to  Portugal  ? 

From  New  Jersey  to  the  Azores  ? 

From  Chesapeake  Bay  to  Portugal  ? 

From  Capo  Hatleras  to  the  Strait  of  Gibraltar  7 

From  Charleston  to  Madeira  7     From  Savannah  to  Bermuda  7 

From  Florida  to  Morocco  ?     From  Florida  to  the  Canary  Islands  7 

How  long  and  wide  is  the  Atlantic  Ocean  7 

The  Gulf  of  Mexico  7  the  Pacific  Ocean  7— See  Map  No,  5. 


Map  of  the  Learner's  own  Slate. — In  what  Slate  do  you  live  7  Is  it 
one  of  the  Eastern,  Middle,  Southern,  or  Western  Slates  7  How  is  your 
State  bounded  ?  What  rivers  has  it  ?  Tell  what  they  are.  Does  it 
contain  any  mountains  ?  If  so,  what  are  they  called  ?  Is  your  stato 
on  the  sea-coast,  or  in  the  interior,  at  a  distnnce  from  it  ?  Docs  it  eon- 
tain  any  Bays,  Sounds,  Inlands,  or  Capes  ?  Wliat  is  the  Capital  of  your 
Slate  7  What  is  the  Capital  of  a  State  7  269,  p.igc  40.  In  what 
county  do  you  live  7  Point  it  out  on  the  map.  How  is  it  bounded? 
How  long  and  wide  is  it !  You  can  tell  this  by  the  scale  of  miles. 
Wliat  is  a  County  ?     266. 


*  Jlaiiuer,  Kay-necr'. 


t  Ulympm,  Ol-imp'-iia. 


sit 
N« 
Cc 

of 
tic 
pr 

ni 
flf 
fr 

tc 
ai 


3. 
V 


GRAPHY. 


[I.  JcfTcrson  ?   All.  Olympun  +  ? 

ig  arc  they  ? 

k  7    How  high  are  they  ? 

H  their  lieight  I 

Uegimny  Mts.  ?    Their  loiigtii 

,7   Green  Mts.  ?  White  Mts.? 
.  &,c.  ? 

The  last  arc  said  by  some  to 
States;  but  this  is  uncertain 


number  .30,000  inliabitants  and 

;.,  Ci.,  Cn.,  N.-Os. 

I  to  30,000?    Ll.,Pc.,Bo.,Wn, 

0  to  20,000?  Br.,Pd.,Sm.,Hd., 
,  S.-Ls.,  Nit.,  Pg.,  Sh.,  Me. 

lugal  7 


Jibraltar  7 

Savannah  to  Bermuda  7 
lorida  to  the  Canary  Islands  7 
ccan  ? 
;an  7— See  Map  No.  5. 

what  Slate  do  you  live  7  Is  it 
r  Western  States  ?  How  is  your 
Tell  what  they  are.  Docs  it 
are  they  called  ?  Is  your  state 
distnnce  from  it  7  Docs  it  con- 
8  ?  What  is  the  Capital  of  your 
to  ?  269,  pnfre  40.  In  what 
llio  map.  How  is  it  bounded? 
tell  this  by  the  scale  of  miles. 


t  Olympus,  Ol-imp'-iis. 


EASTERN  STATES. 
EASTERN   STATES. 


100 


80 


1.  The  Eastern  or  Now  England  States,  comprise  tliose 
siluatcd  to  tlin  enst  of  the  Hudson  river.  They  are  Maine, 
Now  Hampshire,  Vermont,  Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island  and 
Connecticut. 

2.  The  surface  of  New  England  is  greatly  varied  ;  much 
of  the  soil  is  good,  yet,  in  general,  it  requires  diligent  cultiva- 
tion,  and  compels  the  farmer  to  use  considerable  industry  to 
procure  good  crops. 

3.  Elorses,  cattle,  sheep,  and  hogs,  are  reared  in  great 
numbers ;  and  grass,  Indian  corn,  wheat,  rye,  oats,  barley, 
flax,  and  hemp,  are  extensively  cultivated.  The  principal 
fruits  arc  apples,  pears,  peaches,  plums,  Arc. 

4.  The  manufactures  of  the  Eastern  States  are  very  ex- 
tensive, and  embrace  a  great  variety  of  articles.  The  cotton 
and   woollen   factories  employ  numerous  individuals,  and  a 


iVeie  England.  Q.— 1.  Which  arc  the  New  England  states?  2. 
What  is  said  of  the  surface  and  soil?  What  docs  it  require? 
3.  What  arc  reared  in  great  numbers  ?  What  is  extensively  cultivated  ? 
Which  are  the  principal  fruits  7    4.  What  is  said  of  the  manufactures  ? 


no 


DESCRIPTIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


largo  amount  of  capital.  Since  the  manufacturing  system 
has  prevailed,  this  part  of  the  United  States  has  increased 
rapidly  in  population  and  wealth. 

5.  The  New  Englanders  arc  extensively  engaged  in  com- 
merce, and  in  the  cod,  mackerel,  and  whale  fisheries,  which 
train  vast  numbers  of  the  most  experienced  and  intrepid  sea- 
men  in  the  world. 

6.  The  inhabitants  of  the  Eastern  States  are  almost  exclu- 
sively of  unmixed  English  origin,  and  from  the  earliest  settle- 
ment of  their  country,  have  ]xen  used  to  habits  of  industry, 
economy,  and  enterprise. 

7.  They  have  always  been  a  religious  people.  Among  them  tliu 
Sabbath  is  strictly  observed,  and  all  classes  generally  attend  public  wor- 
ship. It  is  considered  disreputable  for  u  man  to  have  no  religious 
belief;  and  there  are  few  individuals  who  are  not  connected  with  some 
religious  society. 

8.  Education  is  more  general  than  in  any  other  part  of  the  world; 
ond  large  funds  have  been  set  apart  by  the  diftcrent  State  Legislatures 
for  the  support  of  coniinon  schools.  It  is  rare  to  find  in  any  piirt  of 
tho  Eastern  States,  persons  of  mature  age,  who  arc  ignorant  of  reading, 
writing,  and  arithmetic. 


81 


9.  Institutions  of  learning  were  established,  nt  an  early  period,  by  the 
first  settlers  of  New  England ;  some  of  which,  ut  the  present  day,  are 
among  the  most  respectable  and  efficient  in  the  Union.  Many  of  tho 
most  distinguished  men  in  the  United  States  have  been  educated  at 
Harvard  and  Yale  Colleges. 

10.  The  people  of  New  England  were,  at  on  early  period,  noted  for 
their  republican  principles,  and  were  the  first  to  resist  the  tyranny  of 
the  British  Government.  The  destruction  of  the  tea  in  Boston  harbour, 
and  the  battles  of  Lexington  and  Bunker's  Hill,  were  among  tho  first 
events  that  led  to  tho  independence  of  the  United  States. 


5.  What  are  the  New  Englanders  engaged  in  ?  6.  What  are  the  in- 
habitants ?  To  what  have  they  been  trained  ?  7.  What  lip.ve  the 
inhabitants  always  been  7  What  do  all  classes  generally  attend  ?  What 
is  considered  disreputable  7  8.  What  is  said  of  public  instruction  ? 
What  is  rare  to  find  7 

9.  What  was  established  at  an  early  period  7  What  are  they  at 
the  present  day  7  10.  For  what  were  they  noted  7  What  were  they 
the  first  tu  resist  7  What  were  tho  first  events  that  led  to  the  inde- 
pendence of  the  United  States  7 


^a 


GRAPHY. 

le  manufacturing  system 
ted  States  has  increased 

insively  engaged  in  com- 
nd  whale  fislieries,  which 
crienccd  and  intrepid  seu- 

n  States  are  almost  exclu. 
nd  from  the  earliest  scttle- 
sed  to  habits  of  industry, 

IB  people.  Amonjf  tliem  tliu 
ea  generally  attend  public  wor- 
a  man  to  have  no  religious 
0  are  not  connected  with  soma 

any  other  part  of  the  world  j 
ho  ditTcrent  State  LcgiNluturcs 
is  rare  to  find  in  any  part  of 
c,  who  lire  ignorant  of  reading, 


ished,  nt  an  early  period,  by  the 
which,  ut  the  present  day,  aro 
it  in  the  Union.  Many  of  the 
States  have  ixicn  educated  at 

D,  at  an  early  period,  noted  for 
i  tirst  to  resist  the  tyranny  of 
on  of  the  tcu  in  Boston  harbour, 
ir's  Hill,  were  among  the  tirst 
10  United  States. 


jcd  in  7     6.  What  are  the  in- 
trained  7     7.  What  lif.vo  the 
ilasses  generally  attend  '!  VVIiut 
is  said  of  public  instruction  7 

y  period  7  What  are  they  at 
they  noted  7  What  were  tlioy 
8t  events  that  led  to  the  indc- 


llarvard  Univcrsily. 

Map  No.  6.  — Which  aro  the  New  England  States?  Me.,  N-H.,  Vt, 
Ma  R-I  CI,— Whicii  extends  farthest  north  and  east 7  Me.— 
wVach  farthest  south  and  west  7  Ct.  — Which  is  the  largest  sUte  7 
Mo  -The  second  in  extent 7     Vt.  — Third  7     N.-H.- Fourth  7    Ms. 

—  Fii^h?  Ct— Smallest?  R.-I.  — These  states  extend  from  lati- 
tHdc41  degrees  to  48.  — How  many  degrees  of  latitude  then  do  thejr 
include  7  They  oxtcnU  cast  and  west  from  31  degrees,  to  10  east  longi- 
tude  from  Washington.— How  many  dcgrcos  then  of  longitude  do 
they  include  7  Which  is  the  largest  river  in  New  England  .'  U.  — 
The  next'  Pt— What  river  is  partly  in  Maine  and  partlpr  in  New- 
Brunswick?  S.-Js.  —  How  long  are  these  rivers?  Which  is  the 
larecst  lake  wholly  in  the  Eastern  States  ?     Md.  —  How  long  is  it  ? 

—  What  lake  is  partly  in  New  England  and  partly  in  the  state  lying 
west  of  it  7  Cn.  —  Mow  long  is  this  lake  ?  Lake  Champlnin  is  navi- 
irable  for  vessels  of  large  burthen.  Di  ring  the  war  of  the  Ravolution, 
and  that  of  1812,  naval  battles  were  fought  upon  it  Commodore 
M'Donouirh's  victory,  in  which  the  whole  British  fleet  was  captured, 
took  place  September  11th,  1814.  Which  is  the  highest  mountain  m 
New  England  ?    Wn.  —  Which  is  the  next  highest  7   Kn.—  [ho  next  ? 

Mj How   hieh   are  each  of  these  mountains  7  —  Which  are  the 

thr^i  principal  Islands  in  New  England  ?  M.-Dt..  Nt.  M.-Vd  -  Which 
state  has  the  greatest  extent  of  sea-coast?  Me.— Which  has  the 
smallest  ?  N.-H.  —  Which  hLs  no  sca-coast  ?  Vt  —How  many  miles 
is  it  from  Maine  to  Nova  Scotia? -To  Spain? -To  Circassia?- 
From  Massachusetto  to  Italy  7  -  To  Turkey  ?- From  Long  Island 
to  Greece  7 


112 


U 


DESCniPTlVE  GEOGRAPHY. 

82  

MAINE. 


Liiiiiber   Varil,  <lc. 

1.  Maine  comprises  about  one-half  of  the  area  of  New 
Englajid.  Before  the  year  1820,  it  formed  a  part  of  the  State 
of  Massachusetts,  under  the  title  of  tlie  District  of  Maine. 

2.  The  soil  is  various ;  much  of  it  is  fertile,  but  in  general 
it  is  better  adapted  for  grazing  than  tillage.  One  of  the  most 
important  products  is  white  pine  timber,  of  which  there  is  cut 
and  sawed  to  the  amount  of  ten  millions  of  dollars  annually. 

3.  The  coast  is  remarkably  indented  with  bays  and  har- 
bours, affording  great  facilities  for  commerce  and  the  fisheries, 
■which  the  inhabitants  have  not  failed  to  improve. 

4.  They  are  also  largely  engaged  in  ship-building  and 
navigation,  and  export  vast  quantities  of  lumber,  fish,  beef, 
pork,  grain,  &c.;  together  with  a  considerable  amount  of  ice, 
to  the  West  Indies  and  the  Southern  States. 

5.  About  one-third  part  of  Maine  is  claimed  by  Gi-eat  Brit- 
ain,  which  power,  by  a  forced  and  arbitrary  construction  of  the 
treaty  of  1783,  han  unjustly  assumed  a  control  over  the  northern 

Maine.  Q.  —  1.  What  does  Maine  comprise  7  What  did  it  form  a  part 
of  before  1830?  2.  What  in  said  of  the  soil?  3.  Of  the  coast? 
4.  What  are  the  exporte  ?    5.  What  power  claims  one-third  of  Maine  ? 


par 
we» 

uni 

6 
moi 
Stal 
tlic 
fore 

7 
183 
cxp 
Th. 
Bel 


On 
Wl 
SA 
Uw 

is  i 
Ion, 

Wi 

cov 

are 

tW( 

in 
Lo 


Ai 

m< 

gr 
in 


W 


GRAPHY. 


half  of  the  area  of  New 
formed  a  part  of  the  State 
tlie  District  of  Maine, 
it  is  fertile,  but  in  general 
tillage.  One  of  the  most 
ber,  of  which  there  is  cut 
lions  of  dollars  annually- 
anted  with  bays  and  hur- 
)mmerce  and  the  fisheries, 
d  to  improve. 
;ed  in  ship-building  and 
tics  of  lumber,  fish,  beef, 
jnsiderable  amount  of  ice, 
n  States. 

is  claimed  by  Gifsat  Brit- 
bitrnry  construction  of  the 
a  control  over  the  northern 

mse  7  What  did  it  form  a  part 
the  soil?  3.  Of  the  coast? 
;r  claims  one-third  of  Maine  ? 


MAINB,  NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 


118 


part  of  the  state,  and  endeavoured  to  deprive  the  common- 
wealth of  a  territory  to  which  it  has  the  most  undoubted  and 
undeniable  right. 

6.  AuffUBta,  the  capital,  is  on  the  Kannebeck  rivur,  50  miles  from  iti 
mouth :  it  conUinn  a  handsome  SUto  House,  of  granite,  and  a  United 
States'  Arsenal.  Portland  is  the  larecst  and  most  important  town  in 
the  state ;  it  is  well  laid  out,  and  handsomely  built,  and  has  an  oxtcnsivo 
foreign  and  coasting  trade. 

7.  Bangor,  on  the  Penobscot  river,  has  trebled  its  population  since 
1830.  From  300  to  400  million  feet  of  lumber  are  said  to  bo  annually 
exported  from  this  place.  Bath  is  noted  for  its  ship-building,  and 
Thomaatown  for  iU  exports  of  lime,  marble,  and  granite.  Eaatport, 
Bel&st,  Brunswick,  HallowoU.Saco,*  and  York,  are  all  flourishing  towns. 

Map  No.  6.  — What  country  bounds  Maine  on  the  cast?  N.-Bk. — 
On  tlie  woat  ?  L.  Ca.  and  N.  H.  —  What  ocean  on  the  soayi  ?  Ac.  — 
Which  are  the  five  principal  rivers  that  flow  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean  T 
SXx.,  Pt.,  Kk.,  An,  So.  How  long  are  tliey  ?  --  What  river  rises  in 
Uw  centre  of  Maine  and  flows  into  New  Brunswick  ?  8..Js.  How  kmg 
is  it?  —  Which  are  the  three  principal  Lakes  ?  Md.,  Ck.,  Gd.  How 
long  are  the  two  first  7  —  Tlie  principal  mountain,  and  its  height  ?    Kn. 

—  The  largest  island  7  M.-Dt.  —  Which  is  the  nHwt  eastern  county  ? 
Wn.  —  The  most  western  ?  Od.  —  The  most  southern  ?  Yk.  —  In  what 
counly,  mi  on  what  river,  is  the  capital  situated  ?  Kk,  Kk.  —  Which 
ore  the  four  largest  towns  and  their  population  ?    Pd.,  Br.,  Aa.,  Tn. 

—  What  county  has  three  county  towns?  Ln.  — What  two  have 
two  county  towns  each  ?  Hk.,  Yk.  —  What  boundary  do  you  observe 
in  i.  -i  middle  of  the  sUte  ?  What  boundary  separates  tlie  stata  from 
Lower  Canada. 


.83. 


NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 

1.  New  Hampshire  is  often  cal!  j  the  Switzerland  of 
America,  on  account  of  its  beautiful  and  varied  scenery,  its 
mountains,  lakes,  rivers,  cascades,  &c.  It  is  also  called  the 
granite  state,  from  the  great  quantities  of  that  rock  found 

in  it- 

2.  The  sea-coast  of  New  Hampshire  is  only  18  miles  m 

What  has  Great  Britain  endeavoured  to  do  ?    6.  What  is  said  of  Au- 
gusta  ?    Of  Portland  ?     7.  Of  Bangor  ?  and  the  other  towns  ? 

New  Ifompihire.  Q.  —  1.  What  is  New  Hampshire  often  called  ? 
Vhy?    What  is  it  also  called  ?    Why? 


3.  What  is  said  of  the  sea 


♦  Saco,  Saw'-ro. 


>¥*) 


hi 


:'J,' 


114 


DESCRIPTIVE  GEOGRAPHY. 


extent,  and  it  hus  but  a  small  share  of  commerce ;  but  it  i* 
distin{?uisbcd  for  its  productive  agriculture  and  nourishing 
munulhcturcM. 

3.  The  country  on  the  coast  is  level ;  in  the  mterior,  tho 
surlUcc  is  greatly  diversified  by  hills  and  valleys,  and  moun- 
tains  of  considerable  height. 


White  Mountains. 

Among  these  arc  the  White  Mountains,  the  most  elevated 
of  ahy  in  New  England.  They  are  distinguished  by  tho 
names  of  Washington,  Franklin,  Adams,  Jefferson,  Madison, 
Monroe,  &c. 

4.  Tho  White  Mountains  arc  covered  with  enow  for  ten  months  in 
the  year,  and  are  seen  from  a  greet  distance  at  sea.  The  W'ld  ana 
Bnblime  character  of  the  scenery,  causes  them  to  bo  often  visited  by 
numerous  travellers. 

5.  Concord,  the  capital  of  the  state,  is  a  pleasant  and  flourishing 
town,  and  contains  the  State  Houae,  State  Prison,  and  other  buildings- 
Portsmouth  is  the  only  sea-port,  and  the  largest  town  in  the  state. 

It  has  a  fine  harbour,  and  contains  a  United  States'  Navy-Yard. 

6.  At  Hanover,  is  Dartmouth  college,  a  respectable  and  flourishing 
institution.    Dover,  Somersvrorth,  New  Market,  Exeter,  and  Nashua, 

roast?  Commerce?  Agriculture  and  manufactures ?  3.  What  is 
said  of  tho  country  ?  The  White  Mountains  ?  How  are  they  distin- 
Kuisiied?  4.  What  causes  them  to  be  often  visited?  5.  DBscribo 
Ooncordf  Portamouth?  6.  Where  is  Dartmouth  CoUege  7  Whatu 
3aid  of  Dover  and  other  towns? 


RAPHY. 

of  comnicrco ;  but  it  ik 
iculturo  and  flourisliing 

ivcl ;  in  tho  interior,  tiio 
and  valleys,  and  inoiui- 


ntains,  the  most  elevated 
are  distinguished  by  the 
dams,  JetTcrson,  Madison, 

vith  snow  for  ten  montliR  in 

tance  at  Bca.    The  wild  and 

them  to  Ik)  often  visited  by 

is  a  pleasant  and  flourishing 
3  Prison,  and  other  buildings, 
he  larjtrest  town  in  the  state. 
ted  States'  Navy-Yard. 
a  respectable  and  flourishing 
Market,  Exeter,  and  Nashua, 

manufactures  7  3.  What  is 
tains?  How  are  they  distin- 
!  often  tisitcd?  5.  Describe 
Dartmouth  College  ?    What  is 


VERMONT. 

arc  all  Inrgrly  rngngcd  in  nianuriicturci. 
licrst,  and  Kccni',  are  thriving  towns. 


115 

Haverhill,  Iianrastor,  Am- 


M(ip  AV).  fi What  river  BrparntcH  Nrw  ITampxIiiro  from  Vcnnonl? 

Ct. —  How  lung  ia  it  7  —  What  rivrr  runs  through  tlio  centre  of  llie 
Hialc  .'  Mk.  — Mow  )!ing  is  ll?-^What  lake  (lows  iiilo  it?  We. — 
lliiw  long  is  it  ?  —  What  mountains  are  in  Coos  country?  We. — 
AVIiic'h  IM  tliu  principal  f  Wn.  —  How  high  is  it  7  —  Which  in  llio 
prinilpnl  town  iind  \l:f  ,K)pulalion  t  Ph.  —  The  C^apitiil  and  its  |M)pula. 
tion  I  ('d.  —  l)n  what  rivi:r  is  Concord  I  Mk.  —  Which  is  tho  most 
northern  county?  Ch.  —  The  tlirco  most  souIIhtii  connlies  ?  Cc, 
Hh.,  Um.  —  In  whiit  coui;»y  is  the  Capital?  Mk.  — Whiit  "i.iinty 
contains  liiur  c  )inity  towns?  i'.'\.  (County  towns  ar<;  uistinguishvd 
by  a  ring  witli  a  dot  in  it.) 


84 


VERMONT. 


Baft  on  Lake  Chaniplain. 

1.  Vermont  is  a  mountainous  but  healthful  and  productive 
state.  The  Green  Mountains,  from  which  it  derives  its  name, 
extend  through  it  from  North  to  South,  dividing  it  into  nearly 
two  equal  sections. 

2.  The  soil  is  fertile,  and  all  kinds  of  grain,  suited  to  the 
climate,  are  produced  in  abundance.     Cattle  of  various  kinds 

Vermont.  Q.  —  l.  What  is  Vermont  7    What  is  said  of  the  Green 


I  : :  i;!l 


110  I>ES(RH'TIVB  OROOaAPllY. 

ur«  raise!  willi  gn^nt  fiicility  i  iho  \^'f,  butter,  nnd  .•hcc«. 
nro  well  known  (or  thtir  fxcdlfnco,  an.l  w.x.1  .»  nn  important 

^'TtL  nmv  \n  entirely  in  the  interior;  yi-t,  l.y  Lake  Cham- 
plain,  nnd  the  t^nnnl  of  the  same  name,  Ht.run-lK.nt«  n  .1 
other  ve-xeU  huvc  brought  its  territory  into  conueclion  «Uh 

the  *'U.  .         »,,.  4 

4.  Part  of  Iho  lr..<lc  of  Vermont  jnc«  hy  the  •"''"»'  '"^^'^^'/j; 
p..rt  down  I.«k.(:h.m,,l«in  to  Montreal.  >7"«7, '"Ji".:!':,  .h^ 
conluinh.K  l.o.we.  for  Mg^K  tl'«  ""«".  •™  "'^••"  TZi^wn?  o  the 
lane  towufcl.  Iho  canal,  on  their  way  to  Albnny  .nU  the  towni  on  Ui« 

S.'i'lio  territory  forininu  thii  .Into  wb»  first  explored  by  th«  Freneh 
from  Cannda.but  wa«  «.ltlcdbytho  KnRli-h  more  t Imn  a  hundred  year. 
bkT  Durini  the  revolutionary  war.  Vermont  acted  »  ^/P';""'^^,^; 
oml  the  nam"  of  Green  Mountain  Boyi.  ac.|uircd  by  the  braYory  of  lier 
aoldierp,  ha«  over  boon  regarded  aa  a  title  ol  renown. 

6  Montpelier,  tho  capital  of  the  Flute,  ia  a  neat  little  town  on  the 
Onion  river  Burlinffton  i.  the  lar«.-.t  place  in  the  atato,  and  the  mo.t 
commereTal  town  on  Lake  Champfuin.  It  contaii..  tlK=  Un.vora.ly  of 
Vermont  .  ,  '   „         i 

7  Bcnninirton  ia  celebrated  for  the  victory  obtamed  by  General 
Stark,  in  1777,  over  a  detachnnmt  of  He«iiunH  belonging  to  Burgoyno  « 

'TMiddlebarg  and  Rutland,  on  Ott«r  erwk.  and  B'»"'«'S'~>  JJ'*: 
wieh,  and  Winifiof,  on  the  Conneeticot  riyer,  are  amall  but  ««>"' '"h  "« 
townarthe  Irttef  .Uuin.  the  Norwleh  Umveraiiy.  •  raapectabta  liter- 
ary  and  acientltle  inatitution. 

JMij*  fh.  6.  —  What  river  bonnda  Vermont  on  the  wit T  Ct  —  What 
rtaU  doe.  it  «>p<irat.  from  Vermont?  N.-H— What  Lake  bound. 
Vermont  on  th.  weat?  Cn—  Wh.t  Hate  doe.  it  «{«"'^_'>'""J" 
mont  T  N.-Y.  -  What  country  lie.  north  of  Vermont !  Ca.  -  What 
Il^to  liea^  I  7  Mfc-  What  four  atnam.  How  into  Uke  ChampUiin  ? 
wf  LX,On.iOr.-What  two  lalanda  are  in  Lake  Champlam  ( 
N  iCs^Ko—Thc*,,  with  ..mall  penin.ula  lying  north  of  them, 
form  the  county  of  Grand  hie.-  What  Lake  in  ,mrtly  m  th»  «tate^nd 
wirtW  in  Cai:aaa  ?  Mg.  -  What  mountain,  extend  tlirouffh  the  .tote  ? 
S^.  1  WhTeh  ia  tho  hilhert  peak  /  Md.  -  How  high  ..  it '- What 
other  pX?  C-Kp,  Kn.-When  wm  the  battle  of  Bennington 
foughtV^  

Mountain.  T  2.  Of  the  «>il  7  Cattle.  &c.  7  3.  What  i.  .aid  of  the 
BlateTT  Of  the  trade  7  Of  the  rati,  on  Lake  Champlam  ?  i.  The 
Revolutionary  war?  6.  Describe  Montpelier.  7.  Bcnnmgton.  8.  And 
other  town*. 


U'llY. 

r,  Inittor,  nnd  chccWt 
i  w(xil  is  ni>  important 

' ;  yt'l,  by  link*^  Chnni- 
niu',  stcnin-lKMitH  nnd 
/  iiitu  coimtftioa  wilh 

tho  rnnnl  In  Albany,  hiM 
Iniinenie  ratU  of  timber, 
ollcn  •con  nailing  u|»  th« 
iny  Miiil  tlio  towni  on  th« 

rit  explored  by  the  French 
norc  tliBii  ■  liundrcd  ye«r» 
t  acted  a  coniipicuou»  iwrti 
ircd  by  tho  brarery  of  her 
renown. 

a  neat  little  town  on  tlie 

in  the  (tato,  and  tho  moat 

contain!  tlic  Univoriily  of 

tory  obtained  by  General 
iiM  belonging  to  Burgoyne'a 

lek,  and  Brattlcboro',  Ni>r- 
r,  are  amall  but  flouriahing 
liveraity.  •iMpecUbl*  liter. 

It  on  the  et«tT  CL  — What 
..H.— What  Lake  bound* 

doea  it  wp«rato  iVom  Ver- 
of  Vermont  1  Ca.  —  What 
flow  into  Lake  Champlain  1 
n  arc  in  Lake  (Champlain  t 
insula  lying  north  of  thcin, 
.kc  iH  partly  in  this  stalo/ind 
M  extend  through  tho  atatc? 
-  How  high  i»  it  T  —  What 

the  battle  of  Benningtoa 


>.  T  3.  What  is  aaid  of  tlic 
1  Lake  Champlain  7  9.  Tho 
ior.    7.  Bennington.    8.  And 


MABHACHUHBTTf. 


117 


Briliili  iruoptavacuallnf  Boalon. 
MASSACHUSETTS. 

1.  Ma«8aciiu«ettb  is  tho  oldest  and  niost  important  of  the 
New  England  States.  It  is  tho  most  thickly  settled  section 
of  the  Union,  nnd  is  distinguished  for  the  enterprise  and  pub- 
lie  spirit  of  its  citizens. 

2.  The  agriculture  is  conducted  with  a  superior  degree  of 
skill  nnd  intelligence ;  but  tho  commerce,  manufactures,  and 
tho  fisheries,  arc  the  great  objects  of  pursuit.  The  shipping 
amounte  to  nearly  one-third  of  the  whole  owned  in  the  United 
States. 

3.  Tho  literary,  religious,  and  charitable  institutions  of 
Mn8sachu»?tt8,  are  highly  important,  and  are  in  a  flourishing 
condition.  Harvard  University  at  Cambridge  is  tho  oldest  and 
best  endowed  literary  establishment  in  the  Union.  Williama 
College  at  VVilliainstown,  and  Amherst  College  at  Amlierst, 
arc  also  respectable  institutions. 


Maiiachutetl!^.  Q  -1.  What  ii  Maa«ichuar.tt*  7  For  what  la  it 
diaUnguiahcd  7  2.  What  i>  aaid  of  the  agriculture?  ComineroeT 
Manufacture,  and  the  fiaheriea  7  The  shipping  I  3.  What  ..  said  of 
Ky   Md   other   inaiitution.  7     Wb.t  Qf  Hurvard   Uwverwiy? 


(      I 


.-  'f 


r 


♦!.;' 


!.i 


li-li 


u 


llfl 


DEWRIPTIVR  OEOflRAPHY. 


4.  TluH  Stnto  contuiiiH  a  numlicr  of  floiiriiihing  townH  ami 
villiif^fH,  liiniiy  of  wliii-li  iii<!  ilistingiiishcd  for  tlm  iw  itnrHH  of 
their  buililiiigH,  niid  llie  t;li-g(inco  of  llii'ir  churches  ii  uicct- 
ing-)tou808. 

a.  noiitoii,  tho  Cnpiliil  of  tli«  .«'t ito,  ia  nl»o  emwiil.m!  tlm  lifori.  ind 
r  Miimrrciiil  iiiclroiB)li»  dI"  Now  i;ii({liirnl.  Iln  nliiiiiiiiiK  »"i«»'  '" 
I  .  than  oinMi|{hlh  lit' llic  wliolu  toimogo  of  Urn  I'll  ion,  anil  il«  -" 
<  tcndii  t.)  nil  I'lirlH  of  tlic  world,  'i'liiii  city  in  noted  for  llio  niii..liir 
iti  I  rltfgiiiKR  of  itH  piililir  liuildinj{H,  ninonu  wliirli  nro  tli«  Sluto  IIoubo, 
thu  Now  Market  IIoiimi!,  'rrtinoiit  llouio,  llio  llimpitul,  Ac. 

C.  Till)  Amcric.in  Iliivoliition  comimncrd  in  IJoiiton.  lU  port  wn* 
elow'd  ill  1774,  liy  ordtir  of  tho  llriliMJi  tiovorninciit,  biuI  ii  i{iirri«..ii 
placed  then-  to  control  tho  town.  It  wu»  in.  coiiiif«|iiciicc  iK-mriftd  by 
tho  Amcricuii  Army  under  Ccnoral  Wunhington,  who  compelled  Uic 
fifitiik  troo|Ni  to  uvucuuto  it. 

7.  t'linrloiton,  which  \»  ronncctiul 
with  BoKton  liy  thrcu  hrid({ci!,  ulttiKJH 
on  n  lolly  |ii'niiiHulii,  Iho  criitro  of 
whii'li  \»  occnjiicd  liy  Hunker  liilli 
ci'Uliratod  for  thu  Imtlle  foiiifht  on  it 
during  tho  ri'voliitioimry  wiir.  The 
Hunker  Hill  Moniiiiunt.now  hiiililiiiK 
of  ({riinite,  iH  to  be  -J'M  lirl  lii){li  from 
it>i  hiiM',  whieh  in  tilly  leel  i..|iiuru. 
("ainhridge,  united  to  lloHton  lij  two 
bridgcB,  contuiiw  llnrvard  UniverBity. 
a  Rilem  ifi  a  flomlBhinif  and 
wealthy  place;  it  i»  the  »econd  in  .MnH. 
BUchuBelUi for iliiconiinerce.  Newbury, 
port  has  coiiMidcrnblo  trade.  lUverly, 
(jlouceBter.mid  iMaibliheud. ore  Lirge. 
ly  cnRng'cd  in  the  cod  fiBliericB,  und 
5jintuckctttnd  New  Ilcdrord  curry  on 
tho  wlmle-fiMliina  to  u  greater  extent 
thnn  any  other  place  in  the  world. 

9.  Lowell,  on  tho  Merrimack  river,  is  funious  for  ilH  cotton  and 
woollen  mills,  and  its  great  extent  of  water-i^wcr.  Taunton  and  tuU 
River  are  consiidorablo  manufucturing  town.<.  I-ynn  is  noted  lor  t  lO 
vast  amount  of  boots  and  slioes  made  in  it,  and  Lexinpton  for  btiiiR  the 
place  whore  the  first  battle  was  fought  during  the  revolutionary  wur. 


Dunker  Hill  Monument. 


4.  What  docs  this  state  contain  ?  5.  Describe  Riwton.  Its  sliippmR. 
Trade.  Huildings,  &c.  6.  What  is  said  cf  tho  Ainericun  revolution  ? 
What  di.l  the  British  Covernmont  do  >  What  did  the  Anierieiin  sriny 
do?  7.  Describe  Ctmrle-ton,  An.  Tho  Hunker  Hill  Monument.  8.  Dc 
Bcribe  Solem,  Newbury  ,)ort,  Nantucket,  and  New  Bedford.  9.  Dcscnbo 


ifli 


iini 


«in 
di 

III: 
th 
11 

■11 
bo 
til 


APIIV. 

(lonriMhins  town*  nml 
mil  Cor  llm  ii<  MtncH»  of 
I'ir  fhiirches  »      meet- 

cnimidcrc'il  thu  litorh  in<l 
lu  iiliijiiiiiiK  iimui\i  t» 
if  tlm  (Iiiinri,  and  ila  ><>•) 
r  IH  notrd  lor  llio  nunilii^r 
wliii'li  nro  tlir  Stuto  IIouho, 
I  llimpitul,  Siv. 
in  li<Mt(in.  lu  port  wn« 
ivornincnt,  and  ii  i{nri'iai<n 
..  cunai'<|ticiicc  lienicgcd  liy 
ngtun,  who  conipulleU  Uic 

loiton,  which  in  riinnoctKd 
in  l>y  thrt'u  hridKi'Mi  utandH 
^  IK'ninKulii,  thi!  ccntro  of 
ovcnjiiud  lay  Knniivr  liillt 
tor  thu  lintllK  loiiuht  on  it 
1)  ri'vciUitiiiniiry  wur.  Tliu 
ill  Monnniint, now  liuildinK 
,  Ih  Io  be  -J'M  lirl  W\gU  from 
whicili  in  fillv  li^i't  Hi|iiurn. 
K,  niiitfd  to  lloHton  li>  tw(» 
mtuiim  llnrvard  Univt-rBity. 
:m  it  a  flouilHliiiiK  and 
lace;  it  in  iho  second  in  Mm- 
I  for  ilnconmicrco.  Ncwliiiry- 
lonsidcrnlilu  tiudc.  Ilivirly, 
r.nnd  Maibhlicud. nro  large, 
d  in  tlic  cod  fiHlicriud,  und 
tund  New  Ili'dford  curry  on 
-fmliin^r  to  II  (ireattr  extent 
other  place  in  llio  world. 

faniouH  for  itH  cotton  and 
.[lower.  Taunton  and  Full 
\u.  I<ynn  is  noted  for  tho 
and  Lexinpton  for  beinR  tlie 
n;;  tho  revolutionary  war. 

;ribo  Biwton.  Its  sliipiiintr. 
f  the  Aniericun  revolution? 
hut  did  the  Anicrieiin  army 
ilfir  Hill  Monument.  8.  I)e. 
I  New  IJcdford.  9.  Deacribo 


nilODB  IBLANn. 


119 


10.  Al  Ply 

ItlJII.     Tho  mil. 
•  Worcester,  S 


,lh  the  nrst  «tllcri  or  pil«rin«  InndBd  in  th«  y»M 
of  that  I  »'nt  is  still  oliserved. 

and  I'ittsfield,  MO  all  thriving 


rsary  i 
igflold,  Northampton, 


und  important  towui 


8fl 


other 
coast  I 

Vl 
Ih  I 
^    -Ti 
■apii 


r»f     He..  T«-.    IIU. 

\n.,Cd.,  Mr.  — VVImt 

I.-Vd.  —  What  noun- 

.  tho  most  northern 

most  eastern  I     Be. 

I     liii.  —  Its  iiopu- 

•inty.  —  What  four 

Ll.,  .Sill.,  N..Ud., 


Mnp  N..  6.-Wh«t  .tato  bo..,  ,1.  Ma....,  .sett,  on  tho^oKli  7  N  -  . 
_,  Jtho  south  >  ''■'••,^'•2  :'?.  'T,.;:„  "  ,  num.  iTro  in  M^:^^^^^ 
'T'^^f     WuT      T.      -'Hu'  "f  ,     ,untain.westoftl,eCon. 

':Z[JX^:^i^  iiousai,  f  Mt.  v;;rr";TMu- 

■  I,.  <;reen  Mountains.     Wliich  ar.     he  prin.      d  r.vcr.  f     t «.,  Mk. 
low  long  are  th.-y  '     ^^    >'  h  ore 
/■heir  bnigtlisT—  Wliat  cup  «  are  on  > 
bays  '     Ms.,  i '.Cd..  Hs.-  What  inl... 
ties  do  thcso  nJaiids  f  ".n  ?     Nt,  1)^ 
oounly  I     Kx.  —  Tho  i,   «t  s.-ut'-yrn 
-  Th.;  most  western  i     He.  —  WImt 
latiun  '      In    what    county  n-    it  f      A 
places  have  each  a  population  oj  upwui, 
■'n. 

Toil  by  tho  Scnlo  whatc»iiil.il  lio»  aboi 

-What  county  town  in  Maine  Ues  a  few  .  . 
I    0  most  important  jJace  in  llw  »taU\  km 
\  Tial  county  towns  in  Counccticiit  aro    = 
I,   >lon  a»  Portland  ?     Mn.,  Ilin.,  N..l'n. 
K    'do  Island  is  not  quit,    mi  fur  ?     Uk-- 
fic.  <  ii  about  the  same  di-tunno?     Nt.-- 
co.   ity  and  county  town  /     Nt  —  Wliut  dc. 
Kr.    loitent?      par.   8.  -  Mow  far  is  Trov  ■ 
cc.i.T?    Amherst?    Kxeter  '    How  far  i.  iV_ 
whii    sUtci  are  tho  two  lost  the  capitals  I 

-87 


miles  I'rom  llostoii  ?    lid. 

fartl«r?    Pd.  — This  is 

^■n^  formerly  the  eai.itul. 

Iho  s.inio  distance  fiorn 

,at  ihlund  bc'loiiBinir  to 

,.t  island  in  Massnchu- 

,1        the  nume  of  tho 

M       ,  iiid  carry  on  to  a 

.   uoiii  UosUin?    Wor. 

/    Montpclier  J    Of 


RHODE  ISLAND. 
1.  Rhodk  Island  is  the  smallest  stnle  i 


Se  Union,  but  is 

:H0DI!  ISI.ANU  IS  VIIU  Diimii^-»v  ="—  '\      •        c  ™ 

lily  situated,  und  possesses  numerous  laciUties  lor  com- 


pleasiiii..,,  — 

inerce  and  manufactures. 


Lowell.  Taunton,  &c.    10.  Plymouth  and  tho  other  towns. 

mod.  Uland.  Q.-1.  What  U  Rhode  Island?    What  does  it  pos- 


•  »Vbro««ter,  Wurs'-ter. 


Ii 


i  ) 


m 


V. 


Ill' 

■p 


120 


DESCniPTIVB  GEOGRAPHY. 


2.  The  face  of  the  country  is  mostly  level,  except  ia  the 
north-west,  which  is  hilly  and  rocky.  Part  of  the  state  has 
a  thin  and  poor  soil,  but  the  islands  bordering  on  the  Narra- 
gansct  Biiy  are  of  great  fertility,  and  are  celebrated  for  their 
line  cattle. 

3.  This  state  is  extensively  engaged  in  the  cotton  manu- 
facture, and  took  the  lead  in  that  branch  of  industry.  The 
first  cotton-mill  erected  in  the  United  States  was  built  here. 

4.  Rhode  Island  has  no  Constitution,  and  differs  in  this  respect  firom 
the  other  states.  She  is  governed  by  the  charter  of  Charles  II.,  granted 
in  1683,  the  provisions  of  wliich  are  so  liberal,  that  little  inconvenience 
has  been  hitlierto  experienced  from  the  want  of  a  constitution. 

5.  Providence  is  the  second  city  in  New  England  in  popDlation, 
wealth,  and  commerce.  It  contains  the  State  House,  Brown  University, 
tiie  Arcade,  and  a  considerable  number  of  churches.  Iti  manufactures 
are  various  and  important. 

6.  Newport  is  noted  for  the  beauty  of  its  situation  and  salubrious  air. 
Its  harbour  is  one  of  the  finest  in  the  United  States.  Rhode  Island,  on 
which  it  is  situated,  has,  from  its  beauty  and  fertihty,  been  called  th« 
£den  of  America. 

7.  Bristol  is  a  handsome  and  flourishing  town :  ite  foreign  and  coasU 
Ing  trade  is  considerable.  The  villages  of  Fawtucket,  Slatcrsville,  ond 
Woonsocket,  are  noted  for  their  ninnufactures ;  the  first  is  situated  on 
both  sides  of  the  Fowtucket  or  Blackstone  river,  and  is  partly  in  this 
state,  and  partly  in  Massachusetts.    The  population  is  about  6,000. 

Map  No.  6.  —  What  state  bounds  Rhode  Island  on  the  north  and 
east?  Ms.  —  The  west  7  Ct. —  Whot  ocean  on  the  south  7  Ae.  —  What 
is  the  principal  bay?  Nt.  —  Wlich  are  the  two  principal  islands? 
R..Id.,  Bk.  — What  county  ik)  they  belong  to?  Nt.— Wliich  are  the 
capitals  ?  Pe.,  Nt.  Their  population  ?  —  In  what  county  is  Frcldenco  ? 
Pe.  —  In  which  is  Newport  7    Nt 


CONNECTICUT. 

1.  Connecticut  Is  noted  for  the  excellence  of  its  literary 
institutions,  and  for  the  intelligence,  enterprise,  and  good 
morals  of  the  people. 

2.  The  state  has  a  varied  surface  of  hill  and  dale,  but  is 

Bcss?    2.  What  is  said  of  the  country  7    Of  the  soil.  &,c.  7    3.  What  i» 
this  state  engaged  in  7    4.  How  is  it  governed  ?    What  has  been  hith- 
erto  experienced?    5.  Describe  Providence.    6.  Newport.    7.  Bristol. 
Fawtucket,  &o. 
Contuciicut.  Q,  —  l.  For  what  is  Connecticut  noted?    2.  Whatia 


»BWBWIMI'i»»ITtiff 


WViiM»w^^> 


'4M  ^-Ve^g 


''^^^ 


lAPHY. 

itly  level,  except  ia  the 

Part  of  the  state  has 

ordering  on  the  Narra- 

are  celebrated  for  their 


:d  in  the  cotton  manu- 
inch  of  industry.  The 
Stales  was  built  here. 

differs  in  this  respect  fivm 
irter  of  Charles  11>,  graDted 
ral,  that  little  iDconvenience 
t  of  a  cou8titution. 
ew  England  in  popolation, 
ic  House,  Brown  uniTersity, 
hurchcs.    Iti  manufactnies 

gituation  and  salnbrions  air. 
d  States.  Rhode  Island,  on 
id  fertility,  been  called  th« 

town :  its  foreign  and  coast- 
Pawtucket,  Slatersville,  and 
res ;  the  first  is  situated  on 
!  river,  and  is  partly  in  this 
>puIation  is  about  6,000. 

i  Island  on  the  north  and 
on  the  south?  Ae.  — What 
the  two  principal  islands? 
^  to?  Nt. —  Wliieb  are  the 
what  county  is  Prcldenco  ? 


excellence  of  its  literary 
;,  enterprise,  and  good 

of  hill  and  dale,  but  is 

If  the  soil,  &,c.  7  3.  What  i« 
ned  ?  What  has  been  bith- 
e.    6.  Newport.    7.  Bristol. 

ecUcut  noted  7    2.  What  ia 


Scliool-HouK. 


EmigraiitB  to  the  West. 


seldom  mountainous.  The  climate  is  healthful,  and  the  sou 
generally  good,  especially  in  the  valley  of  the  Connecticut 
river. 

3.  The  chief  products  are  the  grains,  &c.  common  to  New 
Endand :  orchards  are  numerous ;  cider  is  produced  m  con- 
siderable quantities ;  and  butter  and  cheese  are  made  annually 
to  a  great  amount. 

4.  The  manufactures  of  Connecticut  are  extensive  and  va- 
rious. The  principal  articles  are  cotton  and  woollen  goods, 
clocks,  tin-ware,  silk  goods,  carriages,  &c.  The  foreign  trade 
is  chiefly  with  the  West  Indies,  but  is  less  extensive  than  that 
along  the  coast. 

6.  The  provision  made  for  the  public  education  of  the  peo- 
ple in  this  state,  is  more  liberal  than  in  any  other  part  of  the 
world.  The  interest  of  the  school  fund  affords  instruction  to 
nearly  ninety  thousand  children. 

6.  Perhaps  no  Atlantic  state  has  sent  so  large  a  number  of  active  and 
industrious  settlers  to  the  western  country  as  Ck)nnecticut ;  and  her  emi- 
grants,  wherever  found,  are  among  the  most  enterpnsmg  aiid  mdustnous 
port  of  the  population.  

said  of  the  surface?  Of  the  climate  and  soil  ?  3  What  arc  the  chief 
producte  7  What  is  said  of  orchards,  &c.  ?  4.  Of  th*  ,7'«""/''^«t"Jf«  ] 
T%e  principal  articles?  The  foreign  trade?  5.  Pubhc  education? 
What  does  the  interest  of  the  school  fund  afford  7    6.  What  is  said  of 


!     ,    !i 


122 


DRSCRIPTIVE  GEOGUAPHY. 


7.  The  si-nt  of  govirninciit  la  divided  between  New  Haven  and  Hart- 
ford.    TIk!  loniicr  is  Bituattd  at  the  bottom  of  a  Bmali  bay  opening  into 

I g  Island  Sound.     It  is  built  in  squares,  with  straight  and  wide 

streets,  and  its  regularity  and  neatness" are  much  admired. 

8.  Yale  College  was  founded  in  this  city  in  1701.  Besides  the  col- 
lege  buildings,  tlicre  ore  several  churches  and  other  public  edifices  that 
excite  general  attention.  Tlie  lioarding-scliools  and  seminaries  for 
youth  of  both  sexes,  arc  highly  respectable  and  well  conducted. 

9.  Hartford  is  a  handsome  and  flourishing  city.  During  a  few  years 
past,  it  has  rapidly  increased  in  commerce,  population  and  wealth.  It 
IS  the  seat  of  Wasliington  College,  and  of  the  Asylum  for  the  Deaf  and 
Dumb,  the  first  institution  of  tlie  kind  established  in  the  United  States  : 
it  has  about  140  pupils,  receiving  instruction  in  the  various  branches 
of  learning,  and  acquiring  a.  knowledge  of  the  useful  arU. 

10.  New  London  and  Stonington  employ  a  number  of  vessels  in  tho 
whale  and  seal  fishery.  Middletown  and  Norwich  are  extensively  en- 
gaged in  manufactures.  Lichfield  was  long  noted  ibr  its  law-sclioo^ 
which  is  now  discontinued  ;  Bristol  for  its  inunufactures  of  clocks,  and 
Collinsville  for  those  of  axes.  Saybrook,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Connec 
ticut  river,  was  the  first  place  in  this  state  occupied  by  tho  English. 


89 


Man  No.  6.  — What  state  bounds  Connecticut  on  tho  north?  Ms. 
-On  the  cast?  R.-L-West?  N.-Y.- South?  L..I.Sd.-How 
long  is  Long  Island  Sound  ?  To  what  state  does  Long  Island  belong  T 
N..Y.  —  What  three  rivers  flow  into  the  Sound  ?  CL,  Ts.,  Hk.  The 
length  of  cacli  river  ?  How  many  miles  is  tho  Connecticut  navigable  7 
For  what  kind  of  vessels  ?  The  Housatonick  ?  What  is  the  populaUon 
of  Now  Haven  ?  Of  Hartford  ?  Which  are  tho  four  next  largest  towns, 
and  their  population?  Nh.,  N.-Ld.,  Sk.,  Ld.  —  Which  counties  have 
each  two  county  towns  ?     Fd.,  Mx.  N.-Ld.  „  ^r   j  » 

How  many  miles  is  it  by  the  scale  from  New  Haven  to  Harttord  f 
What  county  town  is  about  the  same  distance?  Ld.  — The  city  of 
New  York,  Northampto.-  on  the  Connecticut  river,  and  Block  Island, 
are  all  about  the  same  distance  from  New  Haven.  How  many  miles  la 
it  ?  Hartford  is  nearly  half  way  between  New  York  and  Boston.  How 
many  miles  is  it  from  each  ?  New  Haven  is  about  the  same  distance 
from  Newport,  Providence,  and  Worcester.  How  many  miles  is  it? 
Hartford  is  situated  very  nearly  half  way  between  the  eastern  and 
western  extremities  of  the  state.  How  many  miles  is  it  from  each? 
Hartford  is  about  the  same  distance  from  Providence  and  Poughkeep. 
sie.  How  many  miles  is  it  from  each  ?  How  far  is  New  Haven  from 
the  north  line  of  the  state  ?  From  the  north-east  corner  of  the  state  7 
From  the  north-west  corner  7 

settlers  to  the  western  country  ?  Of  emigrants  ?  7.  Of  the  seat  of  go 
vernmcnt  ?  Describe  New  Haven.  8.  Yale  College,  &.C.  9.  Hartford. 
10.  Deicribe  Now  London.  Stonington.  Norwich,  and  the  other  towns. 


g 
it 

ti 
a 

V 

V 

t 
I 


W) 


APHY. 

!cn  New  Haven  and  Hart- 
f  a  BHiali  bay  opening  into 
,  witli  straight  and  wide 
uch  admired, 
n  1701.  BcsidcB  the  cul- 
]  other  public  edifices  that 
lools  and  seminaries  for 
nd  well  conducted, 
city.  During  a  few  years 
Hipulation  and  wealth.  It 
3  Asylum  for  the  Deaf  and 
shed  in  the  United  States  : 
n  in  the  various  branches 
16  useful  arts, 
a  number  of  vessels  in  tha 
orwich  are  extensively  en- 
jr  noted  tor  its  law-school, 
lunufactures  of  clocks,  and 
the  mouth  of  the  Conncc- 
icupicd  by  the  English. 


sticut  on  the  north?  Ms. 
-South?  L.-I.  Sd.  — How 
does  Long  Island  belong  7 
Bund  ?  CL,  Ts.,  Hk.  The 
Iho  Connecticut  navigable  ? 
[  ?  What  is  the  population 
the  four  next  largest  towns, 
d,  —  Which  counties  have 

New  Haven  to  Hartford  1 
ance  ?  Ld.  —  The  city  of 
ut  river,  and  Block  Island, 
[aven.  How  many  miles  is 
cw  York  and  Boston.   How 

is  about  the  same  distance 
How  many  miles  is  it? 
!  between  the  eastern  and 
any  miles  is  it  from  each? 
Providence  and  Poughkeep. 
low  far  is  New  Haven  from 
th-east  corner  of  the  state  7 


ants  ?  7.  Of  the  seat  of  go 
B  College,  &.C.  9.  Hartford, 
erwich,  and  the  other  towns. 


MIDDLE  STATES. 
00 


MIDDLE  STATES. 

1.  The  Middle  States  comprise  New  York,  New  Jersey, 
Pennsylvania,  and  Delaware.  They  occupy  one  of  the  finest 
portions  of  the  Union,  and  are  distinguished  for  their  rapid 
growth  in  prosperity  and  wealth,  and  for  the  enterprise  and 
industry  of  their  inhabitants. 

2.  These  states  exhibit  some  of  the  most  mountainous 
tracts  in  the  Union.  The  Allegheny,  the  Blue  Mountains, 
and  other  ranges,  stretch  through  the  country  from  south- 
west  to  north-east.  They  are  almost  universally  covered 
with  forests,  and  contain  many  wild  solitudes  among  them 
that  are  seldom  or  never  visited  by  man. 

3.  The  climate  is  generally  more  mild  than  in  the  New 
England  States,  except  in  the  northern  parts  of  New  York, 
where  the  cold  of  winter  is  equally  severe. 

4.  A  greaV  portion  of  the  soil  of  the  Middle  States  is  fertile, 
well  cultivated,  and  produces  large  crops  of  excellent  wheat, 


Middle  Stat«a.  Q.  —  1.  What  do  the  Middle  States  comprise  7  What 
do  they  occupy  ?  For  what  are  they  distinguished  ?  2.  What  do 
these  states  exhibit?    With  wlmt  are  they  covered?    3.  What  is  said 


m 


124 


DESCRIPTIVE  GEOGRAPHY. 


Tho  fruits  are  chiefly 


Indian  corn,  rye,  oats,  rniil  barley 
apples,  pears,  pci.  ^hcs,  and  plums. 

5.  The  most  useful  minerals,  coal,  iron,  salt,  and  lime, 
abound  to  a  great  extent  in  various  parts  of  the  country ;  and 
mining  is  actively  pursued,  especially  in  the  coal  regions  of 
Pennsylvania. 

6.  The  commerce  of  tho  Middle  States  is  extensive,  and  is 
carried  on  chiefly  through  the  cities  of  New  York  and  Phila- 
delphia. The  internal  trade  is  greatly  facilitated  by  the 
numerous  canals  and  rail-roads  which  extend  through  the 
diflerent  parts  of  the  country. 

7.  The  manufactures  are  important  and  various ;  a  yaai 
amount  of  capital  and  labour  is  employed  in  their  fabrication, 
and  thousands  of  both  sexes  are  supported  by  them. 

8.  In  the  Middle  States  common-school  education  is  not  bo 
general  as  in  most  parts  of  New  England,  except  in  the  state 
of  New  York,  where  great  attention  has  been  paid  to  tho 
subject. 

9.  In  Pennsylvania  a  svBtem  has  been  lately  adopted  that  will  afford 
the  means  of  educaUon  to  all  clagsoa  of  the  people  ;  but  in  New  Jersey 
and  Delaware,  the  plans  pursued  for  that  purpose  liave  not  as  yet  proved 
very  efficient 

91  

10.  The  ereat  body  of  the  people  in  the  Middle  States  are  of  British 
descent;  but  in  some  parU  of  Pennsylvania  Uicre  are  many  Germans, 
who  speak  only  their  own  language,  and  arc  often  ignorant  ot  the 
Enelish  tongue.  In  New  York  and  New  Jersey,  tlicre  are  a  number 
of  Uie  doBcendanU  of  the  original  Dutch  settlers  of  New  York,  and  m 
■oiue  sections  that  language  is  partially  spoken. 

11.  At  the  close  of  tho  revolutionary  war,  so  many  emigrants  from 
the  eastern  states  settled  in  New  York,  Uiat  a  majority  of  »Jie  preiient 
population  of  that  state  arc  natives  of  New  England,  or  their  ilescend. 
ante.  These,  by  their  industrious  habits,  their  enterprise  and  general 
intelligence,  have  contributed  much  to  the  prosperity  of  that  aecUon  ot 
the  Union. 

of  the  climate  ?  4.  Of  the  soil  ?  The  crops  T  5.  What  is  said  of  the 
minerals?  Of  mining?  6.  The  commerce  ?  The  internal  trade? 
7.  The  manufactures?  8.  Of  common-school  education?  In  New 
York  ?    9.  In  Pennsylvania  ?     In  New  Jersey  and  Delaware  ? 

10,  Of  what  descent  are  the  great  body  of  the  people  ?  What  ot  the 
Germans  ?  Dutch  ?  1 1 .  Of  emigrants  from  the  New  England  states  ? 
What  have  they  contributed  7 


LAPHY. 

The  fruits  are  chiefly 

1,  iron,  salt,  and  lime, 
rts  of  the  country ;  and 
in  the  coal  regions  of 

atc3  is  extensive,  and  is 
f  New  York  and  Phila- 
jatly  facilitated  by  the 
ich  extend  through  the 

,nt  and  various ;  a  yaai 
)yed  in  their  fabrication, 
orted  by  them, 
ihool  education  is  not  so 
;land,  except  in  the  state 
1  has  been  paid  to  the 

tcly  adopted  that  will  afford 
I  people  ;  but  in  New  Jersey 
irpose  liave  not  as  yet  proved 


Middle  States  are  of  British 
a  tliere  are  many  Germans, 
1  are  often  ignorant  of  the 

Jersey,  tlicre  are  a  number 
Bttlers  sf  New  York,  and  in 
>ken. 

ir,  so  many  emiffmnts  from 
lat  a  majority  of  tJie  preoent 
V  England,  or  their  descend, 
their  enterprise  and  general 

prosperity  of  that  section  of 

)p8  ?  5.  What  is  said  of  the 
eree?  The  intern* I  trade? 
school  education?  In  New 
ersey  and  Delaware  ? 
of  the  people  ?  What  of  the 
rom  the  New  Enghnd  states  7 


NEW  YORK. 


133 


Map  No  :,- Which  i..  the  largest  o    the  ^^fl^^:;,,,''-^:^ 

S;:icreid"v«s„oa!;a;7eT!n''N..Y -S^^^^^^^^^^ 

P,!- Which   state   haB  the  greatest  «^^^^^^^^^ 

•7h  'l^'iXTc    -^    w  m;7y  d'^g^^^^^^^^^^^  i'.en.do  they  in- 

vvi.n»  iH  its  lonirth  ?  —  The  next  m  size  ?     Sn.  —  1  His  isiana  lorin. 

coast  ?     N.-Y .  —  1  no  nexi       •  a  ^  ^       york  to 

Turkey  ?  •-  From  Philadelphia  to  Norfolk  ? 


NEW  YORK. 


view  of  the  lower  part  of  the  City  of  New  York. 

the  globe  beyond  our  own  borders. 

New.York.   Q.-L  What  is  New  York?    What  does  it  exhibit? 


120 


DEScniPTlVE  GEOGRAPHY. 


I 


2.  The  nortlicrn  portion  of  the  Btato  is,  in  part,  mountain' 
ous,  and  but  thinly  settled ;  the  eastern  is  hilly,  and  tolerably 
productive;  while  the  western  part  is  level,  romurkably  fer- 
tile, and  increasing  rapidly  in  population. 

3.  The  agriculture  is  well  conducted.  Wheat  is  the  chief 
siaple;  but  corn,  rye,  and  otlu^r  grains,  ure  extensively  culti- 
vated. The  flour  is  of  excellent  quality  ;  and,  with  other  pro- 
visions, is  largely  exported. 

4.  The  manufactures  arc  c.';tensivc  and  flourisliing,  ond  the 
commerce  of  the  state  is  on  a  great  scale.  Near  three-fifths 
of  the  imports,  and  more  than  one-fourth  of  the  exports  of  tlw 
Union,  are  made  by  New  York  alone. 

5.  Iron  ore  is  found  in  great  abundance,  and  lead,  gypsum, 
and  limestone,  also  abound.  There  are  numerous  and  im- 
portant salt  springs  at  various  places.  The  principal  are  at 
Salina  and  Syracuse,  where  more  than  two  million  bushels  of 
salt  arc  made  annually. 

6.  The  mineral  springs  of  Rallston  and  Saratoga  arc  well 
known  throughout  the  Union  lor  their  medicinal  qualities,  and 
are  much  visited  from  all  quarters.  The  waters  are  largely 
exported  to  the  other  states,  and  even  to  li)reign  countries. 

7.  This  slate  shares  with  Upper  Canada  tlic  Full!i  of  Niagara,  one  of 
the  greatest  wonders  of  tiio  western  continent.  Tlie  wideut  and  most 
imposing  part  of  this  cataract  is  on  the  Canadian  side  ;  while  t!iat  on 
the  New  York  side,  thougli  narrower,  is  several  feet  higlier  than  the 
other. 

8.  New  York  is  distinguished  for  its  magriificent  public 
works,  of  which  the  Erie,  or  (3rcat  Western  Canal,  is  the 
largest  in  the  state,  and  one  of  the  principal  works  of  the 
kind  in  the  world. 

9.  The  success  attending  its  completion  and  use,  fully  convinced  the 
people  of  the  United  States  of  the  advniitiigcs  of  works  of  interniil  im- 
provement. There  are,  likewise,  a  number  of  otiier  canals,  nnd  also 
rail-roads,  in  suecessPul  operation,  besides  some  that  are  partially  com- 
pleted. 

2.  What  is  said  of  the  northern  part  ?  Eastern  ?  Western  ?  3.  The  agri- 
culture? 4.  Manuikctures ?  Irnjiorts  ?  Exports?  5.  Iron  ore,  4.e.  ? 
Salt  springs  ?  How  much  salt  is  made  unnnally  ?  6.  What  is  suid  of 
the  mineral  springs?  7.  Of  the  Falls  of  Niagara?  8.  How  is  New- 
York  distinguished  !  Wliat  is  said  of  the  Erie  canal  ?  <J.  Of  othur 
canals  and  ruil-roads  ? 


C: 

81 
C 
tl 

o 

81 
11 
V 

ll 

e 
e 

F 

r 
1 
1 


'****H'*P»ifS  ^m^fn^it  1  /  - 


ttAPIlV. 

0  ia,  in  part,  mountain' 
n  is  hilly,  and  tolerably 

1  level,  remarkably  fer- 
on. 

;d.  Wheat  is  the  chief 
IS,  are  extensively  culti- 
y  ;  and,  with  other  pro- 

and  flourishing,  ond  the 
cule.  Near  three-fifths 
rth  of  the  exports  of  tiw 

Linee,  and  lead,  gypsum, 
are  numerous  and  im- 
i.  The  principal  are  ut 
1  two  million  bushels  of 

I  and  Saratoga  arc  well 
medicinal  qualities,  and 
The  waters  arc  largely 
to  li)reign  countries. 

;lie  Fulls  of  Niagara,  one  of 
ent.  The  widcHt  and  most 
cnndian  side  ;  while  t!iat  on 
c'VL'ral  feet  higlicr  than  the 

r  its  magfiificent  public 

Western  Canal,  is  the 

principal  works  of  the 

and  use,  fully  convinced  the 
:cs  of  works  of  internal  iin- 
r  of  other  canals,  and  also 
lome  that  arc  partially  coni- 


rn?  Western?  S.TIicagri- 
ixports  ?  5.  Iron  ore,  4.c.  ? 
mally  ?  6.  What  is  suid  of 
Niagara?  8.  How  is  New- 
s  Erie  canal  ?    !).  Of  other 


NEW  YORK. 


127 


93 


10.  Very  ampin  provision  has  l)ecn  made  for  popular  edu- 
cation in  this  state ;  and  there  is  no  country  in  the  world 
where  the  great  body  of  the  people  have  the  meant,  of  bem^ 
so  generally  instructed  as  in  New  York.  More  than  500,001) 
children  are  taught  annually  in  the  common  schools;  and 
there  arc,  also,  200  academies,  5  colleges  and  a  university. 

11.  The  people  of  Now  York,  during  the  revolutionary  war,  strenu- 
ously opposed  the  arbitrary  measures  of  the  Hrilisli  government.  1  ho 
state,  for  the  greater  part  of  that  gloomy  piriod,  was  the  theatre  ot 
uctive  hostilities,  and  the  surrender  ot  Central  Uurgoyne  and  his  army, 
with  other  memorable  events,  took  place  within  its  liniiU. 

1-2  The  city  of  New  York  is  situated  on  the  southern  cr.d  of  Man- 
hattan  island,  at  the  junction  of  tho  Hudson  and  East  rivers.  It  is  tho 
crcat  commercial  emporium  of  America  ;  and  is,  next  to  London,  tho 
fireatcst  in  the  world.  Its  progress  in  population  has  never  been  sur- 
^sscd.  Since  179G,  it  has,  including  Brooklyn,  increased  nearly  ten-told, 
13.  Tho  foreign,  coasting,  and  inland  trudc  of  this  city  is  immense  : 
rcBuiar  packets  arc  constantly  trading  with  various  porta  in  Europe,  the 
West  Indies,  South  America,  and  all  the  important  sea-iwrts  in  tho 
United  Stat(^s. 

Tho  successful  steam  voyages  across  tho  Atlantic  Ocean  lately  per- 
formed  by  tho  Groat 
Western,  and  other 
vessels  of  the  same 
kind,  form  an  era 
in  commercial  in- 
tercourse tliut  will 
tend  greatly  to  tho 
advantage  of  New 
York. 

15.  Its  public 
buildings  are  nume- 
rous, and  many  of 
thorn  elegant.  The 
City  Hall,  new  Cus- 
tom  House,  Mer- 
chant"? Exchange,  .  .  i  • 
Hall  of  tho  University,  Astor  House,  &-c.  are  among  the  most  striking 
and  important    The  chur^hei  are  about  150  in  number. 

10.  Of  popular  education  ?  How  many  children  are  tauglit  onnu- 
ally  ?  11.  What  is  soid  of  the  people  of  New  York  ?  Of  the  State  ? 
12.  Where  is  the  city  of  New  York  situated  ?  What  is  it  ?  W  hat  is 
■aid  of  its  progress  in  population  7  13.  Foreign,  coasting,  ntid  mjand 
trade  ?     14.  Of  the  steam  voyages  ?     15.  Mention  the  public  buildingi. 


City  Hall.  New  York. 


1 


I 


•;, 


i! 


ji 


128 


DESCRIPTIVE   GEOGRAPHY. 


Qroal  Fire  in  New  Vorli. 

16.  Thi«  city  Buffered  a.  severe  Ions  by  the  creat  fire  of  December 
16th,  1835,  which  destroyed  530  buildings,  and  otiier  pfoi>crly  to  the 
amount  of  more  than  seventeen  millions  of  dollars. 

17.  Brooklyn,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  East  river,  is  properly  a 
suburb  of  New  York.  It  commands  a  delightful  view  of  tlie  city  and 
surrounding  country  and  is  a  pleasant  place  of  residence.  About  50 
miles  above  New  Yoik,  on  tlie  Hudson  River,  is  West  Point,  the  seat 
of  the  United  States'  Military  Academy  for  the  insUuction  of  officers  o*^ 
the  army. 

18.  Albany,  the  capital  of  tho  state,  is  150  miles  from  the  oity  of 
New  York.  It  contains  the  State  House,  and  many  other  bandjome 
public  and  private  buildings,  and  is  the  centre  of  an  extensive  and  im- 
portant inland  trade,  being  connected  with  tho  ocean  by  the  Hudson 
river,  and  with  Lakes  Erie  and  Champlain  by  the  State  canals. 


94 


19.  NewbuTu,  Poughkeepsie,  C  itskill,  Hudson,  Troy,  and  Lansiii|f- 
burg,  all  on  the  Hudson,  are  flourishing  towns.  Utica,  Rochester,  and 
Buffalo,  are  the  most  important  places  on  the  Erie  canal,  and  are  noted 
for  the  rapid  increase  of  their  population.  Besides  these,  there  are  num- 
rous  thriving  towns  in  various  parts  of  the  stale,  of  which  Rome,  Au- 
burn, Geneva,  Canandai|;ua,  Ithaca,  Oswego,  Sackctt's  Harbour,  and 
PlatUburg,  are  tho  principal. 


16.  What  is  said  of  the  Great  Fire?  17.  Describe  Brooklyn.  West 
Point.  13.  Albany.  19.  Newburg,  &c.  Utica,  &.c.  Thr  other 
towns. 


~:A^X4^^^^-^-  ,-■ 


Q     / 


APHY. 


10  great  fire  of  December 
and  other  pfoi>crty  to  the 
liars. 

East  river,  is  properly  a 
rhtful  view  of  Uie  city  and 
0  of  residence.  Alwut  50 
cr,  is  West  Point,  the  seat 
le  instruction  of  officers  of 

50  miles  from  the  oity  of 
nd  many  other  haniijome 
ro  of  an  extensive  and  im- 
the  ocean  by  the  Hudson 
y  the  State  canals. 


idson,  Troy,  and  Lansin{f> 
ns.  Utica,  Rochester,  and 
I  Erie  canal,  and  are  noted 
sides  these,  there  are  num- 
itatc,  of  which  Rome,  Au- 
o,  Sackctt's  Harbour,  and 


Describe  Brooklyn.    West 
Utica,  tic.    The   other 


NEW  JEROEY. 

Afun  iVo  7.— Whut  countries  bound  New- York  on  tlio  nortli '  I'.-Cii., 
I,..ru'  — What  Htiites  on  tlic  kouUi  ?  Pa.,  N.-J.  — On  the  cnsl  / 
Vt  Ms,  ft.  —  WImt  arc  the  three  niotit  riortlirrii  eouiitiif  '  S.-I.e., 
Fu'  Cn.  —  Mc)8t  Boutherii  .'  Kil.  —  Mo8l  eoBtern  ?  Sk.  —  Most  west- 
crnf  t'u.  — Whut  two  ({rtat  lakes  seiwrate  New-York  Iroin  I  |>i>er 
Canoda  ?  Ee.,  (Jo.  —  How  long  aru  they  !  What  river  forms  part  ol  lliu 
»H)undury  between  this  stale,  and  ITpi)cr  Canada  ?  S.-Le.  — Mow  loiif; 
is  it  ?  How  lonK  is  I-akc  Chiimplain  '  (Seorgo  ?  Oneidi  ?  S^vuv- 
ntclos'  fayuga?  Seneca?  Canandaigua  ?  Crooked  and  Hluck 
Lukes  ?  What  three  rivers  How  into  Lake  Ontario  ?  <Se.,  ()o ,  Uk.  — 
What  four  flow  into  the  St.  Lawrence  river  !  S.-Rs.,  Rt.. «..«..  <»e.  — 
Which  river  flows  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean  ?  Hn.- Winch  ij.  ho 
largest  branch  of  the  Hudson  river  7  Mk.  —  Tell  the  lengths  of  all  the 
foregoing  rivers.  How  many  miles  is  the  Hudson  nvrr  navigable  lor 
Btaam-boaU?  For  sloops  ?  For  ships?  What  rivor  unites  Lakes  Lric 
and  Ontario  7     Na. 

What  island  is  in  Niagara  river  7  Gd.  -  What  celebrated  falls  on 
the  Niagara  river  7  Na.  —  What  island  forms  one  of  the  counties  of  tho 
state  ?  Sn.  —  What  island  contains  three  counties  ?  I.g.  —  >v  lat  li 
Uie  longUi  of  Long  Island  ?    What  Sound  separates  it  from  Connecticut  7 


95 


Battle  of  Trenton. 
NEW  JERSEY. 
1    New  Jersey  possesses  consitlernhle  variety  of  surfncc, 
bein""  mountainous  in  the  northern  pans,  moderately  level  in 
the  middle,  and  low  and  chiclly  sandy  m  the  south. 

Neio  Jtrtty.  Q.—  1.  What  docs  New  Jersey  possess  ?    2.  What  is 
9 


■I  <■ 


i 


VM 


DKrt(  lUPTIVB    OEOCIIAI'IIV. 


a.  Most  f)f  tl>o  noil  is  well  cnllivalcil,  nnd  produces  tlio 
various  Kraiiia  (•onimoii  to  lliis  part  of  the  Tnion  with  friiilH 
anil  vo-i.-tahirs  in  nl.ur.daiic.',  which  suj.ply  the  market»  ol 
the  iarj^iMilirs  in  the  adjacent  stales. 

3.  The  irinnuracturcs  are  extensive  nnd  nourishing.  They 
.•oinprise  euiton  ami  w(H.llen  goods,  with  various  urticles  of 
iron,  i^lass,  leatiier,  vVc. 

4.  Stveral  important  canals  nnd  rnil-ronds  extend  througii 
the  state,  and  add  gnutly  to  the  (iicilities  of  intercourse  l»c- 
tween  tlie  northern  and  southern  parts  of  the  Union. 

:,.  Til.;  p.n|.lc  of  Now  J.rm-y  »K)rc  thi.ir  full  nlmro  in  Ihu  periN  iinil 
liarJsliiiw  of  till'  rcvoliilioti  i  iiiiJ  noiiic  of  lliu  nio»t  iiii|nrUnt  tatttai 
of  til  It  |Hriml  were  li>u((lil  wiUiin  the  HmiU  of  the  ulat.'. 

f.  Trenl.iii,  on  tlie  Iklawnrc  river,  ul  the  head  of  liilo-watrr,  l»  tho 
cnpitul  of  New  Jersey.  It  Imn  coimideriihic  tru.lc  and  iiianutuctu/. x. 
oi.'l  is  iiot.d   for   tho   capture  of  the  Hcssioiw   m  177b,   by  Oenerul 

WHHJlillgtOII.  . 

7.  Newnrk  is  tho  \;it\n-*i  and  iiiobI  iinixirtnnt  place  in  the  Btato.  It  i» 
prrltily  »ili.atcd  and  well  built,  and  Ims  exlennive  inannfaetures.  Now 
hriuiHwick,  ..n  the  Uaritan  river,  ii*  the  dipil  of  u  Itrlile  nud  populous 
dintricf,  and  is  a  place  of  connidcrable  trade. 

e  Paternoii,  at  the  fulls  of  the  TaBHaie  river,  is  one  of  the  prinriiK.I 
niunufuclnrinK  towns  in  the  country.  Here  are  nmneroiw  mills,  lac- 
tori,  s,  f„uii.lerieH.  and  all  the  dilVLfent  eBtabliHliinents  necessary  m  a 
place  devoted  lo  the  fabricati'-i.  on  a  larjfe  scale,  of  cotton  nnd  woollen 
goods,  paiH-r,  and  machinery  of  various  kinds. 

9  Princeton  is  u  neat  and  pleasant  town.  It  is  the  sent  of  New 
Jc'tsevfolleire,  one  of  the  oldest  and  most  respeeliible  literary  iiistitu- 
tioiis  in  the  Union.  Kliiabethtowii,  Burlington,  Cainden,  and  Salem, 
arc  thriving  towns.  

Man  No.  7.  —  What  bounds  New  Jersey  on  tho  north  ?  N.-Y.  — 
AVhaton  the  e.st?  A.-On..  N.-Y- -West  .'Pa.,  l>e.- What  nver 
Beparates  New  Jersey  from  Pennsylvania  and  IKlawaro  /  l>e.  —  \\  lint 
river  separates  it  from  New  York  /  Hn.  _  Which  are  the  three  prin- 
cipal  rivets  of  New  Jersey  7  Pc,  Rn.,  Me.- Which  is  the  nms 
northern  county?  S.x.-Thc  most  southern  7  CMy. -1  ho  most 
eastern  '  Hn.  —  The  most  western  7  Sm.  —  NV  hat  (  ai«-  at  the  south- 
ern extremity  of  New  Jersey  7  My.  -  What  Ray  on  the  sonlh-jvest  > 
Dc.  —  In  which  county  is  Trenton  7     Mr.  —  Newark  7     L.x.  —  Pater- 

paid  of  the  soil?  What  does  it  produce  7  3.  What  is  said  of  tho 
manufactures  7  What  do  they  comprise  7  4.  W  hat  extends  through  tho 
state?  5.  What  is  said  of  the  people?  6.  Describe  1  ronton.  7.  Now- 
ark     New  Brunswick.     8.  Patcrson.     9.  Princeton,  and  other  towns. 


M'llV. 

fil,  mill  produces  the 
he  I'liion  with  fruil»« 
i|il>ly  the  nmrkctH  of 

ind  flourishing.  Tlicy 
h  various  urticlcM  ul* 

•ronds  extend  throu};h 
ties  of  iiiliTfoursc;  ho- 
of the  Union, 
ill  utiaro  in  this  perilx  miil 
\u  moat  iiiifiorUnt  battk-s 
>r  tliu  Klato, 

hrail  of  liilcwatrr,  in  tho 

truilc  and  inanutucturrK, 

iDUB   in  1776,   by  Ounorul 

nt  plucr  ill  the  Btiite,  It  in 
nnivc  iiinniifiirtiiros.  Now 
it  of  u  fertile  aiitl  populuua 

,cr,  is  one  of  the  prinri|Kil 
!  uri!  niiini'rnufi  niillx,  liiu- 
ibliNhnu'iitH  ncct'HMury  in  a 
eule,  of  cuttoii  iind  woollen 
Ih. 

n.  It  18  the  sent  of  New 
rc»i>eetiible  literary  iintitu- 
rigton,  Camden,  niid  Sjleni, 


f  on  tho  nortli?  N..Y.— 
It?  Ph.,  l>e.—  Wlml  river 
id  IKliiwaro  >  I)u.  — Wh.it 

-  VVhieh  are  the  three  prin- 
Me. —  Which  is  the  most 
icrn?     ('.-My.  —  Tho  most 

—  What  Ca\H'  at  the  south- 
hat  Huy  on  tiie  Konth.weMt  ! 
~  Newark  ?     Ex.  —  Puter- 

7  3.  What  is  »aid  of  tho 
1.  What  extends  through  the 
Dtseritio Trenton.  7.  Now- 
Princeton,  and  other  towns. 


rKNN.><VI.VANIA. 

•on?  V.:  —  \,:w  nriiiii.«irli  ?  Mx.  —  Wlmt  !•  the  |H.piil.ilinn  of 
eiieh  of  Ih.iw  l,nvii«  f  —  In  wh.it  year  wan  tho  halllu  ol  Trenii.il 
foiiuht  '  —  Of  Pritieetoi  '  —  Of  I'm  hold  or  Monmouth  I '.iurt-hounc  I 
—  Of  Ited   lluik  I 


Ship  of  Ihu  Lino  Pi'iinnylvania. 

PENN.SYLVANIA. 

1.  Pknnsyi,vani\  is,  next  to  New  York,  tho  largest  in 
extent  of  the  four  Miildlc  Stiites,  mid  the  second  in  iioimiation 
in  the  Union.  It  is  hit,dily  di.stin;,'i(is]RMl  \'ot  its  various  manu- 
factures, vast  inincrnl  resources,  and  extensive  |iul)lic  works. 

2.  Tlu!  interior  of  tho  state  is  traversed  by  the  dillerent 
ridges  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  while  the  eastern  and 
western  sections  are  level,  or  moderately  hilly. 

3.  Tho  soil  ia  generally  well  cultivated,  and  yields  in 
abundance  wheat,  corn,  and  other  grains,  with  all  tho  fruits 
common  to  tho  Middle  States. 

4.  Tho  mineral  wealth  of  Pennsylvania  i.s  probably  greater 
than  that  of  any  other  state  in  the  Union  ;  coal,  iron,  and  lime, 
arc  found  in  vast  quantities,  and  salt  springs  are  numerous. 

Pennsylmnia.  Q.—  \.  What  is  Pennsylvania  '  For  what  is  it  dis- 
tinguishcd  I  3.  What  is  said  of  the  interior  of  the  state  7  The  eastern 
and   western   sections  ?      3.  Of  the  poil  7      4.  The  mineral   weultli  I 


1    fli' 


1 1 


'■11 


133 


OKHdllPTlVR  (JKOOKAI'IIY. 


5.  The  w-.rks  of  intrninl  imiirovrnioiit  nro  on  nn  rxt'iisivo 
•cnUs  tliniinl)  not  v<t  .•(.ii)|.l.u<l,  tlirv  l.nvi'  add..!  nr.ully  to 
thf  iiiU'ir.mr^c  iK^tWcoii  tlio  <riNl.iii  and  wrsUrii  |'«rl«  <•'  ""' 
I'ninn,  un.l  ure  rnpidly  in.  rua.siiig  tli<;  Irudu  mid  commcrco 

of   llx!  Stiltl'. 

0.  Nn  iiviwrn\  svstrni  of  rdiicntlon  wqh  ndfiptftl  in  Pfun- 
iiylvanm  till  1^34.  '  Since  that  i«riud,  tliu  nund)ir  of  scliools 
and  s.liolars  has  grraily  inncnsrd.  l»<'sidcs  nion;  than  live 
thousand  coninion  scIkm.Is,  there  arc  two  Universities,  nine 
Colleges,  and  a  number  of  rcsiK-clohlu  ucadcniies  in  the  state. 


Oirird  Collefe. 

7  The  Oirnrd  Colloifc,  for  orphann,  ninr  PhilncJelphia,  w«i  endowed 
by  the  niunificcnre  of  u  private  indiviaiml.  Slcpl.cn  (..rard,  who  died  m 
1B33,  and  left  two  millions  of  doUuis  for  the  purpose  o<  erecting  ana 
supporting  the  iimtitution. 

a  Pennsylvania  was  settled  hv  a  colony  of  English  Q.iskcrs  or 
Friend  under  the  gui.lunco  of  William  Pcnn,  whoso  liU;ral  views  in 
government  and  religion,  and  just  poliev  towards  the  ""I'V'^".  """""J 
the  proHprrity  of  the  colony,  and  preserved  peace  for  many  yeurs  belwctn 
the  Indians  and  white  setlliTS. 

9.  This  itatn  acted  a  conspicuous  part  in  the  war  of  the  revolution. 


5.  The  works  of  interral   improvement?     What   havo   they  added? 

6.  What  is  said  of  education?  Of  the  numlK.r  of  schools?  7- J-'fa'd 
College?  8.  Who  settled  Ptnnsylvanii.  ?  What  is  said  of  Williain 
Penn  ?    9.  How  did  tlie  statu  act  during  the  revolution? 


IIIV. 

II rr  on  an  rxl'iisivo 
fiM'  ailili  il  ^rrally  to 
wimIitii  pHrls  <>("  llio 
trade  and  cunnnerco 

,is  nil<i|ttcd  in  Pinn« 
nuniU'r  of  h<'Ii>m)I!i 
■sides  nion;  than  (ivo 
\v()  rnivxTHitios,  nino 
cndcniii's  in  the  state. 


'Iiilnilrlpliiii,  wm  endowed 
cplicn  (lirard,  who  died  in 
1!  purpose  of  erecting  and 

r  of  English  Qnakcrt  or 
in,  wlioso  lil.cral  viewa  in 
vnrdH  the  natives,  ciiiured 
ce  for  many  ycura  between 

the  war  of  the  revolution. 


What  havn  they  added  ? 
jer  of  BchoolK  ?  7.  (iirard 
What  in  Hiiid  of  Williain 

revolution  7 


I'KN.NHVLVANIA. 


l.'iJ 


Il  w  an  ill  her  i  liicriiiy  llmt  jrldrlmiM  dnl.ir.ilion  wan  inadi',  w  hirli  ni'tirlrd 
iiiid  pluccd  on  n  mirc  liaalii  llir  ijvil  mid  iHililicat  ri/flita  oriiiiiiikilid,  und 
loriiit  d  a  new  era  in  the  hiviury  ut'  tliu  wt'rid. 


10.  Murri'tliiiri;,  (ho  ivp'il.il  nf  thn  Ntuti',  In  pIciiHiuitly  Nitiiiitrd  na  tho 
eniit  li.iiili  lit'  till'  SiiHi|iiiliiiiitiu  river.  Il  coiitiiiim  the  Htutu  eupitiil,  and 
other  pillihi!   lii|ilillli;rN.  , 

It.  Pliiludi  Ipliia  Ih  mil!  iiC  tlie  iiioit  ri'!;iil:ir  niid  IniiiUniiii'ly.hiiilt 
citiin  ill  Aiiiirieii,  It  HtinKJii  mi  tlii'  wext  li.i:il(  iil'  llii!  iKiiMurv  river, 
mitt  liiMilreil  iiiili :«  I'riiiii  tlie  hen,  mid  in  inli'il  liir  tlie  cleuiihiiiii*  of  the 
■IreetH,  and  the  mut  a|>|ir.iraiiee  ol'tliu  liiiildiii|;H, 

Vi.   In  iiiamiru('lurP'<,  i(  n  the  lirHt  ejly  in  t' 
cniniiiereu  iH  in  ii  highly  tlmirlnliiii^r  cmi 
the  WeHlLTii  Slntex  Imh  hicmiie  very  i    l>    «' 
(oal  eniplnya  iiiaiiy  vi^niieU  uiid  men,  'iiiJ        i 

13.  I'liiluileljihia  ii  celihiiited  an  n  Ken  ni   !<ti. 
wrially  of  niiiliral  neiencc.     The  I'liiverfilv  i  <"  I 


'  Sliiti  i;  and  it* 

mil  triide  with 

|Mirtiilli>ii  of 

t'eapitul. 

i  Heienep,  ea- 

iiiylviiiilii  null  tht) 


Demon  Meclieul  Srhn.il  hiith  eiijny  u  hi;;h  repiltati  >ii.      The  piilihe  uiiil 

Crivato  achnoU  are  niiiiicrou«  and  well  uttciidud  |  and  tho  city  ubounda 
I  benevolent  and  religioua  inslituliona. 


niilai'ii.'l|iliia  Water- Wuriia. 


14.  It  il  alflo  adnrnrd  with  many  hnndaomc  public  buildings,  of 
which  tho  United  Stales'  Kank,  Merchants'  f'xchange,  and  Mint,  uro 

10.  Describe  Ilarrisburg?  It.  What  is  siiid of  Philadelphia  7  For 
what  is  it  noted  7  V-i.  What  is  said  of  its  innnurauturen  7  Conimerco  ? 
Exportation  of  coal  7  13.  For  what  is  IMiilndelphin  celebrated  7  Wlmt 
oro  numerous?    In  what  docs  the  city  aboiu.J  7     14.  With  what  is  it 


J  Sif 


iff'l 


m 


m 

(IT 


Ti.' 


'JH 


134 


DKSCRU'TIVli  onOGRAPHY. 


the  most  cIcKant.  Tl>c  I'l.ilulclpla.  Al.ns-Housc  State  r'^"'t^"',i"y' 
Niival  Asyl-ii".  niul  Oir^rd  C'o!k-c,  all  i.far  the  city,  arc  large  and  in.- 
iiortimt  edifices. 

15.  The  F,.irmou..t  wat.r-works,  on  the  PrhuylkiU*  nvcr  were 
erected  lor  the  puriH.sc  of  HupplyinK  the  city  with  pure  ""d  «'.°h:somc 
water,  which  is  eonvcy.d  iu  pipes,  a.nountn.g  altogether  '»  "«"!"" 
miles  in  length.     .1,000,000  gallons  of  water  are  used  every  M  hours. 

l(i.  The  ship  of  the  line  Pennsylvania  was  huill  "t  the  United  States- 
Navy  Yard,  in  the  lower  part  of  this  city,  and  launehed  ,n  IS-"-  1'"'^ 
vast  ship,  probably  the  largest  ever  constructed,  is  -Ml  feet  long,  and  oi 
deep  ;  carries  140  guns,  and  is  3,300  tons  in  burthen. 

17.  Pittsburg,  situated  at  the  head  of  the  Ohio  river,  is  greatly  dis- 
tinguished  for  its  numerous  inanufuctorics,  and  its  extensive  inland 
trade.  The  surrounding  country  abounds  in  bituminous  coal,  and  the 
eonslautuseof  that  fuel  causes  a  periietuaJ  cloud  of  smoke  to  hang  ovxr 
the  town.  Alleghany  and  Birmingham  are  considered  suburbs  ot  1  itts- 
burg,  and  arc  connected  with  it  by  bridges. 

18.  Lancaster  is  a  flourishing  city,  and  is  situated  in  the  midst  ofn 
rich  and  fertile  country.  Reading,  Easton,  Lebanon, Carlisle,  Pottsvilo 
Reaver,  Wilke8barre,t  and  Erie,  are  all  considerable  towns :  the  la  tor  is 
iinporlant  on  account  of  its  harbour,  which  is  one  of  the  best  on  the  lakes. 


98 


Miip  No.  7.  —What  lK)unds  Pennsylvania  en  the  north ?  Ij-Y. — 
On  the  south  ?  De.,  Md.,  Va.  -  East ?  N.-Y.,  N.-J.  -  N\  est ?  Oo., 
Vn.  —  What  river  separates  Pennsylvania  from  New  .lersey  f  "e-  — 
What  river  flows  into  Chesapeake  Ray?  Sa.- Which  are  Us  two 
chief  branches  ?  Nh.,  Wt.  —  What  livers  nmte  ..t  1  it  sburg ?  Ay.. 
Ma.-Wliat  river  do  they  form  ?  Oo.- What  river  flows  into  to 
Susquehanna  above  Harrisburg  ?  Ja.  -Tc  1  the  lengths  of  the  lore- 
coing  rivers.  —  What  two  rivers  flow  into  the  Delaware  ?  l.h.,  hi.  — 
What  river  flows  into  the  Ohio  below  Pittsburg ?  Br. -How  imny 
miles  is  the  Delaware  navigable  for  steam-boats  ? -What  mountains 
extend  between  Rerks  and  Schuylkill  counties?  Re.->Vhat  moun- 
tains  in  the  centre  of  the  state?  Ay. -  VV hat  two  ridges  ,n  tho 
western  part?  LI.,  Ct— In  which  c°""'y  " /''= '"'';^P'"'^ ' ^u"; - 
Harrisburg  T  Dn.  -  Lancaster  ?  Lr.  -  Pit  sburg  ?  Ay  •  -  What  is 
the  population  of  Philadelphia  ?  -  Lancaster  ?  -Harrisburg  ?  -  Revd- 
■.,.r  ^  -  Easton  ?  -  Erie  I  -  Heaver  ?  -  Pittsburg?  -  What  lake  form, 
the  north-west  boundary  of  the  state  ?  Ee.  -  What  town  on  the  lake 
Kc.  -  In  what  year  was  Rraddoek  defeated  ?  -  In  what  year  were  he 
battles  of  Brandy  wine  and  Germantown  fought?  — When  did  the 
massacre  of  Wyoming  take  place  ? 

adorned  ?  Mention  the  public  buildings  ?  15.  Fairmount  water-works  ? 
10.  Of  the  Ship  Pennsylvania?  17.  Describe  Pittsburg.  1«.  Laiu 
caster.     The  other  towns. 


'diuylKill,  Skool'-kil. 


t  Wilkesbane,  \Vilks'-bar-ry. 


r 
I 

a 

V 
V 

I 


['HY. 

use,  State  Ponitcntiary, 
c  city,  arc  large  and  im- 

Srhuylkill*  river,  were 
fitli  pure  and  wliolesonic 
;  allofether  to  near  100 
e  used  every  24  liours. 
uillattlie  I'niti'H  States' 
liiuiiched  in  1837.  Tliis 
I,  is  -Ml  feet  long,  and  H'J 
urtlitn. 

)liio  river,  is  greatly  dis- 
md  its  cxtcneivc  inland 
bituminous  coal,  and  tlie 
ud  of  smoke  to  hang  over 
nsidcrcd  suburbs  of  Pitts. 

situated  in  the  midst  ofn 
banon,  Carlisle,  Pottsvillo, 
crable  towns:  the  latter  is 
ae  of  the  best  on  the  lakes. 


on  the  north?  N.-Y.— 
,Y.,  N.-J.  — West?  Oo., 
)m  New  .lerscy  ?  De.  — 
ia.  —  Which  arc  its  two 
uiite  i.t  Pittsburg?  Ay., 
k'hat  river  flows  into  the 
1  the  lengths  of  the  fore- 
10  Dcluwarc  ?  Lh.,  SI.  — 
burg  ?  Br.  —  How  many 
oats  ?  —  What  mountains 
ics?  fie. — What  moun- 
What  two  ridges   in  tho 

is  Pliiladelphia?  Pa. — 
ttsburg?     Ay.  — What  is 

?  — Harrisburg  ?  —  Read- 
jburg?  —  What  lake  forms 
—  What  town  on  the  lake  ? 
>  —  In  what  year  were  the 
fought?  — When  did  the 

i.  Fairmount  water-works  ? 
Tibe  Pittsburg.     18.  Laii- 


ilhcsbarre,  Wilks'-bar-ry. 


DELAWARE. 


1.  Delvwake  is  the  smallest  in  iK)pulation,  and,  except 
Rbode  Island,  the  least  in  extent,  of  any  state  m  the  Union. 
Its  general  aspect  is  that  of  an  extended  pluin  mostly  favoui- 
ablo  for  cultivation. 

2  The  chief  iiroducts  arc  wheat  and  Indian  corn,  ot 
which  the  former  is  generally  of  excellent  quality.  Brandy- 
wine  crt«k,  in  the  upi«r  part  of  the  state,  supplies  extcns.vo 
water-power  for  a  number  of  large  manufacturing  establish- 
ments. The  principal  articles  furnislied  by  these,  arc  flour, 
corn-meal,  cotton  and  woollen  goods,  paper,  and  gunpowder. 

3  The  northern  part  of  Delaware  is  the  principal  thorough- 
fare between  the  northern  and  southern  states,  which  is  .iiuch 
facilitated  by  the  Chcsai^ake  and  Delaware  Canal,  and  two 
rail-roads  which  extend  across  it- 

4  Near  Lewistown,  an  important  national  work,tl«!  Delaware  Brenk- 
watr  lias  b«n  erected,  for  the  purpose  of  affording  a  shelter  to  vessels 
Tn  rtorw  weather.  The  work  consists  of  two  ,«ers,  au  ice-breaker 
Tmr^l  aT.d  a  bJe.k.water  2800  fcel  loug.  Tl»  cost  of  Uic  whole  .s 
estimated  at  three  iijillions  of  dollars.  •.,,,» 

5.  Wilmington  is  the  largest  and  most  im,K,rtant  P'='^':  '"  '^%^^^*; 
It  is  a  well-built  and  growing  town,  and  contains  a  Umtcd  htatcs 
5  s  U,    ev  ral  banks,  u  nun.ber  of  churches,  &e.,  and  is  supp hed  w 
waTr  by  works  on  tl.c  Brandy  wiive.     It  has  considerable  trade.  With 
Ton^  manufuctures,  and  sends  several  ships  U,  the  whale  fishery. 

r.  Dover  tlvc  scat  of  govcnunent,  is  siUiatei.'  on  Jones  s  creek,  and 
coniaSs  a  ha^.Zae  State  House.  New  Castle.  (Georgetown,  and 
S^,wrn=^  are  places  of  some  note.  Lewi.town,  near  the  e>.  ranee  to 
DelawiueflV,  ;««'»-■  "W^-^  '^'"^  '"  ^'"  """^  being  ong.nally  settkd 
by  the  Swedes  and  Finns. 

Map  No.  7.- What  state  '-.";>«  D"'--  '^^^H^H^^  ^.^'^^^ 
It^^r  ^ulare'i^;.7Newtr:e^V  De.  _  Wh,.t  Cape  mOic 
solfth  part  of  the  state  ?  Hn.  -  WIm.h  is  the  >no«t  northern  county  ? 
N.-Ce.  —  What  is  the  [wpulation  of  tlie  principal  town  7 

Ddaware.  Q.  -  I.  What   is   said  of  Delaware  ?     2.  What  are  its 
chief  products  ?     3.  What  is  said  of  the  northern  part  ot  the  state 
mat  canalis   n  it  ?     4.  What  is  said  of  the  Delaware  I  reak-water  ? 
TdS  Wilmington.    6.  Dover.    New  Castle,  and  other  towns. 


fl""t 

8]    \     ■ 

J;         t 

l*lt 


It:      ! 


111! 
It. 


136 


DESCRIPTIVE   GEOGRAPHY. 


SOUTHERN  STATES. 

1.  The  Southern  States  comprise  Maryland,  Virn;inia, 
North  Carolina,  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Alabama,  Missis- 
sippi, and  Ixiuisiann.  The  District  of  Columbia  and  tho 
Territory  of  Florida  arc  also  included  in  this  section  of  tho 
Union. 

2.  Tlie  whole  R-gion  e.vtends  from  the  Susquehanna  to  the 
Sabino  river :  its  shores  are  washetl  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean 
and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

3.  On  the  sea-coast,  tho  ground  is  low  and  often  swampy, 
but  sometimes  sandy.  In  the  interior,  the  surface  is  greatly 
diversified,  and  frequently  iiilly  and  mountainous.  The 
highest  elevations  in  the  Atlantic  States  are  found  in  this 
section. 

4.  The  inhabitants  of  tho  Southern  States  arc  chiefly  occu- 
pied in  agricultural  pursuits;  many  of  them  have  large  plant- 
ations, with  numerous  slaves. 

5.  Tho  wealthy  classes  are  generally  well-educated;  possess  culti- 

Smiihern  Stalta.  Q.— 1.  What  do  the  Southern  States  comprise? 
2.  How  far  does  tho  whole  region  extend  ?  3.  What  is  said  of  the  land 
on  tlie  sea-coast  ?  In  the  interior  ?  4.  How  are  the  inhabitants  chiefly 
employed  ?     5.  What  is  said  of  tho  wealtliy  classes  I    What  of  th« 


va 
E 
in 

Si 
t'; 
ti< 

n 
n 

si 

fi 

ii 
c 


I  iiJ 


APHY. 


m^* 


TES. 

I  Maryland,  Virt^nia, 
rgia,  Alabama,  Missis- 
of  Columbia  and  tho 
\  in  this  section  of  the 

he  Susquehanna  to  the 
by  the  Atlantic  Ocean 

low  and  often  s^vampy, 
•,  the  surface  is  greatly 
1  mountainous.  The 
ates  are  found  in  this 

States  arc  chiefly  occu- 
thcni  have  large  plant- 

;H-educated;  poesess  culti- 

ioutlicm  States  comprise  ? 

3.  What  is  said  of  tiie  land 

are  ii-.o  inhabitants  chiefly 

by  cloBBCR  ?    What  at*  tlia 


SOUTHERN    STATES. 


137 


vatcd  mindH,  and  refined  manners ;  and  arc  noted  for  their  hospitality. 
Ediieulion  is  not  no  t;cncral  auion(r  the  i>oorcr  classes  ol  the  pcoi.le  us 
in  the  Middle  and  Eastern  states. 

fi.  Nearly  tlu-  whole  of  tho  cotton  crop  of  the  rnited 
States  is  raised  here ;  which,  with  sugar  and  rice,  is  confined 
to  its  southern  section.  In  tiio  northern,  tho  pnncipal  produc- 
tions are  tobacco,  wiicat,  and  corn. 

7,  Gold  nWinds  in  nearly  all  the  Atlantic  States  of  this 
region ;  but  is  almost  exclusively  confined  to  the  upper  and 
middle  portions  of  the  country.  Tiiis  metal  is  now  so  exten- 
sively  found,  as  to  have  1  come  an  object  of  national  importance, 
a  The  gold  region  embraces  a  great  extent  of  country,  and  reaches 
from  Virginia,  Ihroiigli  North  and  South  Carolina,  and  Ooorgia,  to 
Alabama. 

9.  Branches  of  the  I'niied  States'  :\Iiiit  arc  established  at  Charlotte, 
in  North  Carolina,  and  at  Dahlonega,  in  Georgia,  for  the  purpose  ol 
coining  the  gold  Ibund  here. 

10.  The  population  of  tho  Southern  States  is  chiefly  of 
British  origin.  There  are,  however,  many  descendants  of  the 
French  and  Spanish  colonists,  particularly  m  Louisiana  ana 

Florida.  ,   . 

1 1  The  Negroes,  who  form  about  two-fifths  of  tho  l)npuIation,  consti- 
tute  a  sejarate-clas;.  and  are  mostly  held  in  slavery.  '^'- '"•''''-.;X: 
nearly  all  emigrated  west  of  the  Mississippi  river.  A  few  bcmmolc^ 
Btill  remain  in  Florida. 

Map  No.  4. -Which  is  the  larRest  division  of  the  So.Uhern  States? 
V„  The  smallest?  S.-C  — Which  is  the  most  northern  ?  \«.— 
Sutler??"  ^S-Easlern?  N.-C.  -  Western  ?  U. -Which  div. 
Bions  border  on  the  Atlantic  Ocean  ?  Md.\  a.  N..C.S..C.,^n^« 
-Which  border  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  .'  Aa.,  M..,  L. .,  T^- "T  ™ 
state  is  divided  by  Chesapeake  Bay  mo  two  parts  ?  "  '.-^V  ha  'er 
ritory*  has  a  coast  both  on  the  Atlantic  ocean  and  the  Gull  of  Mexico 

poorer  classes  ?  6.  What  is  said  of  the  cotton  crop  ?  Of  o'l'"  Pf":'"^; 
Tns  7.  Where  does  gold  abound  ;  What  '-"V^hTun  ted  S^a  ' 
d^s  the  gold  region  embrace  ?     U.  What  is  said  of  tl.-.  United  States 

^\"d.\vhat  is  said  of  the  population  ?  It.  Of  the  Negroes  ?  Of  the 
Indians  ? 


~Tti,o  •IWritoriei  of  tho  United  Slates  are  of  two  kinds,  organlMid  and  iin- 
orS^'d     Tl^  tot  "'e  ^oMcd  by  white  inhabitant.,  but  eontain  a  popula- 


V    P 


l^JBM 


Il  H 


f'vl 


138 


nR^CRIPTIVR  GEOGRAPIIV. 


Fa.  —  Till-  Simdicrii  StatcH  extend  frnm  Intitudu  40),  lo  94  drgrccn. 
How  iiiaiiv  (It'ii iTcs  i>f  latitude,  llien,  do  tliry  roiii|irise  /  They  extend 
fVfun  loripitiiil>;  '-i  drjrnes  etist  I'roni  Washington,  to  17  west.  What 
ninount  of  lonjritudu  do  tliry  include  1 


102 


liJBibardnicnt  of  Fort  M'tlviiry. 
MARYLAND. 

1.  Makyland  is  more  irregular  in  its  outline  than  any 
state  in  tli<;  Union,  and  is  divided  by  Chesajreake  Bay  into 
two  sections,  which  are  called  the  Eastern  and  Western 
Shores. 

2.  In  agriculture,  manufiicturcs,  and  commerce,  this  State 
holds  a  re.specfablo  rank.  Flour  and  tobacco  arc  the  staple 
productions.  Of  the  Ibriincr  article,  more  than  500,000  bar- 
rels have  been  inspected  in  Baltimore  in  one  year. 


Maryland.  Q.  —  I.  How  is  Maryland  divided  7    3.  Wliat  is  said  of 

lion  of  less  thnn  60,000.  On  ntlnining  that  nutnlwr,  the  people  of  a  territory, 
by  receiving  the  sanction  of  Congress  iu  that  eflTect,  may  elect  a  governor 
and  representatives  tu  the  National  Ix!gislature,  similar  to  the  other  states. 
Florida,  Wisconsin,  nnd  Iowa,  are  the  organized  territories.  Missouri,  Ore- 
gon, and  the  Indian  Territory  are  inhabitetl  by  Indians  only,  and  are  unor- 
ganized. The  last  IS  |)eopled  chiefly  by  the  emigrant  tribes,  who  are  go- 
Terned  by  their  own  chiefs,  under  the  superintendence  of  the  goverrmentof 
the  United  iSlates. 


IRAPIIV. 

ntitudu  "lOJ  lo  24  drijrci'ft. 
y  roiii|irisc  '  They  extend 
ingtoii,  to  17  west.     What 


'Uciiry. 


in  its  outline  than  any 

y  Cliesa|X3akc  Bay  into 

Eastern   and  Western 

id  commerce,  this  State 
tobacco  are  the  staple 
nore  than  500,000  bar- 
in  one  year. 

idcd  7    3.  WImt  is  said  of 

ilwr,  the  people  of  a  territory, 
eflfect,  may  elect  a  governor 
E,  similar  to  the  other  states. 
cU  territories.  Missouri,  Ore- 
I  Indians  only,  and  are  unor- 
emigrant  tribes,  who  are  go- 
indence  of  the  goverrment  of 


MAllYL.XND. 


139 


3.  Tlio  cliief  minoral  products  arc  iron  and  coal.      The 

first  is  l!) 1  ii>  viirioiis  parts  of  the  State;  tiic  last  occurs  in 

the  \vo.st<!rn  jiart  chidly. 

4.  'I'liis  St.iti-  ttiiH  (ictikd  hy  a  Imdy  of  Uotnan  Catholics  under  Lord 
niiltiniorc,  whose  w  ise  and  lib.;r;il  (roviriiincnt  uttractud  cniip rants  from 
nil  .pi.il ters.niiJ  temlcd  gie.itly  lo  the  early  growth  and  prosl)crity  ot 
the  colony. 

5.  nultimorn  is  tlie  third  city  in  the  l.'nion  in  population.  It  is  uitu- 
uted  ab  nit  200  niilos  from  the  sea,  and  imsscssca  un  extensive  loreign 
and  (l-jinestic  trade,  and  is  the  greatest  flour  niaiiict  in  tho  world. 

6.  The  puhlic  l)uil(lin<jH  arc  numerous,  and  many  of  them  handsome 
specimens  of  arehilecturo.  The  K.xehange,  the  Uoiniin  Catholic  fatlic- 
dral,  and  the  Buttle  and  VVasliini-ton  Monuments,  are  among  the  prin- 
cipal. 'I'hc  latter  is  tlie  finest  structure  of  the  kind  in  the  country.  It 
is  a  Doric  column,  110  feet  in  height,  and  20  Ibct  in  diameter  at  tho 
bottom;  on  the  top  is  a  coloswil  stilue  of  tho  Fatlier  ol  his  Country. 
Several  important  rail-roads  centre  in  Baltimore,  wliicli  add  greatly  to 
its  trade. 

7.  For*  M'tlciiry,  a  sliort  distance  ticlow  ilio  city,  commands  tho  en- 
trance  to  the  harbour.  It  was  boiiiburded  by  a  numb,  r  of  British  ships 
of  wor,  in  181-t;  but  being  bravely  deiendcd,  the  assailants  were  forced 
to  retire. 

8.  AnnaiK-lis  is  the  capital  of  Maryland.  It  is  situated  on  Severn 
River,  three  miles  from  Clicsapeaki!  Bay.  The  State  House  is  .i  hand- 
eome  building,  in  which  the  old  Clongress  held  some  of  their  sessions. 

!).  Frederick  City  i?,  in  point  of  wealth,  elegance,  and  population,  tho 
second  place  in  the  state.  Ilagerstown  and  Williamsport  arc  thriving 
towns. 

^fap  A'b.  7.  -  What  bounds  Maryland  on  the  north  ?  Pa.  —  South 
and  w'est  '  Va.  —  Kast  ?  De.,  A.-On.— What  bay  and  river  divide  Ma- 
rvland  into  two  sepiirat.^  parts?  Co.,  S:i.  —  What  river  separates  it 
from  Virginia  ?  I'c.  — Whnl  rivers  flow  into  tUiesapcake  Bay  on  tho 
1  t  side  ?  C;k.,  Ne.,  Pe.  What  rivers  on  the  west  side  ?  Pt.,  Pc  — 
\ ,  iiieh  is  the  most  ciislern  county  ?  Wr.  —  The  most  western  ?  Ay. 
Ill  which  county  is  Baltim.)rc  ?  Be.  —  In  which  is  Annapolis  ?  A.-AI. 
—  What  is  the  population  of  Baltimore  ?  (Jf  Frederick  City  7  Ol 
Ilagerstown  ?  Annapolis  7  Easton  7  In  what  year  was  the  battle 
of  North  Point  tbught  ?  Of  Bladcnsburg?  Of  Havre  de  Grace? 
What  mountains  extend  through  the  western  part  of  the  state  7     Ay. 


tho  agriculture,  manufactures,  and  commerce?  3.  Wha  arc  the  chief 
mineral  products  7  4.  By  whom  was  Maryland  first  settled  >  What  is 
said  of  this  government !  5.  Describe  Baltimore.  6.  Its  public  build- 
ings. Tho  Washington  Monument.  7.  What  is  said  of  lort  -M  Henry  I 
8  Describe  AnnaiKilis.    9.  Frederick  City,  and  other  towns. 


HO 


'    'i 


DRSC.ilU'TlVli  GllOGIlAl'IIV. 
103  


View  ill  Washington. 
DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 

1.  The  District  of  Columbia  is  a  territory  often  miles 
square,  under  the  immediate  governinent  of  Congress.  It  is 
divided  into  Wasliiii^ton  and  ..icxnndria  Counties,  and  con- 
tains the  Cities  of  Wasliington,  Georgetown,  and  Alexandria. 

2.  It  lies  on  both  sides  of  the  Potomac  river,  and  was 
ceded  by  the  States  of  Virginia  and  Maryland  to  tlic  United 
States  in  1790.  It  is  about  110  miles  from  the  mouth  of  the 
river,  and  nearly  200  froni  the  sea. 

3.  TliP  City  of  Wasliinfclon,  the  Capital  of  tlie  United  Stairs,  was 
laid  out  in  17!)1,  under  tlic  suporintcnJrneo  of  the  distiiiKuiHlicd  man 
wliose  name  it  tioars  ;  and  in  the  year  1800,  tlic  seat  of  government 
was  chaiifjcd  from  Philudil|ihia  to  tills  place. 

4.  Waf'hin.^lon  is  the  reHideneoofthc  Prosidont  of  the  United  Slates, 
and  tlio  oUicr  chief  executive  ofliterH  oi*  the  (iciioral  Government,  aUo 
of  the  ditTereiit  foreijjn  ministers  sent  to  this  country. 

5.  The  National  Congress  nicety  iicrc  in  the  Capitol  every  year  on  tho 


Dintrkt  of  Cnhimhin.  Q.— 1.  What  is  the  District  of  Columbia  ? 
How  is  it  divided?  What  dnrs  it  contain  ?  2.  By  what  states  was  it 
ceded?  At  what  time  ?  ,1.  What  is  the  City  of  Washiiiffton  ?  When 
was  it  laid  out  ?  When  was  the  Government  removed  here  ?  4.  Who 
resides  in  Washington  ?    5.  What  body  meets  here  ?    What  Court  ? 


first 

its  I 

Wu 

6 

35J 

Sen 

ceil 

7 

CO 

larf 

woi 

'J 

Ro( 

wit 

wl< 

wii 

1 

aiK 

sot 

is: 

th( 

of 
an 


of 


;:iAi>iiY. 


niSTRICr  OF  COLUMOIA. 


141 


UMBIA. 


a  territory  of  ten  miles 
lent  of  Congress.  It  is 
tlria  Counties,  and  con- 
gcfown,  and  Alexandria. 
Potomac  river,  and  was 
Maryland  to  tlio  United 
js  from  the  mouth  of  the 

ul  of  tlie  United  Stiitrs,  wiis 
^0  uC  the  distiiiiriiiNliL'd  innri 
:*00,  the  seat  of  govcrniiiciit 

CO. 

roBidont  of  the  United  States, 
10  (ieiieral  Gavcmnicnt,  alsu 
lis  country, 
the  Capitol  every  year  on  tho 


s  the  District  of  Cohinil)ia  ? 
?  2.  By  what  Btalcs  ^as  it 
["ity  of  Washiiiffton  ?  When 
lent  removed  licre  ?  4.  Who 
meets  here  ?     What  Court  ? 


first  Monday  in  DocmmIkt,  and  the  S,.,.ren.e  Federal  tourt  also  holds 
5'  unmml  sessioiiH  in  this  eity.  UurinR  the  sessions  ol  C  onKreB*. 
Washington  is  thionK-d  with  visiters  from  all  parts  ol  the  world. 

6  TheCpit..!  is  «  lar^re  and  nr.iK.iifie.nt  l.n.ldni(r  of  white  frees  one, 
35'"foe  l-mLsiii  th.^  ^-I'ai''  "f'l  cross,  with  the  KepreHcntat.ve»  lljill  and 
SenaW  CliuH.Ur  in  the  two  wings,  and  a  Bpaeioan   Rotunda  m   th« 

'"'TtUc  Representatives'  Hall  \n  .cmi-circulir,  M  feet  in  length,  and 
60  in  height,  lighted  from  the  lop,  and  adorned  with  a  . ,.  lonnade  ol  pi- 
Ur"fJoutilui!y''poi.Hhcd.     it  i.  one  of  the  most  elegant  halU  ,»  tlie 

'"  Tit  Senate  Chamter  is  of  tlie  same  shape,  and  74  feet  loi^.  The 
Ro  unda  is  90  feet  in  dian.eter,  an.i  is  %  feet  to  the  lop  of  the  dome 
w  th  1  It  is  all  of  marble,  and  tlie  floor  is  ham  soniely  paved,  fo 
whoulhasamost  grand  and  im,K,sing  clloet.  The  centre,  and  each 
wing,  ore  surmounted  with  domes. 

8  The  President's  House,  built  of  white  freestone,  on  an  emmcnca 
aitTmile  a.d  a  ha.f^w^  J^  ^^^S  St^  iKt^iil 
^;:^^^o2Z::;;rrrif.\^c.  side  are  the  omees  lor 
tlie  State,  War,  Navy,  and  Treasury  Departments. 

9  Alexandria,  on  the  Virginia  side  of  the  Potomac,  six  miles  south 
of  WashSn"ha8  a  considerable  trade  in  l!.ur  and  tobacco.  George- 
in,  separ'LU  from  Washington  by  Rock  Creek,  .s  a  thr.vmg  place, 
and  has  some  commerce. 

Map  No.  7. -On  what  river  is  Wasliington  ?  Pc-On  which  side 
is  Tl  E  -On  which  side  is  Georgetown  ?  E.  -  A lexandrm  ?  W. 
1  What  s  the  ,K,pulation  of  each  of  these  places  ?  '1  '«  '"S'^**  P"J* 
^thc  Dilfrict  is  on  the  Maryland  side  of  the  river,  and  forms  Wash- 
bgS  County!    That  on  the  other  side  forms  Alexandria  County.  . 

VIRGINIA. 

1  Vinr.iNiA  is  tho  lar<Tost  state  in  the  Union,  and  was  the 
first*  settled'  of  the  English  Colonies ;  from  Nvliich  c.rcum- 
stance  it  is  often  called   "  the  ancient  dominion. 

Tiny  eminent  men  were  natives  of  V.rgm.a;  among 


Surrumlcr  or  Lunl  t'oriiwalliii. 

8.  Tliis  state  is  traversed  \>y  the  Alleij;li:iny  Moiinluins  ami 
the  nine  Hiili;e.  The  numtry  cast  (if  the  latter  is  generniiy 
level,  while  the  western  division  is  hilly  and  nnnnitaincuKS. 

4.  The  prixluetions  nl'  the  north  aiid  the  south,  Wiieaf,  eot- 
ton,  and  tobaeco,  are  all  raisetl  here.  Indian  corn  is  (dso 
extensively  cultivated.  Ciold,  coiiper,  lend,  iron,  coal,  and 
salt,  abound.  Ktncral  companies  are  at  present  employed  in 
working  the  goldmines. 

G.  The  mineral-springs  of  Virginia  are  relohralcd  for  their 
medicinal  properties,  and  arc  much  resorted  to  during  the 
summer  season.  The  ]>rincipal  of  these  are,  the  Warm,  the 
Hot,  and  the  White  Sulphur  springs. 

0.  Several  imporiar.t  rr.iUroads  and  canals  arc  already 
finished  in  this  state,  and  others  arc  advancing  townriia 
completion.  By  these,  transportation  and  travelling  will  be 
rendered  easy  through  a  large  portion  of  the  state. 

7.  Vir(riiiia  was  nninn|r  tlic  lending  Btiitvs  timi  dinliii^riiislird  tlum. 
selves  during  tlic  Revolutionary  war.  In  the  year  I7H1,  tlio  siege  and 
surrender  of  Yorktown  took  plaec — when  I  ord  Cortuv.iilis  and  liiH 
iirniy  were  made  prisoners  of  war ;  an  event  that  dceiilid  tlie  hillicrto 
doubtful  contest,  and  secu'  ;d  tlic  independence  of  tlic  United  States. 


of 
riv 
nil 
n( 
tin 
at< 
an 

is 
Im 
A 
in 


U 
n 
tl 
t< 
t 
1 

V 

r 

t 
1 


in  Virginia  ?  4.  What  urc  the  prodnrtions  ?  Wiint  is  said  of  gi.ld,  &c.  ? 
5.  Of  the  Mineral  .Springs  .'     C.  Rail-rouds  ?     7.  Wliat  was  Virginia? 


4V^ 


VIKOINIA. 


149 


iAi 


'■■4vvr 


iwallin. 

,il<><^li:iiiy  Muiinluiiis  and 
f  tiv.!  latler  is  ij,enrnilly 
lly  and  nminitaindiis. 
lid  tin;  soutli,  Wiiinif,  cot- 
0.  Indian  corn  is  also 
r,  lead,  inm,  coal,  and 
J  at  present  employed  in 

I  are  r elobralcd  for  their 

resorted  to  during  the 

liesc  are,  tlie  Warm,  the 

and  canals  arc  already 
arc  advancing  t(nMirii8 
1  and  travelling  will  be 
n  of  the  state. 
t<.'s  thai  (liiiliii(riiislir(l  tlicrri' 
he  year  I7H1,  tlio  siege  mid 
n  lord  Cortuv.illis  and  Ids 
lit  tlint  decided  the  hilhertu 
ciicu  of  tlio  United  States. 


?  What  is  said  of  pr.ld,  &c.  ? 
?     7.  Wliat   was  Vir{jiiiia? 


ft.  Tlic  Natural  Bridtfo 
over  Ciidar  I'reek,  a  Biiiull 
Ktrcoin  riiiiiiing  intii  .Tainc» 
river,  roiisiHtH  of  nn  eiior- 
moiis  chaHiii,  WO  tiet  ill 
depth,  nearly  |)er|ieiidieular, 
througli  whieh  the  ereek 
jiiiBiioH.  A  liuije  rock  iH 
thrown  neriMfi  the  chamii  at 
the  to|i,  liiriiiini;  a  i.atural 
bridjje  till  I'eet  in  widtli,  and 
covered  with  soil  and  tree*. 
9.  Richmond,   the  capital 

of  the  Mtiito,  KtaniJH  on  James 

river,   110    niilcH    from    iU 

month,     it  IH  Burronndod  liy 

a  fertile  («iuntry,  and  has  a 

Nourishing  trade.  Its  exiKirts 

ate    wiieat.    Hour,    tobacco, 

and  eoaU. 

II*-  '.'',''''i;VV'"''"''r"r„f                   Natural  m..^...  Virginia. 
;:.^3-mo  :rZ";*n"c:;nmoroc  than  any  other  town  in  the  state 
At  liosport    in  I'ortsinouth,  op,H.Hite  to   Norfolk,  is  one  of  the   luo-t 
imiiortant  Navy-Yurds  of  the  United  States. 
10.-,  

11.  Petersburg,  FrederickBlmrg,  and  Lynchburg,  arc  each  i'"!"';*""' 
towns.  Wheeling,  on  the  Ohio,  is  the  channel  ol  a  great  deal  of  busi- 
nZ  Yorktown  is  celebrated/or  the  surrender  of  I,..id  t  "r.^a  .»  to 
the  combined  American  and  French  armies,  under  (.eiieral  Washing- 

n  cCottesville  is  the  seat  of  tlie  University  of  Virginia.  Moi.t.cello 
two  miles  from  this  place,  is  noted  for  having  been  the  residence  of 
Thomas  Jefferson,  President  of  the  United  States. 

12.  In  Westmoreland  county,  on  the  Potomac  is  shown  t he  Rjx.t 
whoro  Washington  was  born.  The  house,  which  stood  about  ball  a 
mt  froLr  rr  ver,  is  now  in  ruins.  A  simple  stone  with  the  iiiseri,.- 
lion,  "Here,  on  the  11th  of  February,  1732.  (J«oroe  W*sni.N.roN  wa. 
Imrii  "  dcsierites  the  consecrated  sjiot.  .     „  „ ,, 

13  Far  her  up  the  river,  eight  miles  below  Alexandria,  is  Mount 
Vernon  t  e  for^fer  residenc^  of  that  great  and  good  man.  Here  repose 
his  mortal  remains,  which  have  recently  been  de,K,sited  within  a  beau- 
tiful sarcophagus,  the  offering  of  private  munificence. 
What  is  said  of  Lord  Cornwallis.  &c.?  S.  Describe  the  Natr;al 
Ilridirr     <)    Richmond.     10.  Norfolk,  &c.  .,..,.  i 

1  Vtersburg,  and  the  other  towns.  For  what  s  Yorktown  eel- 
cbrat^-d?  Of  Charlottesville?  12.  Where  was  Washington  born? 
13.  Where  is  Mount  Vernon,  &.C.? 


144 


DKStRlPTIVE   GEOGRAI'HV. 


flfa/i  Nn.  4.  —  Wliat  iKmn.ir.  Virg iiiiii  "n  the  norlli  f  Tum  MJ.  —  On 
tlic  ..  uth  I  N..ra.  -  Kn.t  •  A,.(  >n.  -  Wr.t  ?  Oo..  Ky.  -  \V  hat  r.j..r 
qmratc.  Vir«inia  Iron,  Ohio  '  0„._  Which  from  Maryhnd  7  c 
-What  river  nn.l  inoiint..ii«  fr-.tn  Kr.,tucky  ?  "-f^y- '^''•- ^^'"" 
two  rniiKei  of  im.iiiituiiin  ixltiid  thr..ii({h  Virginia  ?  Ay.,  U-Kc  — 
How  long  and  hiRh  ur«  the  AilcRhony  MounUuim  / 

Man  No  7  —What  liny  w'puratcii  thu  two  ;aBtcrn  counlica  from  tho 
ro.t  of  tht'.talo  I  ('.•.  -  What  two  Capo,  ut  tl  o  cnlranno  of  Cliena. 
.Make  Hay?  (>..  Ily.  -  In  what  county  ih  Uiclimond  7  "«•-»" 
which  i.  Norfolk  7  Nk.  -  I.vnchhnrK  f  (I.  -  W  he.  liiifr  ()o.  - 
I'.lrr.burB  '  Do.  — In  which  county  i»  Waitliinnrton  »  hirth-placo  f 
Wd.  — Mount  V,rnon?  Fx.-Thc  TnivcrMty  ofVirKinia7  Ac  — 
In  what  year  did  Cornwallis  mirrcndcr  .'  -  What  lour  river,  flow  into 
cLapcaL  Way  7  Pc.  Rk..  Yk..  J».  -  Tell  the  Ungth  ot  each.  -  On 
what  river  i.  Richmond  7  Jn.- IVtcr-lmrg  ^x.- Lynchburg  7  J.. 
—  Yorktown7  Yk.  —  Fredcrick«bur{r  ?  Rk.  —  W  heelinK  7  Oo. - 
tniarleaton  7  Ka.  —  See  Map  U.  —  A  vast  quantity  of  aalt  u  manulac 
t^red  at  thii  place. 


100 


Making  Tar. 

NORTH  CAROLINA. 

1.  North  Carolina  is  an  extensive  but  thinly  peopled 

State.   The  country,  for  mon;  than  sixty  miles  from  theriwst, 

iH  a  low,  sandv  plain,  intersected  with  many   swamps  and 

inlets  from  the  sea,  and  covered  witii  extensive  pine  forests. 

North  Carolina.    Q.  — 1.  What  i«   North  Carolina?    Doicribe  tho 


I 


A.>*.\ 


RAI'IIY. 

Iho  mirth  /  Pu.,  Mil.  —  On 
t?  Oo.,  Ky.  —  What  rivur 
liich  from  Marylund  7  Vc 
icUy  ?  »..Hy.,tU— Whut 
I  Virginia  f  Ay.|  D.-Re.  — 
ntniiiii ' 
vo  ja»tcrn  counlici  from  tlio 

lit  tl'o  cnlronco  of  Chewi. 

p  iH  Uichmond  7     Ho.  —  In 

(•|._VVhiiliM(f  7     (to.— 

I  WaBliiniTton'i  hirlh-placo  I 

(TKity  of  Virginia  7     Ac.  — 

What  four  rivora  flow  into 
;ll  the  U  nglh  of  each.  —  On 
J  '     Ax.  —  Lynuhburg  7  Ji. 

|{|t._VVIittling7     Oo. — 

quantity  of  tall  in  manufac- 


misive  but  thinly  peopled 
si.xty  mill's  from  tliociwst, 
with  iTiuny  swamps  and 
ii  extensive  pine  forests. 

srtli  Carolina?    Doicribe  the 


NORTH  CAROLINA.  ^45 

2    In  the  interior  the  surface  is  varied  and  hilly;  and  on 

Mountain  lK•in^  "^G  fi-cl  in  height. 

•t  The  fine  forests  which  occupy  the  lower  part  of  the 
Stiit'e  f  ..i  ote  of  tlH,  ntost  important  items  ol  .ts  trade. 
p:::tn.'.rt-F"ine.  tar,  pitch,  rosin,  and  lun.hcr.  tn  great 

:'o;rot  and^lr     vln'ooridcred  of  great  naUonal  imporUnce 
taiM  the  ifniversity  of  North  Carolina. 


.•S5.*fi:?:rr^=-?-<^»«''"'--^''" 


Vo.— On 

__  ____         ___  inoun- 

the  

^.iTtu•/i*;.\ar.Sl1iA^'»Spi."^.r.,o.».&. 

and  other  towns?  


10 


*  Raleigh,  Raw'-le. 


1'  f 


I 


I 


1    \ 


I  '■  1 


h 


m 


IH 


I 


un 


l)R«CRIPTIVR  GROORAPIIY. 


tAirm  rxlfintl  lliroujli  iho  wist  |mrl  of  Norlli  Caroliiiii !  Ay.,  n.R.-.  — 
Wliicli  ID  till-  lii({|i..^t  iiuiiiiitain  f  Ilk.—  iluw  liii[li  i«  it '  Wliul  tlirco 
ca|>oi  uit  tlio  coiiHt  I    lid.,  Lt.,  Fr. 


Miip  A«.  7.  — WliJil  two  Noiinilii  ill  Nnrlli  Ciirolina  ?  Ac,  To.— IFmw 
|nii)r  arr  Ih.y  7  WIihI  two  rivcrH  ll.iw  into  AllMiiuirli'  S.<iiii(l  I  IJi ., 
<■"•  —  ^Vhii'li  two  iiild  riiinlico  SoiiikI  I  Tr,,  No.—  In  what  (lircc'JNii 
do  llif  ('u|><'  Kiiir,  LiiiiiIht,  Yiiilkin,  and  t'litawLNi  rivcm  tlow  t  How 
loiijf  arc  they  f     Iluw  far  aro  (  howuri,  Hoiinokr,  Tar,  and  Cuim  Fimt 


riviTH  navi({iilili-,  uiul  for  wliilt  kind  of  vciihi'Im  >    I'low  I'imny  iidiabitaiiU 
,  Fayctti'vilic,  KnlriKti,  ( 'liarlotlc,  and  Kdi  n- 


Imvo  Wilinin|{toii,  Nowbcrn.  _  ..^. , ^,., 

Ion  '  In  vvlittt  couiiliu*  aro  tlio  foricoinif  inwni.  '  N.IIr.,  ("n.,  (M., 
Wc,  Mg.,  Cn.  — In  what  county  i»  tlic  lIiiivrrHity  of  North  t'aroliim  I 
Oc.  —  In  what  year  wuh  the  bulllo  of  (;uilford  Courl-llouiiu  foujjhl  / 


107 


•aitia  of  Kutiw  Spring!. 

-    I'TII  CAROLINA.  ,   "' 

!•  T''"*<<Mfc«'  nearly  in  the  form  of  a  triangle  bctwrrn 
North  Carmmtmm  Georgia.  It  is  alwut  linlf  the  size  of  the 
latter,  and  »  similar  to  the  adjoining  states  in  climate,  soil, 
and  prwluK-fions. 

-'.  Cowon  is  tli«  great  staple  of  South  Carolina ;  but  rire, 
tolwcfo,  tat,  pitch,  turpentine,  and  lumber,  arc  also  amongst 

South  Carolina.  Q.  —  1.  What  ig  snid  of  this  state  7     Flow  doca  it 
eotnpare  with  Georgia  7     2.  Wliat  is  the  great  staple  ?     What  arc  its 


lAPIIY. 

Cariiliiiii '     Ay.,  n.-Iti',  — 
w  IiIkIi  i«  it '     Wtiut  tlirtu 


CnriiliriA  ?  Ar.,  Po. —  IFuw 
I  AllM'iiiiirli'  Siiiiriil  I  lir., 
r.,  Nil. —  111  wlmt  ilircT'iiiii 
iBwba  rivcm  tidw  I  llotv 
^okf,  Tar,  anil  Ciijifl  Fimt 
N  !  iliiw  iiiuny  iiilmbitaiiU 
li'iKti,  I 'hurliitli',  mill  Kili  ii. 
Inwiih  '  N.llr,,  Cm.,  (M., 
vrmity  of  Norlli  t'aroliim  I 
rd  Cuurt-lluUMi  tiiuglil ' 


1  of  a  triangle  bctwcvn 
out  half  tho  sizo  of  tlic 
states  in  clinitttc,  soil, 

th  Cnrolina;  but  rice, 
bcr,  urc  also  amongst 

this  state  7  flow  dooi  it 
lat  staple  ?     Wlmt  arc  its 


HOI!TH  CAllOMNA. 


117 


t 


ilH  proilurlM.     Wlirut,  Inilian  com,  aii.l  iiuligo,  aro  rulHt'il  lor 
lioiiio  ci)i>.Hiuiii>tii>n. 

M.  Tin- i-oinin<'r<;c  is  f.xl<'niivi>  and  valiial.lr.  It  ci  insists 
ill  111.-  .xport  i.r  a.^rirtiliuml  |.ru.lii.tH  of  llm  slat.smu  ..I 
l,,rn.M,.mniitirs..rth.moniiHf.l  iii(loor^;iFiiuui  Nortii  (  amlma. 

,»'  'n,..  Cln.rl.  .1.-1.  Hii.l  llii.i.l.nr),  ri.il.ro...l,  i:ili  mil'- '•' l.;"i;«l'.;'<"no 
of  111.'  Kf"""'  «"rl*»'"l'<li>'  >""''  y-'  i"'i"«""^^'' •'.  "'"'  '""•  "''■"'"'y 
t;rrally  Ih.ih  I'lli  il  Hi'!  trade  iif  t'liiirk^nton. 

r»  The  wliiir  r.si.li'iits,  csiiiriiiiiy  of  llic  lower  and  middle 
wvtions  of  tho  staf,  are  .•hielly  wealthy  i.latU.rH,  vvh...  m 
general,  iiave  lur^e  incomes,  and  arc  diblmguHhcd  lor  their 
intelligence  and  relinenu-nt. 

(i  »..ulli  (•arolii.a  wns  i.a  ill..Hlrioa»  iictor  and  m.trcrcr  in  tho  war  of 
iu.lrpra.lt.nc.-.     Il.r  .uiiilul  wan  lor  u  conMd.ralil.;  iMTuid  i,.  ,K,.«HHi.,n 

•  Imcrn'myi  and  the  liuttliH  of  tli.  ^^.^^H•,^.,  Ui.ib'h  Mo.u.tiun,  and 
I'utaw  SiiriMKH,  w.ro  lui.oaf;  tho  .uohI  in.i«.rtunl  thai  tooli  place  during 
Ihc  revolulioniiry  coiilcKt. 

7  ChnrlfHton  Ih  tlir  principal  city  of  South  Curoimn,  and  tho  largcHt 
in  the  Atlantic  Hlales  south  of  the  rotoinnc  riv.r.  lu  coinmtrco  ih  con- 
Iciable,  and  i«  aiim.ully  incrcaning.  The  citizen,  are  noted  lor  their 
liotipitahty  and  urhanity.  ,    ,    ,  .  .       .      ■„ 

8.  Columbia,  tho  capital  of  tho  ntat*-,  is  regularly  laid  out,  with  very 
,vido  .iceu,  and  in  k  neatly  huilt  town.  (ieorKetown.  oiOV  inyaw 
Kcamde.i.onthcWutereo  river,  and  lIumburK.  on  tho  Suvaimah, 
opiiositc  to  Auguist.^,  are  amongnt  tho  principal  town,  of  tho  «tuto. 

Map  No.  8.  —  Wliat  lioundH  .South  Carolina  on  the  north  7  N.X'a.  — 
On  of«  west '  ( Ja.  _  East  7  A.-On.  -What  river  «parates  it  from 
Oeoraia  7  Sh.  -  What  rivers  flow  into  Winyaw  Ray  7  O.-Pc.,  \V  v. 
_Xt  river  south  of  Winyaw  Bay  7  ^- "  ^h^t  r'ver-  fo  m  tl  o 
Santee  7      Wc,  Cc.  -  Tho   Congaree  7      Sa.,  Dd.  -  What  ri>  ers  llo  y 

•  .  u.  ll„i,.„»  .,.iiiid7  Eo  Ce.  —  What  aro  tho  lengths  of  uU  thu 
ICSngS  s  7-H  I  rSy  milos.  and  for  what  kinds  of  vessels  nro 

ho'wacean  aw,Great  Pcdee,\vateree.  and  ConRarec  ''vers  navigaWo  ? 
_  What  i.  the  population  of  Charleston  ^"O' ^"  "■^'^la? -Cam^^^ 

and  Georgetown  7 -In  what  year  ^^  <"•/''?- 'lY  Tairdf  ICmX 
fi,„„l,t  7  -TCharhston  7  -  Monk^s  corner  ?  -Gates  defeated  /  -  King  s 
Mountain  7  -  Cowpens  7  -  Hobkirk's  Hill  and  Eutaw  Springs  -In 
what  district  is  Charleston  7  Cn.  -  Columbia  7  Rd--t;»X"\  »^^- 
_  Which  is  tho  most  northern  district  7  Sg.  -  Most  soulliern  7  Bt 
—  Eostern  7     Ily.  —  Western  7     Ph. 

other  products  7  3.  What  is  said  of  the  commerce  7  .  f  Of  tho 
cUonand  llnn.burg  rail.road7  •'•/>V'". it^e/^T  Ues  ri£ 
What  was  South  Carolina  in  the  war  of  independence?  7.  UtstritHJ 
Charleston,     b.  Columbiu,  &.c. 


DESCRIl'TIVE  GEOGRAPHY. 

108 


Gold  Mining. 


GEORGIA. 

1.  Geobgia  is,  noxt  to  Virginia,  the  largest  of  the  Southern 
States ;  it  was  tiic  last  settled  of  the  thirteen  original  colonies, 
and  is  now  rapidly  increasing  in  wealth,  population,  and  im- 
portance. 

2.  Tlie  great  staple  of  Georgia  is  cotton,  of  which  the 
annual  crop  exceeds  300,000  bales.  The  other  products  are 
rice,  lumber,  pitch,  tar,  and  turpentine,  which  are  all  exported 
to  a  large  amount.  Some  tobacco  is  likewise  raised  in  the 
northern,  and  sugar  in  th"  r.ouihern  parts  of  the  state. 

3.  The  cotton  is  produced  of  two  kinds,  the  sea  island, 
and  upland.  The  former  is  double  the  value  of  the  other,  and 
is  raised  only  in  small  quantities  on  the  islands  that  lie  along 
the  sea-coast. 

4.  The  principal  mineral  is  gold,  which  is  found  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  state,  and  engages  the  labour  of  numer- 
ous  individuals.  Iron  and  copper  e'so  occur.  Several 
rail-roads  are  now  in  progress  in  this  state. 

Georgia.  Q.  — 1.  What  is  said  of  Georgia  ?  2.  What  is  the  ^reat 
Btaplc  of  the  state  ?  What  is  the  amount  of  the  annual  crop  ?  What 
arc  the  other  producU  ?    3.  Wliut  is  said  of  cotton  ?    4.  What  is  tlio 


I 


PHV. 


rgcst  of  the  Southern 

ecn  original  colonies, 

population,  and  im- 

;otton,  of  which  the 
le  other  products  are 
hich  are  all  exported 
kewise  raised  in  the 
!  of  the  state, 
nds,  the  sea  island, 
ilue  of  the  other,  and 
islands  that  lie  along 

ich  is  found  in  the 
he  labour  of  numer- 
?o  occur.  Several 
late. 

2.  Wliat  is  the  g^reat 
e  annual  crop  ?  What 
ittou  ?    4.  What  is  tho 


FLORIDA. 


149 


k 


I 


5   Savannah  i.  the  chief  commercial  depot  of  Georgia.     ]\  .<>^f'^f 

nah  connects  it  with  Hamburg. 

Columbus,  on  the  Chattahoochee,  and  Macon,  °«  '*'«  O-'-g^'ee^T 
amongst  the  most  flourishing  places  m  Georgia.  Darien,  BrunswicK, 
and  st  Mary's,  on  the  sea-coast,  are  improving  towns. 

Map  No.  8. -What  bounds  Georgia  on  «.e  north?  NXa^-On 
the  south'  Fa.  — East?  S.-Ca.,  A.-On.  —  West ?  Aa.  —  W tiat  river 
lejarate  Georgia  from  South  Carolina  ?  Sa.-What  "v?r  Bepurates  it 
in  part  from  Alabama?  Ce.- What  r.ver  m  part  from  Florida? 
S..MS.  -  What  five  .ivcrs  flow  into  the  Atlaut.e  ocean  ?  Sh  O.  Aa 
Sa  S.Ms.  — What  rivers  form  tho  Alatamaha  ?  Oe.,  Ou— Wiidi 
rWers  form  the  Apalachicola  ?  Ce.,  Ft.-  What  is  the  population  of 
Savannah"  Augusta?  Columbus?  Macon?  In  what  counties  aro 
Ese  t^wns?  ^Cm.,  Rd.,  Me..  Bb.-In  what  county  '«  MiUedge 
vie?  Bn.- To  what  towns  do  steam-boats  ascend  th^S^YT^f/ 
Oconee'  Oemulgec  ?  Chattahoochee  ?  and  Fhnt  rivers  ?  VVhatiB 
Siedistance  of  each  from  the  sea?  Which  is  the  largest  island? 
Cd.  —  What  extensive  swamp  in  Ware  county  !    Uo. 


109 


FLORIDA. 

1  Florid  v  was  for  nearly  200  years  a  Spanish  Province, 
and'was  ceded  bv  Spain,  in  1819,  to  the  American  govern- 
ment. In  181*2,' East  and  West  Florida  were  formed  mto  a 
territory. 

2  The  surface  of  the  country  is  level,  and  not  much  ele- 
vated  above  the  sea.  The  soil  along  the  streams  is  very 
fertile,  and  well  suited  to  the  production  of  cotton,  rice,  to- 

nrincipal  mineral  ?  What  are  the  other  minerals  7  What  is  said  of 
?LT.rrds7  5.  Describe  Savannah,  Milledgeville.  6.  Augusta,  and 
tho   other  towns.  ,  ,  .    .i. 

Florida.  Q.  — 1.  What  was  Florida?  When  was  it^  ceded  to  the 
United  States  7    When  was  it  formed  into  a  territory  ?    2.  What  is  said 


150 


nESCRIPTIVB    GEOGRAPHY. 


bacco,  sugar,  nnd  corn,  (^rangos,  figs,  datrs,  and  pomrgran- 
ntcs,  arc  among  its  fruits.  Indigo  was  at  one  time  extensively 
cultivated,  but  is  now  abandoned. 

3.  But  a  small  part  of  Florida  is  under  cultivation.  It  is 
l)ctter  suited  for  a  grazing  than  an  agricultural  district.  Vast 
herds  of  cattle,  horses,  and  swine,  range  over  its  pastures. 

4.  Live-oak  timber,  so  valuable  in  ship-building,  is  one  of 
the  most  important  products  of  Florida;  and,  with  cedar  logs, 
boards,  scantling,  &c.,  are  cut  to  a  considerable  extent.    Cot- 

;,(i     ji  ton,  and  the  other  products  of  the  soil,  with  hides,  lallow,  and 

bees'-wax,  form  the  chief  articles  of  export. 

5.  The  Seminole  Indians  inhabit  the  Everglcdes,  a  country  in  tho 
soutli  purl  of  the  territory,  covered  with  long  rank  grass,  nnd  frequent- 
ly overflowed  with  water.  From  this  region  tiio  savages  sally  Ibrth, 
and  commit  fearful  murders  and  depredations  upon  the  white  in- 
nnbitants. 

6.  St.  Augustine  is  the  oldest  town  in  the  United  States,  and  is  built 
in  tlip  Spanish  stylo.  Its  climate  is  delightful,  and  it  is  often  resorted 
to  h"  mvalids  in  quest  of  liealth. 

7.  Li'-nsacc,  the  capital  of  Florida,  ia  situated  in  a  healthy  and  fer- 
tile  .  .  It  contains  the  Capitol,  and  several  churches  and  banks. 

1  »»  Apaluchicola,  and  St.  Joseph's,  arc  the  chief  commeicinl 

placBsui  iMiddlo  Honda.     Tliev  are  all  thriving  towns.     Pcnsucola  ia 
important  as  a  naval  station  for  United  .States'  ships  of  war. 

^fap  No.  4.  —  What  bounds  Florida  on  the  north  ?  Ga.,  Aa.,  — On 
the  east  ?  A.-On.  —West  and  south  ?  G.-Mo.  —  What  Ca|)c  is  on  the 
cast  coast  ?  CI.  —  What  Capes  on  the  west  ?  S.-Bs.,  Rs.,  Se.  —  What 
Bays  on  the  west?  Pa.,  Ae.,  Vr..  Ta.,  Cm.- What  are  tho  two 
chief  lakes  ?     Ge.,  Mo. 


Map  No.  8.  —  What  river  separates  Florida  from  Alabama  ?  Po  — 
What  from  Georgia  ?  S.-Ms.  -  What  rivers  flow  into  Pensncola  Hay  J 
Ea.,B..Wr.,  Y.-Wr.— What  into  Choctawhatchie  Roy?  Cc  — Into 
Apalachec  Bay  ?  ()y.,  Oa.  —  Into  Vacassar  Bay  ^  Hv.  —  What  river 
flows  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean  north  of  Sf,  Augu.slii.e  ?  S  -Js  —  What 
into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  at  Apalachicola  ?  Aa.  —  Tell  the  lengths  of 
the  seyen  rivers  that  have  figures  attached  to  Uiem.  —  What  is  the  uoiiu- 
lation  of  Tallahassee?  — St.  Augustine ?— Pensacola ?  — In  what 
counUes  are  these  towns  1     Ln.,  S.Jn.,  Ea. 

of  «ie  surface  of  the  countrv  ?  Of  tho  soil  ?  Of  its  productions  ? 
r  ff  Vi'.".  u  "  l^""  «."iK:d?  4.  What  is  cut  to  a  considerable  ex- 
lent  ?  Which  are  the  chief  articles  of  export  ?  5.  What  is  said  of  the 
Seminole  Indians?  What  do  they  commit?  6.  Describe  St.  Auguiu 
wne.     7.  lailahassee,  and  the  other  towns. 


APHY. 

ilatrs,  nnd  pomrgran- 
t  one  time  extensively 

Icr  cultivation.  It  is 
uitural  district.  Vast 
ige  over  its  pastures. 
iip-builf!ing,  is  one  of 
nnc',  with  cedar  logs, 
lidciable  extent.  Cot- 
itli  liides,  lallow,  and 
lort. 

■glcdes,  n  country  in  tho 
unk  grass,  and  frequent, 
the  savages  sally  Ibrth, 
>ns  upon  the   white  in- 

nitcd  Stales,  and  is  built 
and  it  is  oflen  resorted 

ted  in  a  healthy  and  fer- 
•al  churches  and  banlcH. 
c  the  chief  commercial 
Iff  towns.  Pi-nsucola  is 
ihips  of  war. 

norlli?  On.,  Aa.,  —  On 
—  What  Ca()C  is  on  the 
S..n».,  Rs.,Se.  — What 
u. —  What  arc  tho  two 


roni  Alnhama  ?     Po. 

3W  into  Pcnsncola  Hny  7 
chie  Bay?  (>.  — Into 
ly  ?  St.— What  river 
Lslir.e  ?  .S..Jh.  _:  What 
—  Tell  the  lengths  of 
in.  —  What  is  the  popu- 
Pensacola  ?  —  In    what 


'     Of  its    prorluctions  ? 

ut  to  n  eoiiBiderablc  e.T- 

5.  What  is  said  of  the 

6.  Describe  St,  Augui*. 


I 


Steamboat  loading  Willi  coltoii. 
ALABAMA. 

1.  AtAB-MA  Is  remarkable  <br  its  ^pU  growth  in  popu. 
latioo  wealth,  and  general  prosperity.  In  the  year  1810,  its 
inrbitamfw^^^  mm\u  number;  and  now  the 
State  contains  at  least  filly  times  that  amount. 

2.  Cotton  is  the  chief  agricultural  product;  the  crop  ot 
which  aiTXDunts  in  value  annually  to  a  tout  <'«f " '"'"'O"^.;;^^ 
do  ars  Corn,  the  principal  grain,  is  raised  all  over  the 
state  and  some  tobacco  is  Cultivated  in  tho  northern  counties. 

3  Several  useful  works  of  internal  improvement  have 
been  lately  constructed,  and  others  are  in  a^^l've  progrt-ss. 
¥he  principal  of  the.^  will  connect  the  most  fertile  d'f  nets  m 
the  interior  with  th"  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  add  gi-eatly  to  tho 
wealth  nnd  prosperity  of  the  State. 

4  The  various  rivers  which  traverse  both  the  northern  and 
southern  section  of  Alabama  admit  of  an  extensive  steam-boat 
navigation,  by  which  the  v^bl^roductions  of  the  interior 

Ai  .l^«.n    O  —  1    For  what  is  Alabama  remarkable  ?     How  many 

Alabama.  U-—}-  '^'^J    ,«  „,     |i„.„  ,„„„«  now  7     2.  What  is  the 

inhabitants  were  there  m  1810?     Mow  many  mnv  .     -.  .       ^ 

chief  oroduct  ?     Wliat  are  also  cultivat.id  ?     3.  W  I  at  is  sai     ot  wotks 

of  int^rn^  improvement?    4.  For  whut  ore  Uie  rivers  well  adapted? 


152 


DESCRIf  TIVE  OBOGP  ».r.HY. 


[I  ' 


j'n 


State  arc  conveyed  to  its  great  coniiijercial  markets,  Mobile 
and  New  Orleans. 

5.  The  people  of  Alabama  were  greatly  Imrassed  during  tlio  late  war 
by  tlio  depredations  of  the  Cr-ek  and  Seminole  Indians ;  they  were 
liowevcr,  signally  defeated,  in  several  desperate  engagements  of  wliich 
1  uhoficka  was  the  principal. 

G.  Mobile  is  a  flourishing  commereial  town  at  the  bead  of  Mobile 
Bay ;  it  wat-  the  first  settled  place  in  the  state,  and  is  Iho  chief  dep6t 
tor  Its  produce.  Tuscnloosa,  the  capital,  is  a  town  of  considerable 
trade :  it  contains  the  State  House,  and  Oic  University  of  Alabama. 

7.  Montgomery,  near  the  head  of  the  Alabama  river,  VVetumpka  on 
tho  Coosa,  and  Gainesville  on  the  Tombigby,  all  in  tlw  centre  or'the 
state,  ore  thriving  towns.  Florence,  Tuscu.nbia.  Decatur,  and  Hunts, 
villc,  in  the  valley  of  the  Tennessee  river,  are  each  places  of  some  note. 

3fap  iVb.  8.  —What  bounds  Alabama  on  the  north  ?  Te.— Tho  eait  ? 
t.a.  —  1  he  west  ?  Mi —  What  territory  and  gulf  on  Uie  south  ?  Fa 
Mo.  — What  river  separates  Alabama  from  Florida?  Po.  — What 
river  flows  into  Mobile  Bay?  Mo. -What  two  rivers  form  Mobite 
ri\er  !  ly.,  Aa.— What  rivers  form  the  Alabamr  ■  Ca,  Ta.— What 
river  flows  through  tho  northern  part  of  the  state  7  Te.  —  On  what 
river  is  1  uscaloosa ?  B.-Wr.-How  long  is  the  Tombigby?  Al.ba 
w  C'.os'i?  Tallapoosa?  What  is  the  population  of  Mobile? 
Wetumpka?     Huntsville  ?     Tuscaloosa?     Florence?     Montgomery? 

In    what   county  is  Mobile?      Me.  —  Tuscaloosa ?     Ta Florence? 

.1  T.I    "•"'*'""'' ^    Mn._  VVetumpka?    Ca.  -  How  many  miles  are 
the  following  rivers  navigable  for  stcam-boats  :  viz.  Tennessee  ?     Tom- 

SffiopettuSt?"'     ^''^*''     '"  ""*''  '""  «"'  '^^  '-"'« 


111 


MISSISSIPPI. 

1.  T-jis  state,  like  Alabama,  is  remarkable  for  the  CTcat 
increase  of  its  population.  Emigration  for  the  last  few  years 
has  been  rapid  and  extensive;  and  the  number  of  its  inhabit- 
ants, since  1830,  is  supposed  to  have  been  almost  trebled. 

2.  Cotton  is  the  chief  production  of  Mississippi,  and  it 
employs  nearly  all  tho  industry  of  the  people.  The  crop  is 
about  JoO,000  bales,  winch  is  annually  increasing.     Tobacco 

5.  Byw».'oni   were   the   people   harassed?    What   is  said  of  them? 

ShcMowns.  "'    ^'^'"'^'^     7.  Montgoipery.     Wetumpka  I^d 

Missit^ippi.  Q.  - 1 .  What  is  this  state  remarkable  for  ?    What  hae 

token  place  since  1830.    2.  What  is  the  chief  p:odiicUonT   WhJJ 


».rHV. 

ircial  markets,  Mobile 

asscd  during  tlio  late  war 
nole  Indians ;  they  were, 
0  engagements  of  wiiich 

n  at  (he  bead  of  Mobile 
;,  and  is  lli«  chief  deii6t 

a   town  of  conriderable 
iversity  of  Alabama, 
ma  river,  VVetumpka  on 

all  in  tlw  centre  of^the 
)ia.  Decatur,  and  Hunts- 
lacli  places  of  some  note. 

north?  Te.— The  east? 
gulf  on  tlic  south?  Fa., 
Florida?  Po.  — What 
two  rivers  form  Mobil© 
iamr  '  Ca.,  Ta.— What 
state  ?  Te.  —  On  what 
the  Tombigby?  Alaba. 
population  of  Mobile? 
)f  ence  ?  Montgomery  ? 
JosB  ?  Ta  —  Florence  ? 
—  How  many  miles  are 
viz.  Tennessee  ?  Tom- 
lat  year  was  the  battle 


rJcaf)?c  for  the  great 
or  the  last  few  years 
imber  of  its  inhabit- 
n  almost  trebled. 
r  Mississippi,  and  it 
eople.  The  crop  is 
icreasing.     Tobacco 

hat  is  said  of  them? 
pery.    Wctumpka  and 

rkablo  for  ?    What  has 
ef  production?    What 


MISSISSIPPI. 


15.1 


View  on  tlic  Mi8iil88i|ii)i   Kivcr. 


and  indigo  were  formerly  cultivated,  but  are  now  abandoned. 
Indian  corn  is  raised  to  some  extent;  but,  in  general,  the 
quantity  is  not  sufficient  to  supply  the  state. 

3.  Some  sugar  has  l)ccn  produced  in  the  southern  counties, 
hut  the  cane  docs  not  appear  to  thrive.  Sweet  potatoes,  with 
the  peach,  fig,  and  other  fruits,  grow  in  abundance.  Several 
important  rail-roads  have  been  projected,  and  some  of  them 
are  in  progress. 

4.  Mississippi  is  now  entirely  under  the  control  of  a  white  popula- 
tion      The  northern  and  central  parts  of  the  state  were  lately  occupie 
by  ihe  Choctaw  and  Chickasaw  Indians;  but  these  have  nearly  all 
removed  to  the  Indian  territory.  .    ,    r  .i 

5  Jackson,  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Pearl  river,  is  the  capital  of  the 
.Ute.  It  is  fineVsituatcd,  and  contains  the  State  House.  Penitentiary, 
and  other  public  buildings.  ..... 

6.  Notchez  is  tU  largest  and  most  important  place  in  the  state, 
though  nearly  300  miles  above  New  Orleans.  It  carnos  on  a  cons.d. 
crabfe  direct  commerce  with  the  Atlantic  ports  «f/'"^  V"«^f  steam 
Its  river  and  inland  trade  isvery  extensive,  and  groat  numbers  of  steam. 
boaU  and  other  craft  are  constantly  afr>v.ng">«l  d'^P"l"]S^^  ^Jf^'^ 
cipal  part  of  the  city  is  built  on  a  high  bluflf  or  bank,  300  feet  atove 
the  surface  of  the  river. 

were  formerly  cultivated  ?  Of  Indian  corn  ?  3.  Of  sugar  ?  What  is 
Tald  of  the  r Jil-roads  ?  4.  Of  Mississippi  ?  The  northern  and  central 
SttB?    s!  Discribo  Jackson.    6.  Natchez.    What  of  its  commerce? 


in 


154 


," 


DRSCRIPTIVB   aEOOnAPHY. 


7.  Vipktiliiirjr  is  Nitiiiiltcl  more  than  r>00  niiivs  from  the  Hen.  It  it  a 
(loiirithiiic  jiI.um',  iind,  liki;  NaUUcz,  currii'H  on  a  direct  trndu  with  tlio 
ru.'liin  HI  oiioMs  of  tlif  Hiiioii.  Ships  of  iargc  burtliti,  urn  brought  up 
to  tliu  town,  from  the  <;ulf  of  Moxico,  by  mcnns  of  the  powerful  itcam 
tuw-b<>ati*  Ufid  on  the  .MicsiHsippi  river. 

H.  Among  other  thrivinff  places  in  the  state,  nro  Grand  Gulf,  on  tha 
Mississippi  river,  und  Tort  Gibson,  7  miles  from  it,  in  the  interior. 
M;incli(Httr,  or  Yaioo  city,  on  the  Yuzoo,  (Jronada,  on  the  Yalo  Busha, 
and  AlM-rdeen  and  C^olumbus,  on  the  Tombijfby  river.  The  latter  ia  tha 
north-eastern  emporium  of  the  state. 

Map  No.  8.  —  What  state  Imunds  Mississippi  on  the  north  7  To.  — 
On  the  south  .'  I,a.,  G.-Mo.  —  On  the  east  1  Aa.  —  On  the  wci,t  ?  Aa.,  La. 

—  What  river  separates  it  from  Louisiana  und  Arkansas  I     Mi. On 

what  river  is  Natchez  f  Jackson?  Grand  Gulf  ?  Vicksburg?  Man. 
Chester,  or  Yazoo  city  .'  Grenada  ?  Columbus  7  —  What  is  the  popu- 
lation of  each  of  these  towns  7  —  How  many  miles  from  the  aca  do 
steam-boata  ascend  the  Tombigby  7  Tallahatchee  7  Yak  Buaha? 
Bijf  Black  '     Pearl  7  —  IIow  far  is  Vicksburg  from  the  sei        What 

kind  of  vessels  ascend  to  it  7     Jn   what   county   ia  Natchez  a. 

Vicksburg  7  Wn.  —  Jackson  7  lis.  —  Columbua  ?  La.  —  Grand 
Gulf  7    Cc. 


112 


LOUISIANA. 

1.  The  territory  comprising  tliis  state,  together  with  the 
vast  region  lying  west  of  the  Mississippi  river,  was  formerly 
nil  called  Louisiana,  and  was  purchased  from  France  by  the 
United  States'  Government  in  1803. 

2.  The  country  along  the  Mississippi  in  this  state,  is  gene- 
rally lower  than  the  surface  of  tlie  river,  and  is  protected  by 
levees  or  embankments  of  earth,  which  extend  for  nearly  200 
miles. 

3.  The  great  staples  of  Louisiana  are  sugar  and  cotton,  but 
rice,  corn,  and  tobacco,  are  also  cultivated.  A  vast  amount 
of  capital  is  invested  in  the  sugar  business,  in  lands,  slaves, 
&c.,  and  the  produce  of  that  article  has  increased  tenfold 
within  twenty  years. 

4.  During  the  late  war,  a  powerful  British  army  invaded  thia  atate ; 

7.  Vicksburg  7  IIow  are  sh;  s  brought  up  to  this  place  7     8.  The  other 
towns  7 

Ijouisinna.  Q.  —  \.  W'hat  is  said  of  the  territory  comprising  thia 
«tnto  7  When  was  it  purchased  7  2.  What  is  said  of  the  country  7 
a.  What  are  the  great  staples  7    4.  What  took  place  during  the  lato 


\ 


bi 
Ji 
al 

ci 

CI 

b< 


lAPHV. 

il(!8  frnm  the  Den.  It  ia  ■ 
m  a  direct  trndo  with  tiio 
:c  burtlic'i.  nro  brought  up 
Bn»  of  the  powerful  itcam 

0,  ore  Grand  Gulf,  on  tha 
I  from  it,  in  the  interior, 
enada,  on  the  Ynio  Busha, 
by  river.    The  latter  ia  the 


>pi  on  the  north  ?  To.  — 
I.  —  On  the  wet-t  ?  Aa.,  La. 
id  Arkansns  I  Mi.  —  On 
rJulf?  VickBburg?  Man. 
lus  7  —  What  18  the  popu* 
y  miles  from  the  aca  do 
ihatchce?  Yak  Busha  7 
■g  from  the  se>  What 
mty  is  Natchez  .s. — 
ulumbus  ?      Ls.  —  Grand 


ale,  together  with  the 
pi  river,  was  formerly 
d  from  France  by  the 

i  in  this  state,  is  gene- 
n,  and  is  protected  by 
extend  for  nearly  200 

I  sugar  and  cotton,  but 
ited.  A  vast  amount 
iness,  in  lands,  slaves, 
has  increased  tenfold 

army  invaded  thia  atate } 

his  place  ?    8.  The  other 

territory  comprising  thia 
is  Raid  of  the  country  ? 
ok  place  during  the  lato 


LOUISIANA. 


Ifi5 


Bottle  ol"  Nbw  Orli'iina. 


but  they  were  totally  defeated  by  the  American  army,  under  General 
Jackson,  January  8th,  1815,  and  the  country  was  abandoned  by  them 
shortly  afterwards. 

5.  New  Orleans,  the  capital  of  the  state,  ..-  the  second  commercial 
city  in  the  Union ;  its  inland  and  foreign  trade  is  very  great,  and  is  in- 
creasing every  year.  From  1,500  to  2,000  flat-boats,  50  to  60  steam- 
boats,  and  a  forest  of  the  masta  of  aca  vessels,  may  bo  seen  nearly 
always  lying  along  its  lev6e. 

6.  The  produce  that  arrived  at  this  place  from  the  various  states,  &c. 
watered  by  the  Mississippi  and  its  tributary  streams,  during  the  year 
1838,  is  estimated  to  amount  in  value  to  seventy-five  millions  of  dollars ; 
among  which  were  750,000  bales  of  cotton,  300,000  barrels  of  flour, 
50,000  hogsheads  of  sugar,  and  40,000  hogsheads  of  tobacco. 

7.  The  city  is  built  on  level  ground,  and  is  several  feet  below  the  sur- 
face  of  the  river  at  high  water.  It  contains  a  number  of  public  build- 
ings,  some  of  which  are  splendid  structures.  The  population  during 
'he  winter  season  is  from  40,000  to  50,000  greater  than  at  otlicr  periods. 

8.  The  towns  in  Louisiana  arc  all  small ;  some  of  them,  however,  have 
considerable  trade,  Donaldsonville,  Plaquemine,  Baton  Rouge,  and 
Bayou  Sara,  arc  on  the  Mississippi  river,  and  Alexandria  and  Natclu- 
todies  on  Red  river. 

9  The  great  Raft,  an  immense  accumulation  of  timber,  which  pre- 
vented  navigation  to  the  upjier  parts  of  Red  river,  has  been  lately  cut 
through,  and  stcam-boaU  can  now  ascend  that  stream  several  hundred 
miles  further  than  formerly. 

war  '  When  were  they  defeated  ?  5.  Describe  New  Orleans.  6.  What 
of  the  pro<luce  I  7.  How  is  the  city  built  ?  What  of  the  population  ? 
8.  The  other  towns  ?    9.  The  great  raft. 


;-,v:sgi^.c^.>..*3S3 


150 


DESCniPTIVE   CBOORAPHV. 


hn 


Mnp  ^o.  B.  —  Hv  wlint  is  T.oiiiNinnn  boundnd  on  tlin  north  ?  An.,  Ml. 
—  On  llif  ciiHl  ?  Mi.  — .Siiilhr  (J.-Mo.  — Wr8t?  Ta.  — Whnt  riviTw 
H(|mrut(!  LdiiiHinim  fr.iiii  MiHHiH»ip|.i  /  Mi.,  PI.— Wlial  river  from 
TixiiB?  Sc  — WImt  two  laki-8  aro  in  tlio  cnnttrn  port  of  tho  Rtutc  ? 
I  n.,  Ro  —  Wliiit  two  in  the  noiitliern  part  ?  (;ii.,  Mil.  —  How  lonir  is 
the  MigaUsippi  ?  IJc  d  rivtr  7  WiiHhita  ?  Sabine  ?  Calcawu  ?  flayou 
Macon  ?  Uur'.hoIoMicw  /  Some  rivers  are  termed  Dayoua  in  liouitiann. 
What  la  tlie  popidution  of  New  Orleans  ?  Donaldsonville  I  Baton 
Roiigu  !  Alcxandric  I  Ntttcliitoche!i !  In  what  purislicg  arc  these  situ- 
atid  ?  N..08.,  An.,  E.-R-Rc.,  Rs.,  Ns.  — In  what  year  -vai  the  battio 
of  New  Orleans  fought  ? 

113 


WESTERN   STATES. 

1.  TiiE  Western  Stntes  comprise  Oliio,  Kentucky,  Tennes- 
see, Indiana,  Illinois,  Michigan,  Missouri,  and  Arkansas,  the 
orjinnized  territories  of  Wisconsin  and  Iowa,  together  with 
the  Indian  Territory,  and  the  unorganized  territories  of  Mis- 
souri and  Oregon. 

2.  From  the  great  extent  of  this  region,  its  climate  pos- 
sesses considerable  variety  of  temperature;  the  winters  aro 
more  variable,  and  the  quantity  of  snow  is  less  than  in  tho 
same  parallels  in  the  Atlantic  States. 

3.  The  most  striking  features  of  this  vast  country  are  its 

We$tern  States.  Q.— 1.  ^\  hat  do  tho  Western  States  comprise? 
2.  What  is  said  of  the  climate  ?    Tho  winters  7    3.  The  most  strikinj 


nu 
•i'l 
tlx 

CO 

A I 
frc 
tri 
nil 

Wi 

sU 
of 
an 

vo 

s 

e; 

ol 

fii 
a 
tl 


RAPHY. 

(lod  on  tlin  north  ?  An.,  Ml. 
Wr8t?  'IV  — VVhntrivtrH 
li.,  n.— Wlial  river  from 
)  cnstcrn  port  of  tho  Rtatc  ? 
'  t^ii.,  Mil. —  How  long  is 
Sabine  ?  CulcaRiu  7  nayou 
crmcd  DayoUB  in  Ijouitiann. 
?  Donaldsonville  1  Outoii 
vhnt  purislicg  arc  tlicao  situ. 
'  what  year  'yaa  the  battio 


TES. 

Iiio,  Kentucky,  Tennes- 
iiri,  and  Arknn.sas,  tho 
cl  Iowa,  together  with 
ized  territories  of  Mis- 

egion,  its  climate  pos- 
turc;  tlie  winter."?  are 
low  is  less  than  in  the 


IS  vast  country  are  its 

r^estcrn  States   comprise  T 
a  ?    3.  The  most  striking 


WESIBUN    STATlit!. 


167 


numerous  rivpis,  towerinj;  forests,  and  extensive  prairn's. 
•J'lic  latter  are  wid(3  si-rcading  plains,  stret.diing  farther  than 
liio  rye  can  riiicli,  destiluK-,  for  the  most  part,  of  tret;s,  and 
covcreil  with  tall  grass  and  (lowering  shruhs. 

4.  That  i>art  of  this  rei^ion  lying  Iwtwcen  the  Uocky  and 
Alleghany  Mountains  is  oHen  called  tho  Mississippi  Valley, 
from  its  beinj;  cliieflv  watered  by  thai  great  rivcr,_  and  its 
tril.utnry  streams.  These  atlord  immense  facilities  lor  inter- 
nal commerce,  and,  in  fact,  constitute  it  one  of  the  best 
wat(!red  districts  on  tho  face  of  the  globe. 

5  There  arc,  at  ..rcnent,  on  the  western  waters  between  200  and  .300 
steam.boats,  many  hundreds  of  arks  or  Hiit-boats,  besides  a  inultit.ido 
of  smaller  croft  constantly  engaged  in  tho  commerce  of  the  country, 
and  immense  (luantities  of  produce  of  various  kmds  arc  annually  con. 
veyed  by  them  to  New  Orleans. 

6.  Lead,  iron,  coal,  salt,  and  lime,  abound  in  the  Western 
States,  and,  probably,  no  region  of  cciual  extent  in  the  world 
exhibits  such  a  combination  of  mineral  wealth  and  fertility 
of  soil,  united  with  such  rare  facilities  of  trunsi>ortation. 

7.  Cotton  n.r.d  tobacco  arc  produced  in  tho  southern  districts, 
while  wheat,  Indian-ccrn,  hemp,  oats,  and  barley,  arc  exten- 
sively cultivated  in  the  other  parts.  Cattle,  hogs,  and  horses, 
are  raised  in  abundance,  and  constitute  an  important  part  ot 
the  wealth  of  the  people  of  these  states. 

8.  A  considerable  portion  of  tho  western  country  has  been  recently 
settled ;  but  the  cheapness  of  land,  the  fertility  of  the  soil,  and  tho 
general  character  of  tlic  climate,  are  causing  a  tide  of  emigration  to 
How,  which  is  filling  up  tho  country  with  unexampled  rapidity. 

9.  A  laudable  zeal  is  manifested  in  the  cause  of  education.  The 
number  of  common  schools  is  rapidly  increasing,  while  colleges  and  tho 
higher  seminaries  of  learning  are  also  multiplying. 

10  The  population  of  the  Western  States  and  Territories  is  probably 
not  less  than  four  and  a  half  millions,  of  which  the  negro  slaves  consti- 
tute  about  one-ninth  part.  Slavery  is  prevalent  in  Tennessee,  Kentucky, 
Missouri,  and  Arkansas,  but  does  not  exist  in  tho  other  states  and 
territories.  

features  ?  What  are  prairies  7  4-  What  is  part  of  this  region  called  ? 
Why  7  What  do  they  afford  7  5.  What  is  said  of  steam-boats,  arks. 
&c.  7  What  is  conveyed  by  them  ?  6.  What  is  said  of  lead,  iron.&c.  7 
7.  What  is  produced  in  tho  southern  districts  7  In  other  parts  7  What 
of  cattle,  &c.  7  8.  What  has  been  recently  settled  7  What  is  filling 
up  the  country  7  9.  What  is  manifested  7  Of  common  schools,  col- 
leges   &c.?      10.  Of  the  population  7    Where  is  slavery  prevalent  f 


^i^ 


I  ;, 


1' ;  I 


158 


DKHCUIPTIVK  OKOORAl'IIY. 


Ill 


II.  Nnirly  all  thn  Iiulim.^  iit  llio  Uiiilrd  Slilm  iiro  nmnil  witliin  llw 
liiiiila  of  (liiH  (pmrUr  of  thr  I'liimi.  S.imi!  nl"  tli.Kf  nrr  (mrliiilly  rivil. 
i/.r(l,  liiit  n  roiiNiiltriilili-  iiiiiiiliir  Nlill  rnimiii  iiiicliuii|;ril ;  nml  wliilf  tlm 
n'ttli'iiiriitH,  url«,  anil  iiii|iniviiiiriilM  ciC  wliilo  riitiii  art;  iiurriiwinK  tlirir 
iHHiiidurics,  tliiy  still  rttaiii  Hair  original  »uv«{;«!  cliuriicUr  uiiil  coiidi. 
lion. 


Indians  viewing  the  ini|iroveiiicnta  of  while  men. 

•  '?■  T*!?  ^'li?''"'  Choctaws,  Clicrokecg,  and  other  trilics  now  reHldcnt 
in  thu  Indian  Territory,  and  under  the  protuclion  of  the  General  Govern- 
nicnt.  increaso  steadily  in  populiition  iind  prosperity  j  wliilo  tho  Sioux, 
Kiccureeg,  niack  I' eel,  and  other  rudu,  roving  bunds  of  the  Upper  Mis- 
•ouri,  are  decruiudng  ropidly  in  number  uiid  importHnce. 

13.  Within  a  few  years,  tho  sinall-iwx  iins  swept  tlirm  by  thousands 
from  tho  fuceof  tho  earth;  and  tribes  but  lately  numerous  tuid  powerful 
arc  now  reduced  to  »  few  individuals. 


Map  No.  4.  —  Which  is  the  largest  of  tho  Western  States  7    Mi.  — 
I  he  smallest  ?     la.— Which  is  the  nioKt  northern  ?     Mn.  —  Southern  7 

As.  ~  Lustern  .'    Oo WcHl.rn  1     Mi —  Which  is  the  largest  of  the 

western  territories  ?  On.  —  The  most  northern  and  western  ?  On.  — 
The  most  eastern  ?  W-i.  -  .iMost  Sv^uthern  ?  In.  —  The  western  sUtes 
and  territories  extend  from  latitude  3.3  degrees  to  iil,„ut  54  J.  How 
much  latitude  then  do  they  include  7  They  extend  from  almut  4  de- 
groes  of  longitude  to  56  degrees  west  from  NVasbinglon.     How  much 

^•'"  J^'',"/,,"  '■■''''  "''  "'"  ^"'''""''  •  ^^'"'t  '"  narrowinff  their  bounda- 
rii-s  7  What  do  tiu-y  still  retain  ?  1-2.  What  of  the  O.rks,  (;hocfiiw.s 
&C.7     lhc!5m.x,Kir,.ura,,&c.7     13.  Wh.it  is  said  of  the  sni.-ill-pox  7 


UAniY. 


Si  ilrd  iiru  f)iin<l  williin  llir 
III'  llicKf  nrc  (inrliiilly  civil. 
iiiicliaiiKi'il ;  niid  whik-  tlm 
lu  rutin  iiri!  nurriiwiii);  thrir 
luViiijr  I'liuriivttr  and  I'oiuli. 


of  while  iiiun. 

id  other  trilics  now  rcHidcnt 
;lion  of  the  (icncral  Gorerii- 
rfwpcrityj  whilo  tlic  Sioux, 
(f  bands  of  ilic  Upper  Mis- 
irn|)ortancc. 

8  swept  llicin  by  thouiands 
cly  numerous  end  powerful 


3  Western  Stato*  7  Mi.  — 
thern  ?  M n.  —  Soutliirn  7 
iVblch  in  the  larffcst  of  the 

lern  ond  wcHfern  7     On 

In. — The  weiifcrn  stitCN 
;rccs  to  iihi.ut  544.  How 
y  extend  from  nl)out  4  de- 
NV'aahinglon.     How  much 

I  niirrowinff  their  bounda- 
it  of  the  Creeks,  t;hoefRw.<<, 
lit  is  said  of  the  Biniill-pox  7 


OHIO. 


150 


1iin|;ilu(l('  ill)  Ihry  iniliide  7  What  nl  ilrn  and  li'rriloriiH  have  the  Mi*. 
Ki»si|i|ii  river  fur  llu  ir  \vr»lern  lioimilary  '  'I'r.,  Ky  ,  I".,  \Vii.  —  Wliieh 
liavi.'  the  Mit<HinMi|i|ii  fur  their  ca^ti  rn  lioiindiry  '  Ax.,  Mi.,  la. —  Wliirh 
rial''"  have  the  (Miin  liir  llnir  miiillirrn  lioiiiiiliry  7  (>i».,  In.,  \h.  —  What 
Klale  has  the  «>liii)  l^r  itn  nnflliitn  hiiuiiiliiry  !  Ky.  —  Wliieh  Iiuh  Ihu 
Ohio  f'lr  iN  \\r»l.  in  hnimil.iry  f  Va.  —  lluw  many  niiliK  ih  il  liy  thu 
»eale  Inini  the  iii/iilli  iil'  Ciil'.iiiihi  i  rivrr  lanlwaril  tn  the  Umky  >liiiiii. 
l.iiiiN  '  llciH-  iiiaiiy  iiiilri  is  il  fnim  tlic  Uneky  Moiiiitaiii.s  to  l,iiko 
Miehiifiin,  iiuaHiirrd  nil  tin'  |iarillil  of  1 1  di^jreeH  t  How  many  iiiili  « 
iH  it  Irom  the  head  ofllii-  .Vikaiis.iH  to  the  hii.id  of  the  Alleghany  rivrr7 
TliiM  i-  ahotit  till'  iir.Mlihl  ixlriit  tli:it  eaii  lie  iiienHured  lliruii|{h  the  cen- 
tre of  the  .'\Ii'*Ni>-i|i|ii  valley  east  and  west.  How  far  in  it  from  the 
head  to  the  nioiilli  of  the  MiH^.^Biiijii  river  in  n  HtruiKht  Une  t  How  (hr 
is  it  from  tin:  month  of  the  Ohio  river  to  the  northern  tioniuliiry  of  llii- 
noi»7  and  from  the  n.inie  jioint,  to  the  eaiit  lionndury  of  Kentucky  7 
The  itatcM  of  .MisHonri  ami  Indiana  are  aliout  thu  lamo  extent  fiuni 
nortli  to  south.    How  many  miles  is  it  7 


115 


1.  This  flourishing  state,  tliou!  'i  settled  in  1789,  only 
fifty  years  ago,  rnnk.s  next  to  Vir>;ini(i  in  the  number  of  its 
inhabitants;  and  its  in.Tcn.sc  in  wcaitli  and  importance  is 
unequalled  in  the  history  of  any  other  country. 

2.  The  southern  section  of  Ohio  is  uneven  and  hilly ;  the 


OHIO. 


Ohio.  Q.  —  1.  When   was  this  state  settled  7     ITow  does   it  rank  7 
2.  Wlmt  is  said  of  it  7     How  is  it  intersected  7    3.  What  arc  the  staple 


160 


DBScniPTIVB  OBOORAPHY. 


r*>maiiuli<r  Im  gfiifriilly  lovt-l,  with  cxtfimivo  priiirios  in  mnny 
parts.  Thf  wIidIc  slato  is  inicrsoctcil  with  iniiuerDUM  rivcM, 
wliifli  nfl()r(l  a  vast  unioimt  of  wutur-jKjwcr  for  mills,  munu- 
fuctorifs,  iVc. 

a.  The  stnpio  produrts  nro  corn  nnd  whont  j  but  ryo,  o«fj), 
biickw hcaf,  ami  ttilxiico,  arc  cxti'imivi'ly  rultivatcd.  ( >rclmrdrt 
flniiriish  here,  and  prodiu-i;  thi!  tincst  applcN,  uiid  all  tho  fruitN 
of  llm  Western  8tati.'s,  in  porfcetion.  Ilorscs,  cattle,  and 
hf'f^s,  are  abundant,  and  thouaantls  arc  tvery  year  driven  to 
the  eastern  nmrket». 

4.  Iron  nnd  eoal  arn  loiuid  in  va.st  quantities,  and  jult 
springs  are  numerous,  ^h^t)u|■^cturc8  nro  carried  to  n  greater 
extent  than  in  nny  other  western  state.  They  consist  of  cot- 
ton and  woollen  go«jds,  with  flour,  paper,  and  stunm  nmchi- 
nery. 

5.  The  Oliio  Htuto  canaU  wcro  projected  ubout  the  yfar_1823,  and 
■ro,  ao  far  nH  coni|ilctod,  in  aucccialul  opcrution.  Tlie  influonco  of 
thcBc  works  lioa,  in  many  cusua,  cnhunced  fonr.fuld  the  value  of  ])rivate 
property  in  and  near  the  placoa  where  they  arc  located,  li^aidca  increa*. 
ing  greatly  the  connnerco  of  tlio  atato.  Various  other  canula  and  rall- 
ruada  are  in  the  courae  of  construction. 

G.  Culumbui,  the  capital  of  Ohio,  is  aituutcd  in  a  rich  and  bcautiAil 
diatrict.  It  is  regularly  laid  out,  and  eontaina  aoverul  public  building*, 
churchca,  Slc. 

7.  Cincinnati  ia  the  largest  and  moat  important  place  in  the  weatern 
■tatea.  The  growth  of  thia  city  hna  tx-'cn  cxceedmgly  rapid,  and  has 
kept  pace  with  the  incrcaac  of  the  atatc.  It  ia  regularly  laid  out:  Miuny 
of  its  private  dwellinga  arc  elegant,  its  public  cdificca  arc  numcrouH, 
and  aoinc  of  them  arc  handsome  specimens  of  architecture. 

8.  This  city  carries  on  an  immense  trade  buth  up  and  down  the  Ohio 
river,  and  the  Miami  canal  which  joina  the  former  at  thia  place.  Pork 
is  one  of  the  chief  articles  of  trade  ;  besides  which,  wheat,  flour,  whis- 
key, and  a  great  variety  of  manufactured  articles,  are  exported. 

!).  Zancsvillo  is  un  important  place,  and  is  noted  for  its  flour-mill* 
and  various  manufacturing  establishments.  Cleveland  is  the  principal 
port  on  Lttko  Eric,  und  is  a  place  of  extensive  business.  Stcubcnville, 
Dayton,  Purtsmuuth,  Toledo,  and  Sandusky,  arc  nil  thriving  and  flour- 
ishing town*. , 

products?  What  is  sold  of  horses,  &.C. 7  4.  Iron  and  c;  i  '  'tTanu. 
factnres?  .5.  Stole  conuls?  What  hos  been  their  influence  .  Other 
canals  nnd  rail-rouds  .'  G.  Describe  Columbus.  7.  Cincinnati.  How 
is  it  laid  out?  8.  What  docs  it  carry  on?  Whot  are  nx|)orted  7  9. 
Describe  Zanesvillc.    Cleveland.    Stcubcnville,  and  thr  other  towns. 


IRAPHY. 

•imive  priiirios  in  many 

with  nutneroiw  riv»TH, 

[H)wct  fur  niilU,  iiiunu- 

(i  wlu'iit ;  hut  rye,  ojifn, 
y  cultivutcd.  ( JrclmrdM 
,i|ili>N,  unil  ull  tli(!  fruitM 
I.  lloMCH,  ciittir,  and 
c  every  year  drivi-n  to 

iHt  quantities,  und  jult 

ore  carried  to  n  greater 

.     They  consist  of  cot- 

pcr,  and  steam   rnuchi- 

ubout  the  yi'itlN33,  and 
srution.  Tlie  influcnco  of 
xir.f'uld  the  valui:  of  private 
are  located,  l)^«idca  increan- 
riouH  other  canals  and  rall- 
ied in  a  rich  and  beautiful 
na  Boverul  public  buUdinga, 

ortant  place  in  the  weaterp 

;xeeedinfr|y  rapid,  nnd  liaa 

i»  rcffulnrly  laid  out :  many 

lie  edifices  arc  numerous, 

jf  architecture. 

both  up  and  down  the  Ohio 

former  at  this  pince.     Pork 

I  which,  wheat,  flnur,  whis- 

tides,  are  exported. 

is  noted  for  ilH  flour-mills 

Cleveland  is  the  principal 
vc  busincHM.    Stcubcnville, 

arc  nil  thriving  and  flour- 


I.  Iron  and  Cu.  '  .tfanu. 
n  their  influence  .'  Other 
juh.  7.  Cincinnati.  How 
Whot  are  eximrted  7  9. 
lie,  and  thr  other  towns. 


KE.NTrCKY. 


ini 


Afap  A'o.  0.  —  Whiit  Wmds  Ohio  on  the  mirth  7  Mn,,  T...i:i'.— 
Hmilli?  Ky.,  Va.— KiiHl?  Vii„  Pii.  —  VVc:.t  '  la.  -  Wh.it  river 
t;>rmN  ilH  H-Hilh  houiichirv  '  Oo.  — Whot  rivirs  How  into  l,iikc>  l.rirT 
Ml'.,  Sy.,  Iln.,  C.I.  — Wliich  Mow  into  the  Ohio  river/  Mi.,  I,.-Mi., 
So.,  Mm.— Whiit  Im  till!  |H>piiliili.m  of  Ciiii  iiiniiti  f  '/iim  nvillr  f 
Cli.vtl..nd  /  Hli'iilMnivilli)  .'  CohimhiiH  ?  Chillirolho  '  Diiyl.m  '  I'orU- 
iiioiilli  f  In  what  coimtiis  art;  Ihciic  pliiciH  ?  Iln.,  Mm.,  Cii.,  .In.,  hi.. 
Km.,  My.,  Si).— How  l(iti(f  istheOhio/  Mauiiu'c  f  Miami  f  SnotoT 
MiiHkiMffum  ?     What  roud   extends  tlirough  tho  state   Ironi  cost   Itt 

west?  m 


110 


1.  This  state  was  first  settled  by  the  rclcbratcd  Daniel 
Boon  and  others,  in  17«9.  It  formed  for  a  time  part  of 
Virginia,  but  in  1790  a  separation  tooit  place,  and  two  years 
afterwards  Kentucky  was  admitted  into  the  Union. 

2.  Tlic  surface  in  tlic  eastern  section  of  the  state  is  hilly  and 
undulating,  but  in  the  western  it  is  level,  occasionally  extend, 
ing  into  prairies.  Much  of  the  soil  of  Kentucky  is  celebrated 
for  its  fertility. 

3.  The  principal  products  arc  hemp,  tobacco,  wlicat,  nnd 

KenUieky.  Q. 1.  Ry  whom  wiis  this  stote  nettled?     What  iliil  it 

form  7    Wiiat  took  plucc  t    3.  What  is  said  of  the  surface  7    Of  Uio 
11 


il 


f 


ir 


!'■    i' 


162 


DESCRIPTIVE  GEOGRAPHY. 


Indian  corn.  Cattle,  horses,  and  hogs,  are  raised  to  a  great 
extent,  and  numbers  are  annually  carried  into  the  neighbour- 
ing states. 

4.  Salt  springs  or  licks  arc  numerous,  from  which  large 
quantities  ol'  salt  are  made.  Great  numbers  of  the  bones  of 
the  mammoth  have  also  been  found  in  some  of  them. 

5.  There  arc  several  extensive  caves  found  in  tliis  state  that  are  great 
curiuBJlics,  of  wliicli  the  Mammoth  Cave  is  the  most  remarkable,  havint; 
heeii  explored  to  a  distance  of  several  miles  from  its  mouth.  The  earth 
in  some  of  these  eaves  is  strongly  impregnated  with  nitre  or  saltpetre, 
and  considerable  quantities  of  tliat  aiticlc  were  made  from  it  during  the 
late  war. 

6.  Until  the  year  1795  the  people  suiTcred  greatly  from  Indian  hos- 
tilities; many  had  fallen  in  battle  in  their  fields  or  houses,  by  the  hands 
of  their  savage  foes ;  but  since  that  period,  Kentucky  ha«  advanced 
rapidly  in  population,  wealth,  and  importance. 

7.  Frankfort,  the  capital  of  the  state,  stands  on  the  right  ban^  of  the 
Kentucliy  river,  in  a  highly  picturesqno  situation.  I^cxmgton,  the  old- 
est town  in  the  state,  is  situated  in  tlic  midst  of  a  rich  and  well  culti- 
vated district.     It  is  tijo  seat  of  Transylvania  University. 

8.  Louisville  is  the  principal  city  of  Kentucky,  and  one  of  the  most 
important  places  in  the  Western  States.  It  carries  on  an  extensive 
trade.  Many  thousands  of  flat-boats  arrive  here,  yearly,  from  all  parts 
of  tlie  upper  Ohio,  and  steam-boats  are  daily  arriving  and  departing  in 
every  direction.  The  town  is  well  built,  and  regularly  laid  out ;  with 
spacious,  straight,  and  well-j)avcd  streets,  running  parallel  with  the  river, 
intersected  by  others  meeting  them  at  right  angles.  The  landing  is 
convenient  for  boats. 

9.  Maysville  is  a  flourishing  commercial  place.  Newport  and  Co- 
vington, both  opposite  Cincinnati,  arc  thriving  towns,  and  contain  sonio 
manufactures  of  cotton-bagging. 


Map  No.  9.  —  What  states  lionnd  Kentucky  on  the  north  ?  Is.,  la., 
Oo.  —  South  ?  Te.  —  East  ?  Va.  —  West  ?  Mi..  As.  —  What  river 
forms  its  northern  Iwundary  7  Oo.  —  Its  western  ?  Mi.  —  What  river 
and  mountains  arc  its  eastern  boundary  ?  B.-Sy.,  Cd.  —  Which  arc  the 
principal  rivers  in  the  state  ?  Te.,  Cd.,  On.,  Ky.,  Lg.  —  Tell  the  lengths 
of  all  these.  On  what  river  is  Frankfort  ?  Louisville  7  Maysville  7 
Paducaii  ?  What  is  the  population  of  each  of  these  towns  7  Of 
Lexington  7  Which  is  the  most  nortlicrn  county  7  Be.  —  Eastern  7 
Fd.— Western  7    Hn.  „ 


Boil  7  3.  The  principal  products  7  Cattle,  &c.  7  4.  Of  salt  springs  7 
Wl'<:',t  has  been  found  in  some  of  them  7  ,5.  What  is  said  of  the  caves  7 
Of  the  earth  in  them  7  6.  Of  the  people  7  7.  Describe  Frankfort, 
liPxington.    8.  Louisville.    9.  Maysville,  and  otlicr  towns. 


lAPHY. 

i,  are  raised  to  a  great 
icd  into  the  neighbour- 

roiis,  from  wliich  large 
imbers  of  the  bones  of 
some  of  them. 

I  in  tliis  state  that  are  groat 
lie  most  remarkable,  havini; 
Prom  itx  mouth.  The  earth 
Lted  with  nitre  or  saltpetre, 
ire  made  from  it  during  the 

d  greatly  from  Indian  hos- 
slds  or  bouses,  by  tlie  hands 
],  Kentucky  ha«  advanced 
e. 

lis  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
ation.  Iicxnigton,  the  old- 
Ist  of  a  rich  and  well  culti- 
ia  University. 

;ucky,  and  one  of  the  most 
It  carries  on  an  extensive 
here,  yearly,  from  all  ports 
r  arriving  and  departing  in 
d  regularly  laid  out;  with 
ning  parallel  with  the  river, 
it  angles.     The  landing  is 

1  place.  Newport  and  Co- 
ig  towns,  und  contain  souio 


;ky  on  the  north  ?  I3.,  Ia., 
?  Mi..  As.  —  What  river 
3stern  ?  Mi.  —  What  river 
l.-Sy.,  Cd.  —  Which  arc  the 
Ky.,  Lg.  —  Tell  the  lengths 
Louisville  7  Maysville  ? 
aeh  of  these  towns  7  Of 
county  ?    Be.  —  Eastern  ? 


&c.  ?  4.  Of  salt  springs  7 
What  is  said  of  the  caves  7 
!  7  7.  Describe  Frankfort, 
>d  otlier  towns. 


TENNESSEE. 
117  


103 


!  TT 


;,,,   "^^^^«?:5f^^..'ft?  •-•i 


-^  '^ft^Si* 


3.?<BWtea»^ 


Tennessee  Iron  Works— View  of  tlio  Cumberland  Mi)unt.iins. 
TENNESSEE. 

1.  The  Country  comprising  tlic  state  of  Tennessee,  was 
originally  a  part  of  North  Carolina.  In  1790,  that  state 
ceded  it  to  the  General  Government.  In  the  eame  year  it 
was  organized  into  the  Territory  south-west  of  the  Oliio 
river;  and  in  1790  became  an  independent  state. 

2.  West  Tennessee  comprises  that  part  of  the  state  lying 
betweentheMississippiandTennessec  rivers.  Middle  Tennessee 
extends  eastward  to  the  Cumberland  mountains ;  and  East 
Tennessee  is  situated  between  the  latter  and  the  eastern  limits 
of  the  state. 

.3.  The  clima*"  is  mild,  pleasant,  and  salubrious,  and  the 
soil  generally  fertile  and  productive. 

Agriculture  is  the  chief  employment  of  the  people.     Cot-  jj 
ton  and  tobacco  are  extensively  cultivated ;  besides  Indian' 
corn,  wheat,  rye,  hemp,  &c. 

4.  The  mountains  contain  numerous  caverns,  which  abound  in 
nitrous  earth,  from  which  saltpetre  is  made.    Iron,  gold,  coal,  and  salt, 

Tennessee.  Q.  —  1.  What  was  Tennessee  originally  7  When  did  it 
become  an  independent  state  7  2.  Where  is  West  Tennessee  7  Mid- 
die  Tennessee  7  East  Tennessee  7  3.  What  is  said  of  the  climate  7 
Of  ogriculture  1    4.  What  do  the  mountains  contain  ?    What  are  the 


1   •: 


'mfi^l 


\»i 


p. 


tl  1^  ' 


^  ■ 


104 


Dl^SCUIl'lMVE  GKOGUAPHV. 


nrc  llic  cliii'f  inincrnlK.  'J'Ijc  iron  made  in  the  stiite  gives  employment 
to  a  number  of  i'urnucts,  rollinjr-mills,  iinii  iiiiil-worliH. 

5.  Niislivillc,  tho  ciipital,  i^  sitiinttiJ  in  a  ftTtile  uiid  picturt's>(|ut'  dis- 
trict, ami  contains  a  nuuil)er  of  elegant  public  and  private  buildings. 
'J'lie  Inidc  in  active  and  cxlcnuive, 

Knoxville,  on  the  Ilolston  rivt,r,  was  the  first  scat  of  government  of 
tliu  Htatc. 

(!.  Franklin  and  Columbia,  south  of  Nashville,  Bolivar  on  the  Hatchcc, 
and  Mempliis  on  the  Mississippi  river,  are  among  the  most  flourishing 
towns  in  Tcimcssee. 


Map  No.  8.  —  What  state  bounds  Teimcssee  on-tlie  north  7  Ky.  — 
On  the  south?  Mi.,  Aa.,  Gu.  —  East?  N.-Ca.  —  West?  As. — 
What  river  separates  lliis  state  from  Arkansas?  Mi.  —  Which  ore  the 
two  principal  rivers  ?  Te.,  Cd.  —  Name  the  head  brnnehcs  of  the  Ten- 
nessee ?  i'l.,  Ch.,  Iln.,  F..I!d.  —  Tell  how  long  all  these  rivers  uro  ? 
Ifow  many  miles  from  the  sea  do  steain-boais  navigate  the  Hatchce, 
Cumberland,  and  Ilolston  rivers  ?  'I'o  what  towns  do  they  ascend  7 
llr.,  Co.,  Ko.  —  What  mountains  separate  Tennessee  from  North  Car- 
olina ?  Ay.  —  The  Allegheny  mountains,  in  this  part,  are  distinguished 
by  the  local  names  of  Stone  Mt.,  Smoky  Ml.,  &.e. —  What  mountains 
between  the  Tennessee  and  l.'uniberland  rivers?  Cd. —  IIow  high  are 
they?  What  is  the  population  of  Nasliville  ?  Memphis?  Knoxville? 
Columbia?  In  what  counties  are  each  of  these  towns?  Dn.,  Sy., 
Kx.,  My. 

118 

MICHIGAN. 

1.  This  sfutc  comprises  two  large  peninsulas,  one  of  wliich 
is  situated  between  Laltcs  Huron  and  Miciiigan,  and  the  otiicr 
between  Laiies  Superior  and  Micliigan. 

2.  The  former  contains  the  wliitc  population  of  the  state, 
uhiic  the  latter  is  inhabited  almost  solely  by  a  few  Indians, 
and  is  but  little  known. 

3.  The  settled  part  of  Michigan  is  level,  fertile,  and  highly 
productive.  Large  crops  of  wheat,  corn,  oats,  and  barley, 
arc  obtained ;  while  apples,  pears,  and  other  fruits,  grow  in 
abundance. 

4.  The  great  lakes  by  which  Michigan  is  surrounded,  are 

cliief  minerals  ?  What  is  said  of  iron  7   5.  Describe  Nashville.  Knox- 
ville.    6.  Franklin,  and  other  towns. 

Michigan.  Q. —  1.  What  docs  this  state  comm-ise?  How  arc  they 
situated  ?  2.  What  does  the  former  contain  I  The  latter  7  3.  What 
in  said  of  the  settled  part  7     What  nre  obtained  7     4.  How  is  Michigan 


U  API  IV. 

ho  stiito  gives  employment 

iiil-workn. 

brtile  uiid  pictures>(|ut'  dis- 

lic  and  privuto  buildings. 

irst  scat  of  government  of 

lie,  Dolivur  on  tlie  Hatclicc, 
mong  tliu  most  flourishing 


see  on -the  north  7  Ky.  — 
N.-Ca.  —  West  ?  As.  — 
18  ?  Mi.  —  Which  aro  the 
head  branches  of  the  Ten- 
ong  all  these  rivers  arc? 
uts  niivigiifo  the  Ilatchce, 
it  towns  do  they  ascend? 
cnncssec  from  North  Car- 
tliis  part,  arc  distinguished 
I.,  &.C. —  What  mountains 
rs7  Cd. —  IIow  high  are 
Memphis?  Knoxville? 
'  these  towns  ?    Dn.,  Sy., 


3iiin.siilas,  one  of  wliich 
tlicliigan,  and  the  otiicr 

)opiilation  of  the  state, 
iloly  by  a  few  Indians, 

!vel,  fertile,  and  highly 
orn,  oats,  and  barley, 
J  other  fruits,  grow  in 

;an  is  surrounded,  are 

describe  Nashville.  Knox- 

lomprise?  How  arc  they 
?  The  latter  ?  3.  What 
ed  ?    4.  How  is  Michigan 


AIICIIIOAN. 


16fi 


1 


Perry's   Victory. 

navigable  by  vessels  of  the  largest  size,  and  even  naval  b.ittles 
have  been  fought  on  them.  Perry's  victory  was  gained  within 
the  limits  of  this  state,  September,  1814. 

5.  Numerous  steam-boats  imd  other  rrafl  aro  constnully  employed  in 
the  trade  of  the  country,  and  iu  convoyin;^  emigrants  i'rom  the  east  to 
tlic  west. 

6.  Detroit,  the  capital,  and  the  principal  phice  in  the  Kfitr,  is  ndmiralily 
situated  for  commerce,  of  whicli  its  sliare  is  iilready  extensive.  Tlio 
city  is  regularly  laid  out,  and  contains  a  number  of  handsome  public 
buildings.     The  population  is  at  least  four  times  greater  than  in  1830. 

7.  Monroe  City,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Kivcr  Raisin,  is  an  important 
and  thriving  place  ;  it  is  a  great  thoroughfare  for  emigrants  going  to  llio 
interior  of  the  state.  Mackinaw,  on  an  islind  at  the  entranoo  to  Lake 
Michigjin,  and  St.  Mnry's,  at  Fort  Rrady,  aro  the  most  northern  settle- 
meats  in  the  state;  the  l()rmer  was  long  noted  for  its  fur  trade,  which 
of  late  years  has  been  on  the  decline.  Momit  Clemens,  Tecumseh,  and 
Ann-Arbour,  in  the  eastern,  and  .N'iles  and  St.  Joseph,  in  the  western 
section  of  Michigan,  are  all  ilonrishing  towns. 

Map  No.  4.  —  What  laUo  bounds  Michigan  on  the  north  ?  .Sr.  —  On 
thccast?  Hn.  —  West'  AIn. —  'Vliat  states  on  the  south  ?  Ia.,Oo. — 
What  rivers  separate  Mieliliran  from  Wisconsin?  Ml.,  Me.  —  What 
country  cast  of  Michigan  ?  U.-Ca.  —  What  territory  in  tlic  west  ?  Wn. 
—  Where  is  Mackinaw  ?    Fort  Brady  ? 

Burroundcd  ?  What  has  taken  place  on  them  ?  5.  What  is  said  of 
ttcamboats,  &c.  ?  6.  Describe  Detroit.  7.  Monroe  city.  Mackinaw, 
&c.    Mount  Clemens,  and  other  towns. 


.S*"" 


.1"! 


V, 


0' 


1 1 
I  ■ 


IGO 


DEriCIlirTIVB  GEOGRAPHY. 


Map  Nii.l.  —  WhA  luUc  llos  iKtwcin  l,:ikns  Huron  nnd  Eric  ?  S.Cr. 
—  What  river  iiiiilvs  it  to  L:ili(;  IIiii(>ii  '>  S.-Cr.  —  Which  to  Luke  Eric  ? 
l)t.  _  Wh.t  h  tlif  i)(i|i\ihitioii  of  Diaroit  !  Monroe  ?  Nilcs  ?  To  whftl 
p':ioo  on  tho  St.  Jos'j|ih'.s  rivur  <!u  stuani-boaU  ascend  ?  How  far  from 
the  sua  ia  it  ? 

119 


Ualtle  of  Tippecanoe. 

INDIANA. 

1.  Indiana  is  the  smallest  in  extent  of  the  Western  States ; 
It  is  similar  to  Ohio  in  soil  and  surface,  but  contains  a  larger 
proiwrtion  of  prairie  land. 

2.  The  labour  of  the  farmer  Is  here  amply  repaid  with 
luxuriant  crops  of  wheat,  Indian  corn,  rye,  and  oats,  which, 
with  beef,  pork,  Sec.,  are  the  chief  articles  of  exportation. 

3.  The  mineral  resources  of  Indiana  have  been  but  little 
attended  to ;  but  coal,  iron,  lime,  and  salt,  arc  known  to 
abound,  and  Ep.som  salts  are  found  in  a  cave  near  Corydon. 

4.  An  cx'-^nsive  system  of  canuls  and  rail-roads  lias  Iwcn  adopted  by 
tliis  state,  wliicli,  when  completed,  will  bo  of  immense  pdvantago  to  the 
inhabitants. 

5.  The  people  of  Indiana  were  greatly  harassed  by  tho  Indians  un- 

Indiana.  Q.  —  1.  What  is  Indiana?  In  what  is  it  similar  to  Ohio? 
2.  How  is  the  farmer  repaid  ?  3.  What  are  the  minerala  ?  4.  What 
of  canals  and  rail-roads?    5.  By  whom  wore  the  people  harassed? 


;i^l 


WHY. 

i  Huron  nndErio?  S.Cr. 

—  Wliicli  to  Luke  Eric? 
nroc  ?    Nilcs  ?     To  whnl 

ascend  ?    How  far  from 


ILLINOIS. 


167 


of  the  Western  States ; 
,  but  contains  a  larger 

re  amply  repaid  with 
rye,  and  oats,  which, 
cics  of  exportation, 
a  have  been  but  little 
id  salt,  arc  known  to 
1  cave  near  Corydon. 
roads  lias  liccn  adopted  by 
immense  pdvantngc  to  the 

rasscd  by  the  Indians  un- 

what  is  it  similar  to  Ohio  7 

the  mineral!  7     4.  What 

ore  the  people  harassed? 


til  the  year  1811,  when  General  Harrison  defeated  the  Shawancso  Pro- 
plii't,  after  a  gallant  contest,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Tippecanoe  rivor. 

6.  Indianapolis,  the  capital  of  the  state,  stands  on  a  fine  plain  near 
the  Whito  river,  and  is  laid  out  with  much  taste  and  regularity.  It 
contains  scvcrnl  handsome  public  buildings. 

7.  New  Albany  is  the  largest  town  in  the  atoto  j  it  carries  on  a  con- 
siderable trade.  Madison  und  Jeiforsonvillc,  both  on  the  Ohio,  are 
flourishing  towns.  Vevay  is  settled  by  a  colony  of  industrious  Swiss, 
who  <'ulttvatc  extensive  vincyurdj,  and  make  considerable  quantities  uf 
pxccllonl  wine. 

8.  Vincnnncs  is  the  oldest  town  in  Indiana.  Now  Harmony,  Terro 
Haute,  Lufayetto,  and  Logansport,  on  the  Wabash  river,  arc  all  thriving 
towns.  Michigan  City,  at  the  head  of  Lake  Michigan,  South  Bend  on 
the  St  Joseph's,  and  Fort  Wayne  on  tho  Maumec  river,  are  the  princi- 
pal places  in  the  north  part  of  the  state. 


Map  JVb.  9.  —  What  state  on  the  north  ?  Mn.  —  On  the  soutli  ?  Ky. 
—  East  ?  Oo.  —  West  7  Is.  —Which  river  on  the  south  ?  Oo.  —  On 
tho  west?  Wh.  —  What  river  flows  into  Lake  Erie?  Me.  —  What 
rivers  flow  into  the  Wabash  7  El.,  Se.,  My.,  To.,  We.  How  longr  are 
the  foregoing  rivers  7  How  far  from  the  seo  do  st^'om-boats  navigato 
the  Wabash  7  East  fork  of  White  river  7  What  is  tlie  population  of 
New  Albany?  Madison?  Rushville?  Indianapolis 7  Vinccnncs? 
Terre  Haute  7  Lafayette  7  Logansport  7  In  what  counties  are  all 
these  towns?  Fd.,  Jii.,  Rh.,  Mn,,  Kx.,  Vo.,  Te.,  Cs,  —  In  what  year 
was  the  battle  of  TipiKcanoe  fbu;'.?  7 


120 


ILLINOIS. 

1.  Illinois  is  one  of  the  most  fertile  states  in  the  Union 
It  has  advanced  in  population  and  importance  with  uncom 
mon  rapid'iy,  and  has,  of  late,  excited  great  attention. 

a.  It  consists  chiefly  of  rich  and  extensive  prairies,  and  is 
watered  by  a  numter  of  beautiful  streams,  of  wliich,  the 
Illinois,  and  some  others,  arc  navigated  by  steam-boats. 

3.  Agriculture  is  the  chief  and  most  profitable  employ- 
ment. The  principal  products  are  corn,  wheat,  rye,  hemp, 
and  tobacco.  Cattle,  horses,  and  swine,  abound,  and  are 
raised  on  the  fertile  prairies  with  but  little  trouble. 

6.  Describe  Indianapolis.    7.  New  Albany.    Madison.    6.  Vinccnncs, 
and  the  otiicr  towns. 

lllinoit.  Q.  —  I.  What  is  Illinois?  2.  Of  what  does  it  consist? 
3.  What  ia  said  of  agricult;',rc  7    Cattle,  <&.c.  ?    4.  Of  minoraU  7    Tho 


l'^ 


IllinoiD  College  in  Uiu  Uutuiicc. 


4.  The  mincruls  ore   coal,  iron,  nnd  lead.    Tlie  List  is  the   most 
[iljMMtliiiit.     The  Uad-iiiines  around  Oalcnci,  witli  tlioseol'  tlic  ndjoinin{f 
Territory  of  Wisconsin,  arc  umon-f  the  ricliest  in  thu  world,  and  cover 
a  region  of  country  hundreds  of  sjquarc  miles  in  extent. 
j:  ,  j    j  5.  The  canul  to  connect  Lake  Miehifrim  with  (he  Illinois  river  is  one 

'    ,  of  the  most  important  works  of  the  kind  in  the  United  States.     Nu- 

iiierous  ruil-roads,  to  intcrstct  tlio  state  in  various  directions,  arc  in 
projjress. 

0.  The  city  of  Chicajjo  is  the  most  important  place  in  Illinois.  It 
Ijc,.  :    !  haw  become  within  a  few  years  the  centre  of  a  large  and  growing  trade. 

''\  :    -j  '  NuMierous  steuni-boiits,  ships,  brigs,  and  oilier  vessels,  are  constantly 

,(  i'"  iving  with  gfoods,  emigrants,  &e.,  and  departing  witli  the  produce  of 

!•  t  le  country. 

;     ;  Vandalia,  the  capital  of  the  state,  is  a  smuU  town  on  the  Kaskaskia 

•»   ■  i'  river,  containing  about  100  houses. 

7.  IVoiia,  Hcnrdstown,  and  NajJes,  on  the  Illinois  river,  and  Quincy 
nnd  Allen,  on  the  Mississippi,  are  all  flourishing  towns.  Springfield 
and  Jacksonville,  near  the  centre  of  the  state,  arc  thriving  places.    The 

i  latter  has  in  ito  vicinity  Illinois  College,  the  principal  literary  institu- 

;'  tion  in  the  htute;  and  Springfield  has  been  chosen  by  the  Legislature  to 

1m'  lllf!  enililnl    nt'lrr  llin   vnnr  1  Silfl 


be  the  capital,  after  the  year  1840. 


MapNn.O.  —  What  bounds  Illinois  on  the  north?    W.-Ty. On 

the   soutii?     Ky.— East?     la.  — West?    Mi.,  I.-Ty.— What   river 
on  the  west  ?     Mi.  —  On  the  south  ?     Oo.  —  On  the  east  ?     Wh. 


lead-mines  7     5.  Canals  ?     Rail-roads  ?    G.  Describe  Chicago,  Vandalia. 
7.  Peoria,  Bcardstown,  &c.    Quincy,  Alton,  Springfield,  Jacksonville. 


i 


APHY. 


.  Tlie  liist  is  the  most 
itli  tliose  of  tlic  ndjoininp 
It  in  till!  world,  mid  covtr 

in  extoiit, 
Lli  lliu  Illinois  river  1h  ono 

the  United  States.     Nu- 
ifarious  directions,  arc  in 

tant  place  in  Illinois.     It 

large  and  growinjr  trade. 

er  vessels,  are  coiistautly 

rting  uitli  the  produce  oi" 

U  town  on  the  Kaskaskiu 

Illinois  river,  and  Quincy 
lung  towns.  Springfield 
arc  thriving  places.  Tho 
principal  literary  institu- 
>scn  by  the  Legislature  to 


o  north?  W.-Ty.  — On 
li.,  I..Ty.— What  river 
-  On  tho  east  ?     Wli.  — 

scribe  Chicago,  Vandalia. 
Springfield,  Jacksonville. 


MI.^SOURI. 


109 


What  rivers  {\o\v  into  the  IMississipjii  ?  Itk.,  !>■.,  K;i.  —  What  rivers 
into  the  Illiiiciis  '  Kr.,  D.-IV,  l'\.,  Vii.,  Mw.,  Sn.,  Sii.—  U'liiit  rivers 
flow  iiilolhe  Wiiliiisli  .'  Vii.,  !;.■<,  l,..WIi. —  IIdW  Imi),'  is  i;i(-li  of  tho 
fores-oing  rivers  .'  What  lake  on  the  north-east  '  Mn. —  How  many 
inhabitants  has  Cliiciigo  ?  (iiilen.i  ^  IVoria?  tiuincy  ?  Springfield? 
.TaekHonville?  Alton?  In  what  countie.o  arc  tin  se  towns  ?  CIt.,  Js., 
Pa.,  As.,  Sn.,  :\Iii.  .Mn. —  How  far  from  the  sea  do  steain-liuats  ascend 
the  Illinois  !     IJock  /  and  Sangamon  rivers  ? 


Indians  attacking  Mistiouri  Traders. 
MISSOURI.* 

1.  Missouri  is,  next  to  Virginia,  the  largest  state  in  tlio 
Union.  Tho  fa<:o  of  the  country  is  diversified  with  hills, 
plains,  and  prairies,  of  which  the  latter  predominate. 

2.  Wheat,  Indian-corn,  hcnip,  and  tobacco,  are  largely 
riilfivatcd,  with  some  cotton  in  the  southern  part  of  the  stale. 
This  is  an  admirable  grazing  country,  and  vast  herds  of 
horses,  cattle,  and  hogs,  arc  raised  in  it. 

3.  Missouri  is  rich  in  minerals :  the  load-mines  have  been 
worked  for  more  than  100  years,  and  produce  at  present 
several  million  pounds  of  lead  annually. 

4.  Tho  Pilot  Knob  and  the  Iron  Mountain  arc  immense  masses  of 

Missouri.  Q.  —  1.  What  is  Minaouri  ?  AVIiat  is  said  of  the  country  ? 
0.  What  arc  cultivated  ?     Raised  ?     3.  Wlial  of  the  minerals  ?    4.  Ue- 


\A 


I 


»r 


♦  Miasouri,  Mis-su'-re. 


170 


DKSCIIU'TIVE    GEOGIIAI'HY. 


ni'iirly  pure  iron,  niid  Hurpans  eviTy  tiling  of  the  kind  found  in  uny  part 
uf  llic  World.  Cujiper,  /.itic,  and  eual,  uIhu  alioiind.  md  suit  in  iiiudu  to 
soii.v  extent. 

a.  Tlirre  In  n  roiisidrrnblu  trudo  earrled  on  lutwecn  tliiH  ntuto  and 
Sii  III  I'V,  ill  New  Mexico.  The  truderH  Ibriii  caraviinH  of  nuiiieroUH  in- 
di\idu(ilM,  with  iiiuiiy  hornes  and  woft""''.  They  eiirry  various  articles 
ormerelmndiM,  and  being  (Vequently  uttaukcd  by  lndiui)'<,  deleiid  them. 
Belvcti  with  their  ritles, 

6.  J(  lUrtioii  City,  the  capitiil,  is  on  the  Routh  Bide  of  the  Missouri 
riviT  ;  it  is  u  small  town,  und  contains  the  State  House  and  I'enitentiary. 

The  eily  ol'St.  Fiouis  is  the  liirj,'C8t  place  west  of  the  Mississippi  river. 
It  i;i  very  liivouralily  situated  ibr  trade,  und  has  an  extensive  eoinmcrcc. 
Numerous  steuni-boats  are  constantly  depurting  for  and  arriving  ftoni 
nearly  all  parts  of  the  Missis-ippi  vulley.  Though  this  city  is  1,200 
niil(  »  from  the  sea,  yet  its  enterprising  inerchants  are  about  to  establish 
a  direct  trade  with  Kuro|Ks  und  tlic  Atlantic  ports  of  the  Union. 

7.  St.  Chnrlcs,  Franli'  n,  Booncville,*  Lexington,  and  Lilicrfy,  arc  all 
on  or  near  the  Missoui  river  j  they  are  small  but  thriving  towns:  tho 
last  is  the  most  western  town  in  which  u  ncwspa|)cr  is  printed  in  ttio 
United  States.     It  i.s  IM'2  miles  from  Washington  City. 


.Viip  An. !».  —  What  territory  on  the  north  ?  I.-Ty.  —  On  the  west  ? 
I.-Ty.— What  Btiites  on  the  east  .'  Is.,  Ky.— South  '  As. — What  rircr 
on  the  eust  >  Mi. — On  tlie  west,  and  in  the  centre  >  Mi. — Wliat  rivers 
flow  into  the  Missouri?  L.-l'e,  Gd.,  Cn.,  Oc.,  'Jc.  —  Into  the  Missis- 
eipid  .'  St.,  Mi.,  Mc— What  rivers  ilow  into  Arkansas?  W.-Wr., 
U.-Hk.,  Ct,  We.  —  What  mountains  in  tho  south-west?  Ok.  —  How 
high  are  they?  What  mines  in  Washington  county?  Ld.  —  What 
mountains  ?  In.,  P.-Kb.  —  How  many  inhabitants  has  St.  Louis  ?  St. 
C^harles  ?  I'ulinyru  ?  In  what  counties  arc  these  towns?  S.-Ls., S.-Cs., 
Mn —  In  wliich  is  Jeflbrson  city  I  Cc.  —  Booncvillu  ?  Cr.  —  Lcxing. 
ton?    Lc.— Liberty?    Cy. 


122 


ARKANSAS. 

1.  Arkansas  is  one  of  tho  latest  formed  of  the  American 
states,  having  been  admitted  into  the  Union  in  1836.  The 
eastern  part  of  the  country  along  the  Mississippi  is  low  and 
marshy ;  but  the  interior  is  elevated,  healthy,  and  pleasant. 

scrilx:  Pilot  Knob  and  the  Iron  Mountain.  5.  What  trade,  &c.  ?  What 
do  the  traders  form  ?  6.  Describe  Jefferson  City.  St.  Louis.  7.  St. 
Cliarlos,  and  the  other  towns. 

Arkan$aa.  Q.  —  1.  Wliat  is  said  of  Arkansas?      Of  tho  country? 

*Bu<meviUe,  Boon'-viL 


RAI'HY. 

["tlie  kind  found  in  uny  part 
ulioimd.   uid  suit  is  iiiudu  tu 

I  on  III  twi'cii  tliiN  stulc  and 
in  caravapH  ornuinrruUH  in. 
Tlipy  carry  varimis  nrticlcs 
cd  by  Indian'',  dulliid  thcin- 

Routli  Hidu  of  tlio  Mi.ifouri 
ate  IIuusu  and  IVnitcntiary. 
Acst  ol'tliu  MiK»iHsi|)|)i  rivtr. 
liaH  an  cxtciiHivc  roniniercc. 
irting  fur  and  arriving  fVoni 
Thuugli  tliis  city  is  1,200 
:liant8  arc  about  to  establish 
c  ports  of  tlio  Union, 
(ington,  and  Liberty,  arr  all 
lall  but  thriving  towns :  tho 
ncwspajier  i^  printed  in  t)ie 
lingtun  City, 

ti?  I.-Ty.— On  the  west? 
-South  :'  As.— What  rircr 
centre  >  Mi. — Wlint  rivers 
ic.,  fJc,  —  Into  the  Missis- 
into  Arkansas?  W.-Wr., 
1  south-west?  Ok.  —  How 
ton  county?  Ld.  —  What 
bitants  has  St.  Louis  7  St. 
these  towns  ?  S.-Ls.,  S.-Cs., 
Boonevillc  ?    Cr.  —  Lcxing. 


jrmed  of  the  American 

Union  in  1836.     The 

Mississippi  is  low  and 

lealthy,  and  pleasant. 

.  What  trade,  &c.  ?    What 
n  City.     St.  Louis.     7.  St. 

insas?      Of  tho  country? 
_ 


WISCONSIN  TRRRITOUY. 


171 


2.  TIk!  I;iiii!  !)(ir(k;rin^  on  tin;  rivers  is  qoiK^rnlly  fertile,  aniJ 
prodiu'es  alminl.iril  crnps  ol' rot  Ion  and  corn.  W  liwit  iinil 
j»rnin  firow  well  in  tin;  upper  country,  while  peivclics,  piiuns', 
(inJ  fitlier  i'.iiils,  lire  raised  in  ahimdunee. 

U.  This  slate  has  coiisiducahlii  advantages  for  commerce. 
Nearly  every  part  of  it  is  interseetcd  Ity  streams  that  (low 
into  the  .Mississijipi  river.  Steaiii-lKjats  ascend  the  Arkansas 
iliirin;;  liiLjh  water  nearly  (i()((  miles  above  its  mouth,  and  the 
JJed,  \\'hiti%  St,  Francis,  and  Washita  rivers,  are  all  more  or 
less  navij5aljl('. 

4.  Tlio  hot  springs,  about  li.ly  iiiilcH  west  of  Little  Rock,  are  ainnng 
the  chief  curioHitii-s  of  the  country  ;  the  water  of  some  of  them  in  Huf- 
ficienlly  hot  to  boil  an  egg  in  fillriii  iniiiutus.  Thoy  are  very  numeruuH, 
and  much  resorted  to  by  invalids,  who  generally  lind  tho  use  of  the 
water  benefieiul  to  their  health, 

5.  Little  Rock,  the  capital  of  the  state,  situated  on  the  Arkansas 
river,  ultout  UdO  miles  above  its  inoiilli,  is  the  most  important  town. 
The  chief  of  the  others  arc,  Arhansuii,  |{at>svillc,  Ilclcnu,  Fulton,  und 
Fayettcville.     These  arc  all  of  limited  (Kipulatiun. 


Map  No.  B.  —  What  bounds  Arkansas  on  the  north?  Mi.  —  On  the 
south?  La.— F,aHtf  To.,  Mi.— West .'  In.  Ty.— What  river  sepa- 
rates ArkaiiHiui  from  Tennissee  and  Mississippi?  Mi.  —  What  tlireu 
rivers  flow  iiiln  the  Mississip|)i  >  As.,  We.,  S..Fs.  —  What  are  thi  two 
principal  rivrr.s  that  flow  into  Louisiana  I  Rd,,  Wa,  — Tell  the  lengths 
of  the  foregoing  rivers.  How  liir  ere  the  Arkansas,  White,  Washita,  and 
Red  rivers,  navigable  for  steam-boats  I  Name  tho  places  where  tho 
navigation  ends.  F,-(!n.,  He.,  K.-Fo,,  Jo.  —  In  what  county  is  Little 
R..<:k?  Pi.  —  Fort  .Smith  .'  Cd.  — Fulton?  Ild.  — Fayettcville? 
Wn.  —  Batcsvillc  .'     le.  — Helena?     Ps. 

WISCONSIN  TERRITORY. 

1.  Wisconsin  formed,  until  the  year  1830,  the  western 
division  of  Michigan  Territory.  A  large  portion  of  it  is  but 
little  known  ;  and  it  is,  for  the  most  part,  still  in  the  occupan- 
cy of  the  Indians. 

2.  It  is  yet  but  thinly  settled  by  a  white  population  ;  but  its 

2.  Produclions?      .3.  Commerec  ?      Steam-boats?      4.   Hot  springs? 
5.  Describe  Little  Rock,  and  other  towns. 

Wisconsin  Territory.  Q. —  1.  What  did  Wisconsin  form?  What  is 
said  of  it '!    2.  IIow  is  it  settled  ?     What  arc  attracting  emigrants  ? 


ij^^' 


/)." 


1 


r  i 


i, 


I  4 


11'^ 


Dl'.rfl  Illl'lIVr.    (iKOiillAl'IlV. 


grca».  miiKTiil  rcsdtirrrs  mni  tJitili!  soil  nrf>  nltr;\i'tin{;  mimcr- 
WIS  ciiii^rimls  iViuii  d.i'  cnslcrn  piiit  nl'  ilii'  I'liiDii. 

a.  Tliis  coiiiili y  in  licli  in  iniiii'i;il  pnidiu'lH.  Ja'uiI  in  foiimi 
in  gri'.it  (|iiiiiitilii-*,  (iml  co|>;ii'r  mi.l  iron  also  iilHiiiml.  'I'lu' 
|irini'i|)nl  triiilf  ol'  Wisconsin  consists  in  tlic  cx|)'>rlin;{  of  kad 
(inii  (illicr  |ir<)ihicts,  to  tlic  various  inarkcls  on  the  iVIississiitiii 
and  ( )|iio  risers. 

■1.  .Mndisim  city,  tlif  nipiliil  of  Wincormin,  in  sitimtcil  nboiit  linlf  wiiy 
ImIw.cii  the  Misi^i^i-ipipi  river  Hiid  f,iilti!  Micliii,mn.  Tlioii({h  liiil  liilcly 
laiil  Dill,  n  iiiinilitr  ol'  l)iiililin){»  I'uve  hivn  orccti  tl.  MiUvnukce,  Kiicinc, 
Nuviiriiir),  Miiitrul  roint,  rruirii;*  du  Cliicii,  mid  CuhsviIIi',  urc  llic  ollar 


priiic'i|ml  towiiii. 


C'lii|i|iewsy  Hark  I.oili;i' 


lliti'li  Hurk  C'lnov, 


r>.  Tlio  c'liicf  Indian  tribes  in  tliii)  territory  nrc  the  ('hipiicwnys  and 
tlio  MiiinoiiioiiieM.  Tlio  Ibrmfr  Bubsi^t  mostly  on  tlie  wild  ricu  willi 
which  the  niiineroUH  lakes  abound.  They  nmku  lodfrea  und  canoes  of 
birch  bark,  but  have  not  niucli  mechanical  injrcnuity.  'I'lio  MeniiD- 
monies  are  BU[H.'rior  in  skill  to  the  ("hipiM'ways ;  they  prepare  belts, 
inoccusins,  sheaths,  &c.  very  neatly,  and  ornament  tiicm  with  beads 
und  [lorcupino  quills. 

Map  No.  4.  —  What  kiuiida  Wisconsin  on  the  north?  B.-Aa. — 
South  '  Is. — East  ?  Mn. —  West  !  I.-Ty. — Wliat  river  fnrina  nearly 
the  whole  of  tlic  wes'crn  boiindiiry  ?  Mi.  —  What  rivirs  tlow  into 
Lake  Superior'  S.-Ls.,  iMI.  —  Into  (iicen  Hay  7  Me. —  Into  the 
SlissisHippi  river?  Wii.,  km.  —  What  lakes  in  Wisconsin?  IM., 
.St.,  I'll.,  Wo.  —  VVliul  lakes  on  the  raht  '  Sr.,  Mn.  —  What  lakes  fi.nii 
jiirt  o'  the  north  niid  eastern  boundary  !  Ws.,  l{y.,  Sr.,  .'Mil.  —  Ilow 
iiir  from  the  sea  crvn  sleam-briats  asci'iitl  the  .Mississippi  river? 

Miip  No.\). —  In  what  eouiily  is  llie  e.ipilul.'  De. —  .Milvvaukiit  ? 
Me.  — Cassville  ?  (it.  —  I'mirir  dp  CIiiim?  t'll.  —  Ilow  Car  from  tho 
Bca  do  Dieain-boats  ascend  tho  Wi.^consin  !     Koek  Kivcr  .' 

3.  What  is  snid  of  the  mineral  products  ?  Of  the  trado  !  4.  Dcscr'o 
Mailison  city,  Milwnnkie,  and  the  oilier  lov.ns.  .O.  Wliieh  arc  tho 
chief  Indian  tribes  .'     Deserilic  the  tiiipiicways.     'i'lic  Meiinomonies. 


'  rruirie  da  Chim,  rniy'-ro-du-S-lieon'. 


cm  A  PI  IV. 

)il  iM-f  nltr;u'tii){5  mimcr- 
111'  ilii-  I'lii'Mi. 
pnuliii'lH.  JiCtuI  is  found 
iron  alsu  alK/iiml.  'I'lic 
i  in  tlif  c.\[t')rlinj;  of  kad 
larkels  on  the  i\lissi.ssi|>[ii 

in,  id  ■itimlud  nbotit  linlf  wny 
lii'liiirnn.  Tlioiigh  hut  liitcly 
ercctt  (I.  Milwniikci',  Itacini', 
n,  iiiul  CuHavilli',  uru  lliu  utlicr 


Iliri'li  Burk  C;ino«, 

tory  nrc  the  ('hip|)cnrny8  and 
inoBlly  on  tlie  wild  rice  with 
y  ninku  lodfris  and  cnnocB  of 
ienl  ingenuity.  'I'ho  Mcniio- 
)|M'wnyH ;  they  prepare  htlti', 
1  ornament  tiicm  witli  bends 


in  on  tlic  north?  B.-Aa. — 
I'y. — Wliat  river  fnrina  nearly 
Hi.  —  What  rivcra  flow  into 
iten  Hay  7  Mc. —  Into  tliu 
lak<'s  in  Wisconsin  ?  IM., 
Sr.,  Mn.  —  Wliat  lakes  (i.rni 
!  Ws.,  J{y.,  Sr.,  .-Mn.  —  How 
lio  Mississippi  river? 
;;apital .'  IV.  —  .Milvvaukie  ? 
n  !  Cil.  —  Itiiw  far  from  tlm 
>     Ifoek  Kiver .' 

or  tlio  trade  ?  4.  Dcacr'u 
r  liiv.iiM.  C>.  Wliitli  are  On; 
K'wnys.     'I'lic  Mennomonien. 

■ro-du-!Shecn'. 


IOWA  Tiiitiiiioav. 


IJl 


IOWA  TI'.URiroUY. 

1.  Iowa  'I'iihhitihiy  was  onjjaiii/.cd  hy  Conjjrcss  in  18:J8. 
Duriiit?  till-  two  prccrding  yuurs,  it  lornicd  the  WL'sttirn  division 
of  Wisciinsiti. 

'2.  Til''  ('(iiinlry,  so  liir  as  it  lias  hern  r'Xi)l()rf'd,  is  licantiliil 
in  a|i|itiiraii('(',  and  nf  iini'(jiriiniin  Irrtilily  ol'  soil.  MoHt 
liiMiriuiit  crops  of  corn,  wheat,  and  oals,  arc  jiroduccd. 

ih  Lend  in  tho  principal  mineral,  ft  is  fiiiind  in  groat 
nbiuidance ;  and  ihn  fnifsl  Icnil-inini's  in  tin:  United  States  are 
lhos(!  worked  in  tho  vicinity  of  I)uliU(iue. *  Coal,  iron,  and 
limestone,  idso  aboiinil. 

■I.  Tho  towns  lH,'ing  all  of  riceiit  fornKition,  nro  yd  Hinall,  Ihoiijfh 
mont  of  tlicni  are  tlirivin);  iniil  tlouriahin^.  Ilnrliiigton,  on  tho  MiHHiH- 
Bippi  river,  ;»  the  Beat  of  ^j.ivernment.  It  was  laid  mil  in  1831:  it  is 
(ituatcd  in  a  fertile  district,  and  has  eonsidtrahle  trade, 

5.  Dubuque,  the  principal  town  in  the  Territory,  is  in  tho  centre  of 
the  mining  district  of  Iowa,  and  contains  a  iiuniher  of  stores  and  tav- 
erns, with  several  handsotnc  public  buildint;s.  I'eru,  Fort  MadiKin,  and 
Monroe,  arc  among  the  prinei{>ul  of  the  other  towns. 


Bloin  Chief  ond  tiis  Son.  Indian  Hkin  Lodge. 

C.  The  Siou.x,  Winncbaffocs,  lowas,  and  Sacs  and  Foxes,  are  tho 
Indian  tribes  now  resident  in  this  Territory.  Tlie  Siou.x  are  one  of  the 
most  powerful  tribes  within  tho  limits  of  tho  United  States.  They  live 
chiefly  on  the  prairies,  making  lodges  of  buflalo  skins,  and  employing 

Iowa  Terrilnrij.  Q. —  !■  When  was  Iowa  Territory  organized  ?  2. 
What  is  said  of  the  country  ?  3.  What  is  tho  principal  mineral?  4. 
What  is  said  of  tho  towns  ?    5.  Which  is  the  principal  town  ?  6.  What 

*  nubuqitr,  I)u-book'. 


■^^X: 


174 


DRflCRII'TIVE  OEOORAPilY. 


i:.'  v 


,  t '( 


iloifi  to  I'lirry  biinli'iiH.     Tim   HcbIi   of  \\wm-  nniiiirilH 


<l  br 

iiiirk 


.,.,„ ....J - rnn»idercil  b 

lliiMti  n  jfriiil  ilclioaiy  I  iiml  n  liuil  tit'  ilii({n'  iiitul  \*  llic  j{ri'atfi.t  i 
of  iitti'iitii)ii  tlicy  (Mil  |iny  iivlriiiii^cr. 

W.//1  Nn.  t.  —  Wliul  IioiiikIh  Iowii  on  tbr  riorlli  '  ll.-An.  —  Smitli  ? 
IMi.  —  KiiHi  t  Wn.  —  WcKt  }  M..Ty.,  I.-Ty.  —  Wlnt  rivrr  (linim  tlir 
niBl  iHiiiiiiliiry  /  Mi. —Tin;  went?  Ml.— Wliiit  rivir«  How  iiorlli  f 
Ilil.,  .Mr.—  Into  ill!'  MiiNoiiri  rivor  >  Jh.,  Sx.  —  W'likli  (V>w«  inl"  tlii! 
MiHuiKnippi  ?  S..I'«.,  Ill ,  Dm.  —  How  loiij;  iircllio  Miimoiiri,  MlNni-oiiiipl, 
Hell,  St.  I'llcr'K,  lowii,  unci  Dch  MoinrH  riviTi»  ?  rroiii  wliiil  lake  iliiis 
lli(!  ,Mis«i«Hi|i|ii  river  rtow  ?  In.  —  WImt  liiiliiin  IrilitK  in  llii-iTi'rriliiry  t 
Aid.,  An.,  Sx.,  Wn.,  IN.,  Mil.,  niid  1''h. 

iWi(/»  A«.  St.-  Ill  wImt  county  in  llurliiiijlon  ?  Di.  — To  wlinl  dU- 
lance  IVoni  tlio  luu  du  itouni-boatii  aiiccnd  tlu'  Dci  Moinci  rivor? 


133 


Eniiyraiit  Imliaiii  laiiiling  nt  Fort  Uibaoii. 

INDIAN  TERRITORY. 

1.  The  Indian  Territory  is  tlio  country  assigned  by  tlio 
United  States'  government  for  the  future  resilience  of  tliuso 
Indians  who  liavc  from  time  to  time  emigrated  frou»  tiic  east- 
ern parts  of  the  Union. 

2.  The  population  numbers  nlmut  70,000,  of  wliom  two- 

Indian  tribes  reside  in  Iowa  1     Describe  the  Sioux,  (pronounced  Soos.) 
What  is  considered  by  them  a  great  delicacy  7 
Indian  Tirritory.  Q.  — 1.  Wlint  is  the  Indiun  Territory  7    9.  WImt 


KinAPIIY. 

ii'iM!  aniiimlx  i«  roiinldiTcd  hr 


llii'  iiDrlli  '  ll..An.  —  Siiutli  I 
I..Ty.  —  Whit  rivrr  (iiriim  the 
i. —  Whiit  riviTH  How  iiorlli  f 
I.,  Sx.  —  NVIiii.'li  (liiWK  into  till' 
(T  iircllio  Miiinoiiri,  .Mi«Hi-<>ii|>pi, 
rivrri»7  I'riiin  wlml  lake  dms 
liiitiiin  trilM.'M  in  (lii-i'lVrrilnry  ! 

liiidloii  ?  I>», — T(»  what  UU- 
i  till'  Dau  Muinca  river? 


nt  Fort  Oibauii. 

ITORY. 

c  country  assigned  by  tlic 
!  future  resilience  of  lliuso 
ic  emigrated  from  tlie  cnst- 


5ut  70,000,  of  wlioin  two- 
is  tlio  Sioux,  (pronounced  Soos.) 
icacy  ? 

10  Indian  Territory  7    9.  Wlmt 


NIriiiOLni  TERimOHY. 


170 


thirds  Imvc  eiiiinriiled  fmii)  llic  (itntcs  rnMt  of  tin;  Mississippi 
rivrr;  the  ninuiiidcr  iiiiiierliiiii  to  trilKH  long  rosidi  nl  in  tliia 
rt'ij;ioM. 

:).  The  Clioctaws,  Cret'kii,  Chcrokwn,  nnd  Shnwnfos  nro 
the  most  ndviinced  iDWiinis  civihzation  of  iiny  of  th<'  Indian 
triU^s  in  this  quiirtcr.  'i'liey  htivo  ^i  .ii-rally  ^oud  houses, 
well-tilled  liejils,  and  own  horses  and  cattle  to  some  extent- 
'I'liey  have  idso  native  tnechunicH  and  nierehiutls  atnoiig 
the:.!. 

1.  'I'lic  Al"irit;iiml  Imliuns  nnicivt,  Coi  llir  iiiomI  [inrl,  cil"  riiwnio", 
()-ni;< !".  KonziiH,  ( >nmhiiH,  in:  Tliry  itiil  rttiiiu  tlioir  oriijinul  Kavmfo 
Imbili*  iiMcliunKril,  nnd  live  nioatly  by  liunling. 

T).  In  MivtrnI  cif  llic  trib«n  of  tinii  territory,  a  numlwr  orminiionnrici 
rv»k\r,  wild  liuvr  ini|irovi(l  tlm  niorul  nnd  Bpirilunl  rondilion  of  tlie»i! 
jM'opli'.  Among  the  SliawnccH.tlii!  FJaptiHtH  liiivr  cHlulilinlird  a  printin|f- 
(illlci',  I'rdin  wliicli  Imvc  Ikcii  iHHUcd  HfliooMiookH,  and  collections  of  bu- 
crcd  pitlry,  in  Hovcrul  liidiun  Iuiikuiikch.  A  inonllily  journal,  nnd 
iinnnul  rt'tfinlur,  an;  aUo  printed  here. 

Map  jVo.  •».  — How  U  the  Indian  Territory  bounded  on  tlic  north? 
M..Ty.— South?  T».,  N..Mo.— KhbI?  I.-Ty.,  Mi.,  As.— West  ?  Mo. 
Wliut  arc  the  priiieipal  riverH  that  (low  lhroii)jli  it !  IV.,  Kh.,  Ah.,  Cn,, 
Rd.— How  loiiK  arc  llie»c  rivers  ?  Wliut  I'liiteil  Slates'  torts  are  ni  tins 
territory  I  I,h.,(Jn.,  Tn.— t)n  what  river  is  the  Council  llluft's  ?  Mi.— 
What  desert  in  the  western  part  of  the  territory  ?  tJ.-An.— Wlmt  moun- 
tains  form  part  of  its  western  boundary  ?  Uy.  —  Where  is  iKing's 
I'cak  ?  James  Peak  ?  How  high  nro  they  ?  Numo  the  Indian  trib«'« 
wholly  resident  in  the  Indian  Territory.  Os.,  O.4.,  Ks.,  Ds.,  Ss.,  Km., 
()».,  Cs.,  Cs.,  Cs.  —  Name  those  that  are  jmrtly  so.  Of  the  latter  there 
ore  three  tribe*.    P».,  Kb.,  P.-Ps. 


120 


MISSOURI  TERRITORY. 

1.  Missouri  TEHniTonv  is  n  vast  wilderness,  thinly  in- 
hahitcd  only  by  ditlcient  tribes  of  Indion.s.  It  consist.s  of 
extensive  prairies,  over  which  roain  countless  droves  of  btit- 
fulo,  elk,  doer,  and  wild  horses. 

is  the  number  of  the  population,  ic.  .3.  Name  tlie  tribes  most  ail- 
vonccd  towards  civilization.  Describe  their  condition.  4.  What  do 
the  Aboriginal  Indians  consist  of?  What  do  they  still  retain? 
5.  What  have  the  missionaries  done?  What  have  the  Baptists  estab- 
lished ?  What  has  been  issued  from  it  7 
Miitouri  Territory  Q.— 1.  What  is  Missouri  territory  7    Of  what 


ri 


176  DESCRIPTIVE  GEOGRAPHY. 


*%I, 


White  ttadcrc  bartering  witli  the  Indians. 

2.  On  the  western  frontier  the  Rocky  Mountains  rise  up  to 
a  great  height,  and  have  their  tops  covered  with  perpetual 

snow.  Among  these 
the  grizzly  bear  is 
found:  he  is  the 
largest  and  fiercest 
animal  of  his  kind, 
and  is  peculiar  to 
North  America. 

3.  This  region  is 
visited  by  the  white 
traders,  who  barter 
with  the  Indians  for 
G"^-^y  B''^''-  the  skins  of  buffaloes, 

bears,  beavers,  dec,  taken  by  them  in  hunting.     There  are 
also  many  white  trappers  and  hunters,  who  live  like  the  In- 
dians,  and  are  absent  from  the  settlements  frequently  for  three 
or  (fjur  years  at  a  time. 
4.  The  principal  native  tribes  are  the  Pawnees,  Sioux,  Riecarees, 


docs  it  consist  ?  2.  What  is  said  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  ?  Grizzly 
bear  ?  3.  Of  the  white  traders  ?  White  trappers  and  hunters  ?  4.  Na- 
tive tribes  ?     What  of  their  habits,  &c. 


3GRAPHY. 


itli  the  Indians. 

[ocky  Mountains  rise  up  to 

ps  covered  with  perpetual 

snow.   Among  these 

~-~,      the  grizzly  bear   is 

r''    found:     he    is    the 
'  largest  and  fiercest 
)  animal  of  his  kind, 
^i   and   is   peculiar    to 
North  America. 

3.  This  region  is 

visited  by  the  white 

traders,  who  barter 

with  the  Indians  for 

the  skins  of  buffaloes, 

n  in  hunting.     There  are 

liters,  who  live  like  the  In- 

ements  frequently  for  three 

he  Pawnees,  Sioux,  Riccareea, 


e  Rocky  Mountains  ?     Grizzly 
trappers  and  hunters  ?    4.  Niu 


OREGON  TERRITORY. 


177 


Crow,  and  Black  Feet  Indians.*  Most  of  them  are  roving  in  their 
habits,  and  being  in  possession  of  an  ample  store  of  horses,  roam  from 
place  to  place,  in  quest  of  buffalo  and  other  game. 

Map  No.  4.  — What  bounds  this  territory  on  the  north?    B..Aa  — 

South?    L-Ty East?    I.-Ty.  -  West  ?    CTy.— What  mounUins 

separate  it  from  Oregon  territory  ?  Ry.  — What  river  from  Iowa  ter- 
ritory  ?  Mi.  —  From  the  Indian  territory  ?  Pe.  —  How  long  is  the 
Missouri?  Platte?  Yellow  Stone?  Big  Horn  ?  Tongue?  and  Run- 
ning. Water  rivers?  What  hiHs  west  of  the  Missouri  river ?  Bk.— 
What  tribes  inhabit  this  territory  ?  B..Ft.,  Cw.,  Ms.,  Rs.,  Ss.,  Ss.,  Ps., 
As.,  Ps.  —  How  many  miles  from  the  sea  have  steam-boats  ascended  in 
this  territory  ? 


Misrionary  preaching  to  the  Indians. 
OREGON  TERRITORY. 
TT  ^*  P?*=''°^  Terbitory  is  the  most  western  part  of  the 
United  States.     It  extends  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the 
I'acific  Ocean,  and  contains  an  area  greater  than  that  of  the 
M'hole  of  the  Southern  Statea. 


Oregon  Territory.  Q.-l.  What  la  Oregon  Territory?   How  far  does 

•  For  several  yeare  post  the  small-pox  has  fearfully  den>Uied  this  reeion  • 
some  of  the  most  powerful  of  the  natiVe  tribes  have  Lt^^iVZJ^tiZ. 
sands  of  th«i/  population,  and  have  become  almost  exUnbt  The^MMdwi 
nation  were  in  a sWt  Urns  reduced  ftwn  1,600  to  31  individuals j  thesehave 
nXs™n«  trib?.  '^*'^''  Ricca«e.,and  their  race  Cce^ied  to  exiit 

12 


m 


178 


DESCRIPTIVE  GEOGRAPHY. 


2.  The  climate  is  said  to  be  more  mild  than  in  the  same 
latitude;  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  continent.  In  many  parts 
the  soil  is  fertile,  and  well  adapted  to  farming  Wheat,  corn, 
fruits,  and  vegetables,  are  raised  of  excellent  quality.  Pine 
trees  of  enormous  bulk  grow  on  the  banks  of  the  Columbia 
river,  and  many  of  them  attain  a  height  of  250  feet. 

3.  Though  claimed  by  the  United  States,  the  territory  is  at 
present  actually  in  possession  of  Great  Britain.  The  traders 
of  the  "  Hudson's  Bay  Company"  have  established  forts  at 
various  points,  and  exercise  an  almost  unlimited  control  over 
the  natives.  Forts  Vancouver,  Wallah- Wallah,  and  Colville, 
are  the  chief  trading  stations. 

4.  At  Fort  Vancouver  is  a  village  containing  fifty  houses,  with  800 
inhabitants.  From  this  place  a  direct  trade  is  carried  on  with  the 
Sandwich  Islands  and  Great  Britain,  which  employs  several  vessels,  be- 
sides a  steam-boat.  About  3000  acres  of  land  are  under  cultivation  at 
tliis  settlement. 

5.  The  inhabitants  of  the  territory  arc  reckoned  to  amount  to  80,000. 
They  consist  of  a  number  of  small  Indian  tribes,  with  the  few  white 
traders  and  hunters  attached  to  the  "Hudson  Bay  Company."  Thuro 
arc  also  several  American  missionaries  in  the  territory,  endeavouring  to 
sj>rcad  the  light  of  the  gospel  among  the  Indians. 

6.  Animals  of  various  kinds  abound,  whose  skins  and  furs  form 
the  chief  articles  of  export  The  sea-otter  is  found  on  the  coast,  and 
the  hair-seal  in  the  Columbia  river.  Salmon  and  sturgeon  are  the  fisii 
mostly  used  for  food.  They  exist  in  great  abundance  in  all  the  princi- 
pal streams. 

Map  No.  3.  — Whflt  bounds  this  territory  on  the  north  ?  B.-Aa. — 
South?  Mo.  —  East?  B.-Aa.,  and  the  Missouri  Territory.  —  What 
bounds  it  on  the  west?  P..On.  —  What  mountains  on  tlie  east  ?  Ry. 
—  Tell  the  highest  of  these.  Bn.,  Hr.  —  Their  heightu.  Wt>«)  country 
in  the  northern  part  of  the  territory  ?  N.-Ca.  —  The  princij..)  ;  'mda  ? 
Q..Cs.,  Vs.  —  How  long  are  tiicy  ?  The  chief  iivers  ?  Cd.,  .us.,  Ct-., 
Fs.    Their  lengths  ? 

Map  No.  4.  —  What  are  the  seven  chief  Indian  tribes  in  Oregon  Tor. 
ritory  ?  Cs.,  Ss.,  Ss.,  Fs.,  Ns.,  Ch.,  Ss.  —  What  mountains  in  the  west- 
ern part  7    Os.,  Jn.,  Hd.,  Rr.  —  How  high  are  the  two  last  ? 


it  extend  7  What  does  it  contain  7  2.  What  is  said  of  the  climafe  ? 
Soil  7  Pine  trees  7  3.  In  whose  possession  is  it  ?  What  is  said  of  the 
Hudson's  Bay  Company  7  Which  ore  the  chief  trading  stations  7 
4.  What  of  Fort  Vancouver  7  What  docs  tho  trade  employ  7  5.  What 
is  said  of  the  inhabitanU  7  Of  what  do  they  consist  7  What  of  iho 
niissionarieg  7    6.  Of  the  animals  ?    Salmon,  &c.  "> 


5RAPHY. 

!  mild  than  in  the  same 
jntinent.  In  many  parts 
)  farming  Wheat,  corn, 
■  excellent  quality.  Pine 
e  banks  of  the  Columbia 
iight  of  250  feet. 
1  States,  the  territory  is  at 
■eat  Britain.  The  traders 
have  established  forts  at 
)st  unlimited  control  over 
llah-Wallah,  and  Colville, 

Gaining  fifty  houses,  with  800 
trade  is  carried  on  with  the 
oh  employs  several  vessels,  be- 
land  ure  under  cultivation  at 

reckoned  to  amount  to  80,000. 
an  tribes,  with  the  few  white 
dson  Bay  Company."     There 

the  territory,  endeavouring  to 

Indians. 

,  whose  skins  and  furs  form 
ter  is  found  on  the  coast,  and 
non  and  sturgeon  are  the  fish 
it  abundance  in  all  the  princi- 


tory  on  the  north  ?  B.-Aa.  — 
!  Missouri  Territory.  —  What 
mountains  on  tlic  east  ?  Ry. 
Their  heightu.  Wt>«)  ronntry 
.-Ca.  —  The  princij'.)'  ;-  'mda  't 
e  chief  iivers  ?    Cii.,  .us.,  Ce., 

if  Indian  tribes  in  Oregon  Tnr. 
-  What  mountains  in  the  west- 
;h  are  the  two  last  ? 

What  is  salij  of  the  climnfe  1 
sion  is  it  ?  What  is  said  of  the 
1  the  chief  trading  stations? 
:s  tho  trade  employ  'I  5,  What 
o  they  consist  ?  What  of  Iho 
linon,  &c,  ? 


I 


View  on  the  Prairies  of  Texas— Catching  wild  liorses. 

REPUBLIC  OF  TEXAS. 

1.  Texas  formed,  in  conjunction  with  Coahuila,  one  of  the 
states  of  the  Mexican  Republic.  In  1836,  the  people  de- 
clared themselves  indei)cndent,  and  adopted  a  form  of  govern- 
ment, with  a  President  and  Congress,  similar  to  that  of  the 
United  Slates. 

2.  Tho  climate  is  mild  and  healthful.  The  face  of  the 
country  consists  chiefly  of  vast  prairies,  tho  soil  of  which  is 
exceedingly  fertile,  and  produces  in  abundance  cotton,  tobacco, 
sugar,  rice,  wheat,  &c. 

3.  Texas  is  one  of  the  finest  countries  in  the  world  for 
raising  cattle.  Pasturage  being  very  plentiful,  they  increase 
rapidly,  and  great  numbers  of  them  are  driven  every  year 
into  the  United  States,  for  sale. 

4.  Vast  herds  of  buffalo,  deer,  and  mustangs  or  wild  horses,  roam 
over  the  unsettled  prairies  of  the  interior.  Numbers  of  the  latter  are 
taken  with  a  leather  thong  or  rope,  with  a  running  noose  at  tho  end  of 
it,  and  being  properly  broke  are  rendered  serviceable,  cither  as  draught 
or  saddle  horses. 


Texas.  Q.  —  1.  What  did  Texas  form  ?  In  what  year  did  the  people 
declare  their  independence  ?  What  have  they  adopted  ?  2.  What  is  said 
of  the  climate?  Fuee  of  tho  country?  Soil?    3.  What  is  Texas  ?  4.  What 


■       180 


DESCRIPTIVE   GEOGRAPHY. 


5.  The  inhabitants  of  Texas  ure  nearly  oli  Anglo-Americans,  wlio 
have  cmierated  from  the  United  fe'-ates.  There  are,  i.!8o,  some  Mexican 
Creoles,  Negro  slavcB,  and  Indians.  The  whole  amou.^ts.  probably,  to 
GO.OOO,  of  which  the  first  named  constitute  about  two-thirds  ot  Uio 
number. 

6.  The  towns  arc  yet  small.  The  principul  of  thorn  arc,  Brazo.ia, 
Matagorda,  Bexar,  Sun  Felipe  do  Austin,  Nacogdoches,  and  San  -lU- 
gustine.     The  city  of  Houston,  recently  luid  out,  .«  tlie  capital. 

7.  The  commerce  of  this  youthful  state  is  already  sufficient  to  em- 
ploy,  to  advantage,  a  number  of  trading  vessels  between  iier  principal 
commercial  towns  nnd  New  Orleans;  and  foreign  vessels  arc  beginning 
to  carry  the  products  of  the  republic  to  European  ports.  , 

Man  No.  3. —  What  bounds  Texas  on  the  north?  U.-Ss.,  Mo. — 
South?  G.-Mo.  — East?  U.-Ss.  —  West ?  Mo.  —  What  river  tonna 
the  north  boundary  ?     Rd.  —  East  ?     So.  —  West  ?     Ns. 

Map  No.  4.  —  Which  are  the  chief  rivers  in  Texas  ?     Co ,  Bs.,  Ty., 

Nb. How  long  arc  they  ?     From  what  lake  does  the  Brasos   river 

flow?  Sc.  — On  what  river  is  Houston?  S..Jo.  — Into  what  buy 
does  it  flow  ?  Gn.  —  How  far  do  steam-boats  ascend  the  Brasos  river  ? 
What  is  the  population  of  San  VuWpe  de  Austin  ?  Ifcxar,  and  Nacog- 
doches  ?  What  animals  abound  in  the  north-west  parts  of  1  exas  7 
B8«W.-Hs. 


129 


MEXICO. 

1.  Mexico  is  an  extensive  territory,  comprising  a  number 
of  divisions  called  states  or  departments.  Previous  to  tlie 
year  1835,  it  was  a  Federal  government,  somewhat  similar 
to  that  of  the  United  Stales  ;  but  it  is  now  a  central  or  con- 
solidated republic. 

2.  Most  of  the  surface  of  the  country  is  elevated ;  a  great 
part  of  it  forming  a  high  table-land  of  from  6000  to  8000 
feet  in  height.  From  this  elevated  plain,  a  few  volcanic  peaks 
shoot  up  to  a  still  greater  height.  The  chief  of  these  are 
Popocatapetl,  Orizava,  Toluca,  &c. 

3.  Mexico  is  famous  for  the  variety  of  its  vegeteole  pro- 
ducts; comprising,  according  to  the  elevation  at  which  they 

is  said  of  Buffalo,  &C.7  How  are  they  taken?  5.  What  ai3  the  in- 
habitants? 6.  What  is  said  of  the  towns  in  Texas?  7.  Of  the 
commerce  ? 

Mcrico.  Q.  —  1.  What  is  Mexico?  What  of  its  government  7  2. 
What  is  «aid  of  the  surface  ?    Of  the  volcanic  peaks  7    3.  For  what  is 


l<<«pttiili.^^ 


:APHY. 

li  Anglo-Americans,  who 
■e  are,  i>!ao,  sonic  Mcxicnn 
liolc  ainou.^ti,  probably,  fo 
;  about  two-thirds  of  tlio 

)ul  of  them  arc,  Brazoiia, 
acogdocheH,  and  San  Au- 
dit, is  tlie  capital. 
s  already  sufficient  to  em- 
scls  between  iier  principal 
reign  vcsscIr  are  beginning 
)pcan  ports.  j 

do  north?     U.-Ss.,  Mo.— 
Mo.  —  What  river  forms 
West  ?    Ns. 

in  Texas  ?  Co ,  Bs.,  Ty., 
ike  does  the  Brasos  river 
S..Jo.  —  Into  what  buy 
8  ascend  the  Brasos  river  ? 
istin  ?  Bexar,  and  Nacog- 
irth-west  parts  of  Texas  ? 


y,  comprising  a  number 
icnts.  Previous  to  the 
nent,  somewhat  similar 
I  now  a  central  or  con- 
try  is  elevated ;  a  great 
of  from  6000  to  8000 
lin,  a  few  volcanic  peaks 
The  chief  of  these  are 

3ty  C/f  its  vegetable  pro- 
elevation  at  which  they 

ken?  5.  What  av3  the  in- 
'ns  in  Texas?     7.  Of  ihu 

hat  of  its  government  ?  2. 
nic  peaks  7    3.  For  what  is 


MEXICO. 


181 


Pyramid  of  Cbotula.    Indiaui. 


Maguey  PlaDt. 


are  planted,  the  principal  grains  and  fruits  of  torrid  and  tem- 
perate climates. 

4.  Indian-corn  is  the  staple  article;  of  which,  two  and 
sometimes  three  crops  are  gathered  in  the  course  of  the  year. 
Wheat,  rice,  and  barley,  are  also  cultivated  ;  and  sugar,  cof- 
fee, tobacco,  vanilla,  cochineal,  &c.,  are  raised  chiefly  for 
internal  consumption. 

5.  The  American  Aloe,  or  Maguey  plant,  is  ex(  nsivcly  cultivatef? 
for  the  sake  of  its  juice,  of  which  the  liquor  called  pulque,  the  favourite 
drink  of  the  lower  order  of  Mexicans,  is  made. 

6.  The  manufactures  of  Mexico  are  in  a  rude  state,  and 
are  chiefly  confined  to  coarse  pottery,  with  glass-ware,  and 
cotton  and  woollen  goods.  Silver  plate  and  jewellery  are, 
however,  well  and  skilfully  made. 

7.  The  commerce  lias  never  corresponded  with  the  extent 
and  resources  of  the  country.  The  mines  of  gold  and  silver 
have  always  been  the  chief  object  of  attention. 

8.  Many  of  these  are  at  present  in  a  ruinoub  statp,  and  those  that  are 
worked  do  not  yield  more  than  half  their  former  amount  From  20  to 
25  millions  of  dollars  were  once  obtained  from  the  mines  of  Mexico 
annually,  which  is  now  reduced  to  10  or  12  millions. 


Mexico  famous  ?  4.  What  is  said  of  Indian-corn  ?  Wheat,  Sic.  ?  5. 
The  American  aloe ?  G.  The  manufactures?  7.  (Commerce?  Mines? 
8.  In  what  state  are  they  7     9.  Of  the  inhabitauU  ?    What  do  tbo 


:;^ 


I'll 


'Ik 


.hoataigy^:^.... 
,   I, 


■  "fWWfWHi'iffry'^-'*— '— 


!  t, 


1 1  f". 


M 


189 


DESCRIPTIVE  GEOGRAPHY. 


9.  Theru  iiro  tliroe  classes  of  inlmbitnnls  in  M.xico ;  tliu  Wnlrg  or 
CreuleH,  the  Indians,  and  tl.c  mixed  races.  'I'I'C  "■'""  .ompriso 
Mettizoes,or  Ihc  desrcndants  of  wliitesand  Indians  ;  MiilaUi}es,iA  wli.tc 
and  negroes;  and  Zambuc,,  of  Indians  and  i.egrocs.  1  liese  races  were 
onco  as  distinct  from  eael.  oilier  us  if  tlicy  had  belonged  to  diiferent 
nations— but  tlio  Revolution  lias  placed  all  classes  on  an  cciual  looting, 
and  men  of  all  complexions  arc  alike  free, 

10.  The  Citholic  religion  is  established  by  law,  and  is  the  only  system 
tolerated  in  Mexico.  The  number  of  the  clergy,  including  all  belong- 
ing  10  the  church,  amounts  to  about  14,000  persons.  1  he  aniusenients 
of  IhciMJoplo  arc  chiefly  those  of  Old  Spain ;  bull-fights,  and  religious 
processions. 

11.  At  the  time  of  the  discovery  of  America,  Mexico  formed  the 
most  powerful  of  the  native  empires.  IJeing  conquered  by  Spniii,  it 
remained  for  300  years  the  most  important  colony  belonging  to  that 
crown.  In  the  year  1851,  the  people  declared  themselves  mdopendent, 
and  established  a  republican  form  of  government ;  but  like  all  tUe 
Spanish  American  Slates,  this  country  has  been,  since  the  revolution, 
much  distracted  by  civil  war. 


City  of  Mexico. 

12.  The  city  of  Mexico,  the  capital,  is  situated  in  a  delightful  valley, 
which  is  elevated  7000  feet  above  the  sea,  an  J  in  tlie  vicinitv  of  several 
of  the  highest  mountains  in  North  America.  It  is  distinguished  for  the 
heuulyof  its  architecture,  the  regularity  of  ite  streets,  and  t he  (.xteiit 
of  the  squares  and  public  places.  Vi-  "^nrk"'  is  well  supplied  with 
hU  the  animal  and  vegetable  productions  ot  l  ountry  ;  many  ot  the 
latter  are  raised  on  floating  gardens  in  the  ncigliaouring  lakes. 

13.  La  Puebla  is  next  to  tli  capital  in  importance,  and  is  noted  for 
iU  manufactures  of  glass  and  earthenware.  Guanaxuato,  Zacatrcas, 
und  San  Luis  Potosi,  arc  all  connected  with  rich  silver  mines.  Near 
the  first  are  the  great  mines  of  Valenciona,  which  in  37  years  yiulJcd 
1G5  millions  of  dollars. 


mixed  races  comprise?  10.  What  is  said  of  religion  7  11.  At  the 
discovery  of  America,  what  did  Mexico  form  ?  How  long  Old  it_  remain 
a  colon/f  What  look  place  in  1821 V  U.  Describe  Mexico.  Ui..v  is  it 
distinguished  ?   What  of  the  markets  ?    1  J.  La  Puebla  and  other  towns  7 


lAPHY. 

in  Mexico;  tliu  Wiilm  or 
:es.  Tlic  liiUcr  CDiiiiirisu 
iidiaiis  ;  Miilatlnes,  ol'whila 
negroes.  Tliesc  ruces  wcru 
■  liad  lielongcd  to  (iiircrfnt 
ilasscs  on  un  cciual  footing, 

f  law,  and  is  tlic  only  system 
Icrgy,  including  alt  bclonfj- 
pcTKons.  Tlic  nniuscnionta 
in  J  buU-figlifg,  and  religious 

mcrica,  Mexico  formed  tho 
ling  conquered  by  Spniu,  it 
it  colony  belonging  to  that 
red  thcrnsclvts  independent, 
ernment;  but  like  all  the 
been,  since  the  revolution, 


ituoted  in  a  delightful  valley, 
inJ  in  tlic  vicinity  of  several 
1.  It  is  diBtingiiished  for  the 
f  its  streets,  and  the  (.xtciit 
•nrU"'  is  well  supplied  with 
it  I  ountry  ;  many  of  the 
ncigliaouring  lakes, 
importance,  and  is  noted  for 
ire.  Guanaxuato,  Zacatecas, 
iln  rich  silver  mines.  Near 
a,  which  in  37  years  yielded 


id  of  religion?  11.  At  tho 
m  ?  How  long  Oid  it  remain 
Describe  Mexico.  Kir.v  is  it 
,  La  PucWa  and  other  towns  ? 


DALIZB    SETTLEMENT. 


183 


130 


14.  Cholula,  tho  ancient  capital  of  a  great  indcjxsndcnt  republic,  has 
declined  into  an  unimportant  town,  containing  6,000  souls.  Tiic  (lyra- 
mid  of  Cliolula  is  the  work  of  art,  wliieh,  next  to  the  pyramids  of  Kgvpt, 
approaches  nearest  in  magnitude  and  vastncss  to  those  of  nature.  It  is 
composed  of  brick,  and  tiiough  only  about  onc-tliird  as  high  as  the  Great 
Fyruniid,  is  nearly  double  tho  length. 

15.  Tiie  chief  sea-ports  are.  Vera  Cruz  and  Tampico,  on  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico;  AcapulcoandSan-Dlas,  on  the  west  coast;  and  Guyaina8,onthu 
Gulf  of  California.  Monterey  is  tho  principal  place  in  Upi)cr  California, 
jind  is  often  visited  by  American  whale-ships.  Bauta  F6,  in  New 
Mexico,  is  the  centre  of  the  trade  with  Missouri. 

16.  Baiize  Settlement. — On  tho  cast  side  of  the  Penin- 
sula of  Yucatan  is  the  Balize  Settlement,  which,  though  within 
the  limits  of  Mexico,  belongs  lo  Great  Britain. 

17.  It  extends  along  the  Uay  of  Honduras  about  150  miles;  and  was 
iii'.iiidcd  tor  the  purpose  of  cutting  logwood  and  niniiogany,  which  form 
its  chief  products.  The  inhabitants  are  mostly  Indians  and  Negroes, 
with  a  few  whites.  Tlic  town  of  Oalize,  tlic  capital,  is  situated  on  the 
river  of  the  same  name.  The  (exports  from  tiiis  place  in  1830,  were  of 
the  value  of  a  million  and  a  iiulf  of  dolluit. 


Map  No.  3.  — What  Irounds  Mexico  on  tlic  north  ?  U.-S.  —  On  tho 
south  and  west  ?  P.-On.  —  What  two  Republics  on  the  east  ?  U.-S., 
Ts,  —  What  soa  and  gulf  on  the  east  ?  Cn.,  Mo.  —  What  peninsula  1 
Yn.  —  What  gulf  on  tho  west  ?  Ca.  —  What  peninsula  ?  Ca.  —  What 
bay  west  of  Yucatan  7     Ce.  —  Ea'St  ?     Hs. 

Miip  No.  4.  —  What  rivers  flow  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  ?  R.-Ne.,  Ns. 
—  The  Gulf  of  California.'  Co.,  Vi. — Tli«  Pacific  ocean?  Ge. — 
What  lakee  are  ia  Mexico  '!  Yu.,  lia.,  Tc.,  C^n., Ca.  — What  mountains  ? 
M.-Ca,,  Sy..  —  What  desert  in  tlie  north-west?  G..Sy.  —  What  states 
border  on  the  <lulf  of  Mexico?  Ts.,  Vz.,  Ta,  Yn.  —  On  the  Pacific 
ocean?  U.-Ca.,  OU3a.,  .lo.,  Mn.,  Ma,  La.,  Oa.  —  How  far  is  it  from 
Califumia  to  Birmali  ?  From  Mexico  to  Uic  Sandwich  Islands  ?  To 
C'ochin  China  7  What  is  the  |X)pulation  of  the  city  of  Mexico  ?  What 
cities  have  a  population  of  30,000  and  upwards  ?  Zc,  S..L..Ti.,  Qo., 
Go.,  Ga.,  La.,  Oa.  —  How  many  iKtweeu  12,000 and 30,0007  Ca.,  Mv-, 
Do.,  Vd.,  Ja. 

What  bay  bo!mds  the  Bali7.o  settlement  on  the  cast?  lis.  —  What 
«tate  on  tlic  west  ?     Yn. 


15.  Chief  sea-ports  7 


J  4.  What  is  tiaid  of  Cholula,  and  its  pyramid  ? 
Moiitf-rey,  &c. 

Balize.  Q- —  16.  To  what  power  does  the  Balize  gettlcment  belong? 
17.  What  is  ita  extent  ?  For  what  purpose  was  it  founded  ?  What 
tow.n  in  its  capital  I 


\ 


'l\ 


|f: 


■ftJ^P^. 


r'NMMIMW 


184 


DESCRIPTIVE  OGOORAPHT. 


131 


i  liiinU'- 


ii\ 


-11 


\}     f! 


GUATIMALA,  Oil  UL'NTRAL  AMERICA. 

1.  GuATiMAiA  occupies  the  narrow  tract  between  the 
northern  and  southern  divisions  of  the  Western  Continent ; 
and  has,  in  consequence  of  itu  position,  assumed  the  title  ot' 
the  United  Stales  of  Central  America. 

2.  It  became  independent  in  1824,  and  adopted  a  form  of 
government  modelled  after  that  of  the  United  States ;  but 
instead  of  acquiring  the  order  and  prosperity  of  that  repub. 
lie,  it  is  the  seat  of  anarchy  and  civil  war. 

3.  Tlio  country  is  traversed  on  the  western  coast  by  lofty  raiiffcs  of 
mountain)),  which  contain  many  volcanoes,  one  of  which,  t^\o  Water 
Volcano,  is  remarkable  for  throwing  out  vast  quantities  of  water ;  while 
the  eruptions  of  another,  the  volcano  of  C/otii^uiua,  were,  in  1834,  heard 
10(H)  miles  distant,  and  the  ishea  thrown  by  it  were  carried  to  Jamaica, 
600  miles. 

4.  The  soil  of  this  region  is  prolific,  and  yields,  in  perfec- 
tion, all  the  most  valuable  tropical  products.  Its  indigo  and 
cacao  are  of  superior  quality.  Mines  of  silver  are  numer- 
ous, but  few  of  them  are  at  present  pixxluctive. 

5.  One-half  of  the  p<^ula  .on  of  Guatimala  is  composed  of 
Indians,  one-fifth  whites,  and  the  remainder  of  the  mixed 
races.  The  Catholic  ia  the  established  religion,  no  other 
being  tolerated. 

6.  Port  of  the  east  coast  (^  this  republic  is  caRed  the  Monquito  shore. 
It  is  covered  with  vast  forests,  and  p(;opled  by  independent  Indians ;  oi* 
which,  some  of  the  tribes  have  long  Iwen  in  alliance  with  the  English. 

7.  St.  Salvador  ia  the  capital  of  Guatimala.  Its  inhabitants  ar» 
chiefly  employed  in  the  indigo  trade.  Old  Guatimala,  formerly  the 
capita],  was  destroyed  by  an  eruption  of  water  from  the  Water  Vol- 
cano, l>at  is  now  reviving. 

8.  New  Guatimala  is  the  most  popi:lou?  pl.ice  in  th.i  country,  and  ia 
a  handsome  city.  Leon  and  Cartago  are  cr,i;8iderab)i)  towns.  Oraoa 
and  Truxillo,  on  tlie  bay  of  Honduras,  arotlie  chief  pca-ports. 


Guatimala.  Q.  —  I.  What  does  Guatimala  occupy?  What  has  it 
assumed  ?  3.  When  did  it  become  mdepcndcnt  ?  What  is  suid  of  the 
government  ?  3.  Of  the  country  ?  Wutcr  Volcano  7  Cosiguina  t 
4.  Of  the  soil  7  Mines  ?  i.  Wiiat  is  suid  of  the  population  1  Of  the 
Catholic  religion  ?  6.  Of  the  east  coast  ?  'i .  Describe  St.  Salvador. 
Old  Guatimala.    8.  New  Guatimala  Stc, 


QRAPHT. 


'RAL  AMERICA. 

irrow  tract  between  the 
r  the  Western  Continent ; 
ion,  assumed  the  title  of 
a. 

i,  and  adopted  a  form  of 
t'  the  United  States ;  but 
prosperity  of  that  repub. 
ii  war. 

tern  coast  by  lofty  raitffcs  of 
cs,  one  of  which,  tf.\o  Water 
Mt  quantities  of  water ;  while 
odl^uiua,  were,  in  1834,  heard 
by  It  were  carried  to  Jamaica, 

fic,  and  yields,  in  perfec- 
products.  Its  indigo  and 
nes  of  silver  are  numeir- 
pixxluctive. 

juatimala  is  composed  of 

remainder  of  the  mixed 

lished  religion,  no  other 

n  is  caRed  the  Monquito  shore. 
)  by  tnd«pcn<lcnt  Indiana ;  oi* 
in  alliance  with  the  English, 
ttimala.  Its  inhabitants  ar» 
I3)d  Guatimula,  formerly  the 
f  water  froni  the  Water  VoS. 

',  pltice  in  th.i  country,  and  ia 
:  cr,i;8iderab)>)  towns.  Oraoa 
}tl>e  chief  pco-ports. 

main  occupy?  What  has  it 
[indent  ?  What  is  suid  of  the 
ulcr  Volcano  't  Cosiguina  ? 
id  of  the  population  ?  Of  the 
7    v.  Describe  St.  Salvador. 


WEST  INDIES. 


185 


Man  No.  3.  —  What  bounds  Gualirnala  on  the  north  7  Mo.,  Hk.  — 
East !  CSa,  —  Wtst  and  south  ?  P.-On,  —  What  bay  on  the  north  7 
Hs.  —  On  the  cast?  (ia.  —  What  liiko  in  the  «outh?  Na.  —  How 
long  is  it?  What  river  connects  it  with  the  sea  7  S.-Jn.  —  Which  is 
the  tno»t  populous  city  7  N.-(>a.  —  The  tour  next  in  |H)pulution  7  Ln,, 
Co.,  H..Sr.,  0.-(-ia.  —  What  is  the  population  of  tliusc  places  ? 

Map  Nil.  5.  —  Guatimalit  comprises  five  states.  Point  them  out  7 
Ga.,  Hs.,  S..Sr.,  Nu.,  CKa.  —  \V  hnt  is  tlu!  capital  of  csch  7  N.-(ja., 
Ca.,  S.-Sr.,  Ln..  Co. —  la  wh'it  state  is  the  Water  Volcano  situated? 
Ga.  —  Volcano  of  Cusiguina  ?     Na.  —  Lake  Nicaragua  7     Na. 

132 


Slaves  cul'ivuiiiiK  the  Biigar^ane. 

WEST  INDIES. 

1.  The  West  Indies  consist  of  a  large  collection  of  islands, 
situated  between  North  and  South  America.  They  are  nil, 
with  the  exception  of  Hayti,  subject  to  ditferent  European 
powers. 

2.  These  Islands  comprise  four  great  divisions  :  the  Baha- 
ma Islands,  the  Great  Antilles,  the  Little  Antilles,  and  the 
Caribbee  Islands.  The  latter  are  divided  into  two  groups, 
the  Windward  and  Leeward  Islands. 

3.  The  climate  is  mild  and  pleasant  in  winter,  which  lasts 

WeH  ludiet.  Q.—  1.  Of  what  do  the  West  Indie*  consist?  2.  What 
do  they  comprise  7    3.  What  is  aftid  of  the  climate  ?    What  wanetime* 


*■•*  rf»<» 

;{5 

mSSs 

't'* 

,i 

\m 


dkhc:ripti"I3  geography. 


I ;  i 


from  noccnihcr  to  May  ;  Init  tlio  remniiidorof  (ho  yonr  is  hot 
nnd  iinlicalihy  (or  stniii;^crs.  Ik'twccn  August  and  Ocloter, 
tji'mondoiis  hiirricaius  or  storms  sometimes  occur,  which  often 
do  f;reiit  injury  to  towns,  houses,  and  shi|)|)iny. 

•1.  The  Wijit  Indies  al)ound  in  nearly  all  the  productions 
of  warm  climates,  and  arc  rich  in  a  var'  'v  of  articles  of 
great  importance  in  commerce;  whi!' 
mahogany  and  several  other  woods  r 

5.  Tlic  principal  fruil»   ore,  oranffON, 
l)ailiumH,  iiluntuiiiH,  &c.      Tlio   two  luit  at: 
fund,  with  liiit  littlu    uttrntiun  to  •lioir  cti, 
uf  birds  is  Ibuiid  in  the  Wcbi  indiux,  nearly 
coiMiiion  to  tliu  neighbouring  continontii. 


jrests  furnish 

"rrs. 

pnpawK, 

excellent 

,it  variety 

,  f,  however, 


; 


(reen  Tutll«. 


Guana  Lizard, 


i„  i    . 


11. 


"!■    !■ 


G.  The  grco.i  turtle  and  cuana  lizard  arc  both  highly  prized,  a8  o.irord. 
ing  delic'  us  U<oii.  The  former  arc  gent  in  considerable  numbers  to 
Europe  and  tbc  !  tvd  States.  Tbey  conic  on  shore  in  tlie  night,  wbun 
the  fisilicrmcn  tun.  them  on  their  backs,  and  colloet  tlicm  at  leisure. 
The  guana  is  from  foui  i-y  five  feet  long ;  it  is  very  nimble,  and  la  hunt- 
I'd  witli  dogs.    The  flesh  is  it  idur,  sweet,  and  delicate. 

7.  Commerce  is  carried  on  from  the  West  India  Islands 
with  groat  activity,  and  to  a  larger  amount  than  in  au}  other 
country  of  the  same  extent  and  population. 

8.  The  chief  articles  of  export  an,  coffee,  sugar,  rum,  cot- 
ton, cocoa,  pimento,  mahogany,  logwood,  &c.  The  imports 
arc,  manufactured  goods  of  all  kinds  .rom  Europe,  with  flour, 
lumber,  fish,  and  salted  provisions  rom  the  United  States 
and  British  America. 

9.  The  islands  of  the  West  Indies  arc  under  the  control  of  Governors, 


occur  ?  4.  In  what  do  the  West  Indies  abound  ?  5.  What  are  the 
principal  fruits  ?  What  is  said  of  birds  ?  G.  Of  tlie  green  turtle,  <Stc.  7 
7.  What  is  said  of  commerce  ?  8.  What  are  I/ie  chief  articles  of  ex. 
port  /    Imports  ?    9,  What  control  are  the  islands  under  7    How  r,n 


ORAPIIY. 

Tiniiidor  of  llio  yonr  is  hot 
vvvn  August  and  October, 
netiinos  (x!cur,  which  c4U'n 
1(1  shippinir. 

learly  all  the  productions 
a  vni    'v  of  articles  of 
vvhi'  ^)rest3  furnish 

"s. 


papawH, 
excellent 
at  variety 
0,  liowever, 


Guana  Lizard, 

0  both  highly  prized,  as  o.frord. 

1  in  considerable  numberN  to 
ic  on  shoro  in  tlie  night,  ^^'t•.:n 
3,  and  collect  them  at  leisure, 
it  is  very  nimble,  and  ia  hunt- 
;,  and  delicate. 

n  tho  West  India  Islands 

amount  than  in  au;  other 

ulation. 

•t,  cfitroe,  sugar,  rum,  cot- 

:\\oo(l,  &c.     The  imports 

s  I'rom  Europe,  with  flour, 

i    rom  the  United  States 

mdcr  the  control  of  Governors, 


8  abound  ?     5.  What  are  the 

G.  Of  the  srrecn  turtle,  &c.  7 

t  are  I/ie  chief  artielcH  of  e,x. 

Iho  iBloads  under  7    How  r.r8 


WEST    INDIES. 


187 


iippoiiifi'd  by  thr  powcrn  to  which  thry  res|HM;tivrIy  ImIoiii;.    Tlii'  whilo 
liih.iliil.iiitH  uf  thu   Jlritinh   Islaiidx   are   n  prL'Ni'nted   in  the   lliiti.-m  of 
AN^enibly,  whii'li  ('xcriixo   noiiic   of  thn   fuiiclii.iii  of  the  liritiah  Pui 
liamont.     ilayti  tiirinti  an  indtpuiiilint  ri'pubhe. 

10.  The  inliiihitants  of  the  West  Indies  consist  nl"  whites, 
free  blacks,  and  slnvcs,  of  wlioii'.  i;  f  more  than  .'J0l),00l)  uro 
wliites.  Tho  remainder  are  of  N<.'«i  .'  origin  ;  and,  except  in 
llayti  and  tho  British  Islands  ;li  •  prinei;  al  part  are  in  a  state 
of  slavery. 


1  1.  Po|iilUl.   D, 

Snaiiiili  lalanila I.IUO.UNI 

liayU  mu.WNl 

Urilisll  hluiidi 743,U0() 


FnpulAl  inn. 

rrniich  iiilandii ^W.(HI0 

Uaiiiiih,  Dutch,  *« ■   IH'.nnU 

Total    a,«7»,U00 


133 


SPANISH  WEST  INDIES. 

12.  The  western  colonies  of  Spain,  which  formerly  com- 
prisM'l  tho  greater  part  of  the  American  C'ontuient,  are  now 
limited  to  tho  two  islands  of  Culia  and  Porto  Rico. 

13.  Cubo,  tho  largest  of  tho  Went  India  IxlandH,  i»  nearly  equal  in 
extent  to  all  tho  rest  of  the  islands  taken  together,  Porto  Rico  contains 
ahuut  one-tenth  tlie  area  of  Cuba.  They  are  both  fertilo  iglanda,  and 
i;arry  on  un  extensive  trade,  chiefly  with  the  United  States. 

1 1.  Havannuh,  the  capital  of  Cuba,  ia  the  largest  and  innst  flourish- 
ing place  in  tho  West  Indies.  Matanzas,  Puerto  Principe,  and  St. 
Jhjo  do  Cuba,  arc,  after  tho  capital,  the  most  important  towns.  St. 
JohnV  IK  llic  chief  town  in  Porto  Rico.  It  has  a  safo  and  cppacious 
harbour,  and  is  strongly  fortified. 

BRITISH  WEST  INDIES. 

15.  Jamaica  is  the  largest  and  most  valuable  of  the  British 
islands.  Tlie  towns  of  Jamaica,  and  tho  other  islands,  are 
all  sea-ports,  and  supported  by  commerce. 

10.  Kingston  is  the  largest  town  in  tho  British  West  Indies,  and  con- 
tains about  IlO.Of"  mhabita.its,  Tiie  chief  of  tho  other  towns  are, 
Bridgetown  in  aroadocs,  v  ilh  20,000  inhabitants;  St,  John's,  in  Anti- 
gua,  with  15,000;  and  Basseterre,  in  S..  Cliristophtir's,  witli  7000  in- 
iicbitants. 

the  ikhitc  inhabitants  of  tho  British  islands  represented  7  10.  Of  what 
do  the  inhubicnnts  consist?  How  many  aro  whites  'I  11.  What  is  tho 
population   of  tin;  ditfcrcnt  islands? 

VX  What  arc  the  colonics  of  Spain  ?  13.  What  is  said  of  Cuba  ?  Porto 
Uico?  14.Havana.'  Uthcrtowns?  St.John's?  IS.Jumaioa?  16.  Kings. 


ill 


1 


m 


III 


188 


DESCRIPTIVK  CROC.  II A  my. 


BRIT18II  IHLAMW. 


17.  hkiil>lliiMi. 

JmnHlm ?nn,nt0 

lliirlmiliH'ii I(I>J,IN)U 

Triiiiilail ^A.lNin 

Aiiliiiiia :MI,II)I(I 

tlrriiniln tri.iNIII 

Hi.  Vtnrent lt)l,*MO 

HI.  Ktll'i  >JI,(KN) 

Uiiiuinka IW.IMKJ 


('•IliUI. 

Kliifatiin. 
Ilricliii'iiinn. 
■'(irl  Hpalii. 
Ht.  Jciliii'ic. 
HI.  (Jciirgo. 
KiiifHiiin. 
llaiiMi  'I'urro. 
Ki»vaii. 


Inhibtunfi.       Capilil. 

Ht.  Liirii IH.IKII)  I'nri'riiif)'. 

TiilmKii M.IKN)  Hi  nrlKirniigh. 

Ncvia IV.imn  I'hnrli'Niimn. 

MoMlM'rrnI ><,{**)  ri)iiiniiih. 

Ti.rti.lii 7,1k*)  KimU  llurboiir. 

AiiKiiilln 3,n<IU 

lluliniiKiii If.MN)  Nawaii. 

IkTiimilai KMNH)  Uuorietown. 


18.  Tlio  Dalinmoi  coin|irisfl  uboiit  CIO  inlanila,  of  which  only  fourteen 
UFO  of  conaitlurablo  Hize.  The  Hoil  ii  urid  and  rocky,  and  Uicio  iilinda 
are,  in  conic(]uciicc,  not  fVuitful  in  tho  uaual  product*  of  the  Went 
Indioi. 

1!).  Tho  Bormudaa  lio  to  tho  oaitwnrd  of  tho  United  Stnlc^  and  ate 
a  collection  of  rocks  and  amall  ialanda,  of  which  only  eight  (mihscs*  any 
importance.  Thoy  enjoy  an  alinoat  perpetual  apring,  ond  arc  clothed 
in  conatant  verdure. 


1 


ao.     FRENnr  islands. 

nuadaliiiipi! . . .  I'JI.nnO    Daate  Txrre. 

Murliiiicn IIU,OII«    Ht.  riurrv. 

Ul.  DAMHir. 

Haiiln  Cruz ».|,U00    Chrintianiitacll. 

HI.  Tliiimui....   t.t.unO    HI.  Tlioinni. 
HI.  JuhH'a  ....       a.lXM) 

-a.  SWEDIHH. 

8l.  Uartliolouiaw  6,000    Uuilavia. 


Morii'imtantc  .  ..11.2(10    Daue  Tvrre. 
Dcnunilu I.SUO 

22.  DtrTCII.  •     ' 

Ht.  Eiiatalia SU.OM)    Tho  Bay. 

Cura^ou )2,<IU)    Williaiuaiadt. 

dl.Marlin'H,  &c.  ll.OtX) 

24.              VKNEZUELA. 
Muriarlta lO.uou    Painpatar. 


134 


25.  Hayti  waa  formerly  called  Ilispnniola,  and  also  St. 
Domingo.  It  is  one  of  tiic  finest  of  tito  West  India  Islands, 
ond  once  belonged  jointly  to  France  and  Spain.  The  French 
portion  was  uncommonly  flourishing,  and  the  exports  were 
nearly  equal  to  that  of  all  the  other  West  India  Islands  united. 

96.  In  1791,  the  slavea  of  the  French  colonisls  revolted  against  their 
masters,  and  expelled  them  from  tho  island:  in  1b32,  the  Spaniards 
were  also  ozpolled ;  since  which  time  tho  whole  island  has  been  under 
tlio  dominion  of  the  blacks. 

ton,  and  the  other  towns  7  17.  Which  is  the  most  populous  of  the  Brit- 
ish islands  ?  Ja.  — The  next?  Bs.— The  least  ?  Aa.  — 18.  What  do 
the  Bahamas  comprise  ?  What  is  said  of  tho  soil  ?  19.  Of  the  Bcr- 
mudas  7  What  do  they  enjoy  7  20.  Which  is  the  most  populous  of  tho 
French  islands?  Ge.  — 21.  Of  tho  Danish  7  a.Cr.— 22.  Dutch  7 
8..Ea.  —  23.  What  islands  belong  to  Sweden  7  S.-Bw.  —  24.  To  Vene- 
zuela 7  Ma. 
P.5.  What  is  said  of  Hayti  7    The  French  portion  7    26.  Of  tho 


•'•' 


:  ROC.  R  A  my. 


BLAND0. 

InhablUnlh       Ctplkl. 

I.  Liirli IH.onn  riir<rin(<< 

oliUKii M.UN)  HinrlHiniiigh. 

«via W.imn  ChnrlialiiHii. 

liiiilNcrrnl »<,ailtl  I'lyiiiniilh. 

"rliiln 7.INII)  KooU  irurbour. 

iiViiilln 3,Wia 

uliniiiaa IM.OtH)  Nawaii. 

uriiiuilat 10,000  Uu(ir(vtown. 

JO  idlanda,  of  which  only  fourtei'n 
irid  and  rocky,  and  Uicm  iilindu 
tho   uiual  producU  of  tho  Went 

ird  of  tho  United  Statcit,  and  nro 
,  of  which  only  eight  ikihschr  any 
vrpetual  ipring,  and  oro  clothed 


farivimlantc  . . .  11.200    Oaiw  Tvrre. 

cavniltt t.SOO 

!B.  DtlTCII.  V    i 

t.  Kiiatalia SO.Onn    Tlw  Bay. 

urncDU U.mn)    Williaiutladt. 

i.Murtin'H.  &c.  IJ.OOO 

'i4.              VKNEZUELA. 
lurgarita lO.oou    rainpatar. 


cd  Ilispaniola,  and  niso  St. 
:  of  tlio  West  India  Islands, 
IOC  and  Spain.  The  French 
ihing,  and  the  exports  were 
?r  West  India  Islands  united. 
;h  coloniNls  revolted  against  their 
island:  in  16123,  tho  Spaniards 
the  whole  island  has  been  under 


I  is  the  moat  populous  of  the  Brit. 
■The  least !  Aa.  —  18.  What  do 
id  of  the  soil  ?  19.  Of  tho  Bcr- 
Vhich  is  the  most  populous  of  tho 
Danish?  S..Cr.  — 22.  Dutch  7 
weden  ?    S.-Bw.  —  24.  To  Vene- 

)  French  portion?    26.  Of  the 


j^^'t. 


W- 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


1^128     |2.5 

■  50     "^"       ■■■ 

1.8 


L25  iU    il.6 


-► 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


41^      ^' 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  II72-4503 


'H,^ 


t,.;^=..'-  ^'^iSi^hlS^*irt5S'j^wwW»^.'**r3. 


s:^ 


% 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


\ 


I 


yVEBT  INDIES. 


160 


27.  The  government  of  Ilayli  is  professedly  republican,  but  is,  in 
"fact,  a  military  despotism.  The  President  holds  his  office  for  life.  Tho 
iregnlur  army  amounts  to  45,000  men,  besides  which  there  is  a  largu 
'  militia  force. 

I  28.  The  annual  exports  are  about  4,000,000  dollars,  or  one-sixtli  of 
the  value  of  those  sent  from  tlic  French  part  of  tho  island  only,  previous 
to  the  year  1791. 

a,").  The  principal  towns  of  Hayti  arc  Port  au  Prince,  the  capital, 
Capo  Haytien,  St.  Domingo,  Jcrcmic,  and  Aux  Cayes. 


Map  No.  3.  —  Which  is  tho  largest  of  the  West  Indian  Islands  ?  Ca. 
—  The  second  in  size?  Hi.  —  Third?  Ja.  — Fourth?  P..Ra  — 
How  long  is  Cuba?  Hayti?  Jamaica?  Porto  Rico?  These  are 
called  the  Groat  Antilles.  What  sea  between  the  Great  Antilles  and 
South  America?  Cn.  —  What  islands  lie  north  of  Cuba?  Bs. — 
Which  are  the  principal  of  the  Bahamas  7  N.-Pe.  Ao.,  la.,  Ts.,  Lg., 
Gi.  —  Who  discovered  Guanahani?  In  what  year?  What  is  the 
name  of  the  eastern  range  of  the  West  Indian  Islands  7  Ce.  —  What 
six  islands  on  the  coast  of  South  America  ?  Oa.,  Ca.,  B.-Ac,,  Oa.,  Ta., 
Ma. — Tlieso  are  called  the  Little  Antilles.  The  Bermudas  islands  are 
about  the  same  distance  from  Charleston,  from  Halifax,  and  from  St 
John's,  Porto  Rico.  How  many  miles  is  it  by  the  scale  7  Huw  far  are 
tlic  Bermudas  from  Madeira  ? 


135 


SOUTH   AMERICA. 

1.  South  America,  the  southern  part  of  the  New  World, 
is  smaller  in  extent  than  the  northern  division  of  the  continent 
by  almost  one  million  of  square  miles :  it  is  thinly  settled,  and 
for  the  most  part  uncultivated. 

2.  Like  North  America,  it  is  noted  for  the  grandeur  and 
extent  of  its  mountains,  rivers,  and  plains :  it  is  also  unrivalled 
for  the  number  and  richness  of  its  mines  of  gold,  silver,  mer- 
cury, and  precious  stones. 

3.  The  climate  of  South  America  posseates  every  vnri<ity 
which  vast  extent  and  great  diversity  of  surltice  can  give.    Its 

slaves?      97.    Government? 
129.  The  principal  towns  ? 

South  America.  Q.  —  1.  ilow  much  smaller  is  South  America  than 
North  America  ?  2.  For  what  is  it  noted 7  For  what  unrivalled?   3.  What 


President?      Army?      28.    Expofts? 


w§ 


11 


fi'i; 


i  I  r- 


•»  » 


1!  V 


1^ 


t 


If    I'i 


il 


i 


•I  .. 


itl^ 


iii:. 


190 


DESCRIPTIVE    GEOGRArllY. 


eoutli  American  Scenery. 

vegetable  productions  are  numerous  and  valuable,  and  com- 
prise tiie  chief  articles  raised  in  tropical  and  temperate  regions. 

4.  The  principal  mountains  are  the  Andes,  which  range 
along  the  whole  extent  of  the  western  shores  of  the  continent, 
from  north  to  south.  The  highest  peak.  Mount  Sorata,  is  aU 
most  five  miles  high.  The  mountains  of  Brazil  extend  along 
a  great  part  of  the  eastern  coast,  and  are  in  height  from  3,000 
to  6,000  feet. 

5.  The  Andes  contain  numerous  volcanoes,  many  of  which 
are  constantly  burning :  the  most  considerahle  of  these,  Coto- 
ppxi,  near  Quito,  is  one  of  the  loftiest  volcanoes  in  the  world ; 
'.        .oise  of  its  eruptions  has  been  heard  six  hundred  miles, 

^e  flames  from  its  mouth  have  been  known  to  ascend 
.     .  ^  than  half  a  mile  high. 

6.  The  principal  rivers  arc  the  Amazon,  Rio  de  la  Plata, 
and  Orinoco.  The  first,  though  not  the  longest,  is  the  largest 
river  in  the  world :  it  is  said  to  drain,  with  its  tributaries,  an 
extent  of  country  nearly  equal  to  the  whole  of  Europe;  and 
its  chief  branches  rival  the  largest  rivers  of  the  eastern  con- 
tinent. 


IS  said  of  tlic  climate  ?    Productions  ?    4.  Which   are  the  principal 
mountains?  The  highest  peak  ?  5.  What  is  said  of  volcanoes  ?  6.  Of  the 


in  Scenery. 

;rous  and  valuable,  and  com- 
ropical  and  temperate  regions, 
are  the  Andes,  which  range 
jstcrn  shores  of  the  continent, 
?st  peak.  Mount  Sorata,  is  aU 
intains  of  Brazil  extend  along 
and  are  in  height  from  3,000 

)us  volcanoes,  many  of  which 
it  consitierahle  of  these,  Goto- 
)ftiest  volcanoes  in  the  world ; 
een  heard  six  hundred  miles, 
have  been  known  to  ascend 

he  Amazon,  Rio  de  la  Plata, 
not  the  longest,  is  the  largest 
drai)i,  with  its  tributaries,  an 
:o  the  whole  of  Europe;  and 
est  rivers  of  the  eastern  con- 


if    4.  Which   nro  the   principal     S. 
fiat  is  said  of  volcanoes  ?  6.  Of  the     '' 


7.  The  forests  of  many  parts  of  South  America  exhibit  a  luxuriance 
and  diversity  of  aspect  dilfbrcnt  from  those  of  most  otlicr  parts  of  tho 
world.  They  are  enlivened  by  a  great  variety  of  birds  of  singular  forms 
and  suiierb  plumage,  whieli  flutter  through  tho  brandies ;  and  troops 
of  monl.cys  and  squirrels,  that  leap  from  bough  to  bougli ;  while  tho 
(iccasional  appearance  of  tlio  alligator,  with  numerous  serpents  and 
lizards,  presents  a  singular  and  varied  scene. 


Iiunia. 


Tapir. 


8.  Among  the  most  remarkable  animals  of  this  continent,  are  tho 
jaguar,  puma  and  ocelot,  tho  Inma  or  South  American  camel,  the  tapir, 
peccary,  slcth,  ant  cater,  armadillo,  and  chinchilla.    The  horse,  ox,  ass, 

■  and  hog,  were  all  strangers  to  the  New  World,  and  were  brought  >rom 
Europe  by  the  first  settlers  :  those  have  increased  prodigiously,  und  have 
in  some  instances  regained  their  original  wild  state. 

9.  The  birds  are  numerous  and  of  various  kinds;  the  largest  are  the 
rhea  or  Aneriean  ostrich,  and  tho  condor  or  vulture  of  the  Andes,  which 
is  the  largest  bird  of  flight  known.    There  are  also  toucans,  orioles  or 


principal  rivors?   7.  Forests?  8.  Tho  most  remarkable  animals  ?  9.  The 


■vi5l 


iiiii 


:*e^-' 


II 


f'l  i^ 

If 


'('■ 


^AlM 


I, 


ii 


H 


i     ! 


<;- 


102 


DESCRIPTIVE   GEOGRAPHY. 


Bed-billed  Toucan.  Oriole  Nest*. 

hanging-birds,  with  tlio  bkcksmitli  or  bell-birds,  and  humming-birds 
ot  a  hundred  different  species,  fVom  the  size  of  a  w.en  to  that  of  a  hum- 
ble-bee. 

10.  The  inhabitants  of  South  America  amount  to  about  14 
millions,  and  consist  of  nearly  the  same  classes  as  those  of 
the  northern  division  of  the  continent — Whites,  Indiana,  Ne- 
groes, and  the  mixed  races :  the  latter  comprise  Mulattoes, 
Mestizoes,  and  Zamboes. 

11.  The  whites  are  chiefly  Spaniards  and  Portuguese,  and 
their  descendants :  of  these,  many  of  the  wealthy  classes  are 
well  educated  and  intelligent ;  but  the  great  majority  of  the 
people  are  ignorant,  indolent,  and  often  vicious  in  their  habits. 

12.  Considerable  attention  has  been  lately  paid  in  some  of  the  South 
American  States  to  education.  Schools  and  universities  have  been  es- 
tablished in  several  places,  and  l.nowledgo  is  beginning  to  dispel  part 
of  the  ignorance  which  prevailed. 

13.  Nearly  the  whole  of  South  America  wan,  for  tliree  hundred  years 
subicct  to  Spain  and  Portugal :  it  is  now,  with  the  exception  of  Guianii, 
entirely  independent  of  European  control.  The  Spanish  port  is  divided, 
with  one  exception,  into  a  number  of  distinct  republics,  whose  govern- 
ments are  similar  to  tlial  of  the  United  States ;  while  Brazil,  the  part 
settled  by  the  Portuguese,  is  a  limited  monarc'iy. 

14.  The  Roman  Catholic  is  the  established  religion  in  all  the  South 
American  States,  and  no  other  system  is  tolerated  ;  but  persons  of  other 
persuasions  are  allowed  to  reeide  without  molestation. 

birds?  10.  What  is  said  of  the  :.ihabitan:s?  11.  Of  the  whites? 
12.  Education,  &.C.  ?  13.  How  long  was  South  America  subject,  &c.  ? 
What  is  said  of  the  Spanish  part  7  Portuguese  ?  14.  Which  is  the 
established  religion  ? 


^\^t^^^-   .i=»'^ — .«,.»*,i.v--&- 


EOGRAI'HY. 


Oriole  Nesti. 


r  bcU-birds,  and  humming-birds 

0  size  oft  Wi'cn  to  that  of  a  hum- 

America  amount  to  about  14 
10  same  classes  as  those  of 
linent — Whites,  Indiana,  Nc- 
e  latter  comprise  Mulattoes, 

mniards  and  Portuguese,  and 
ly  of  the  wealthy  classes  are 
>ut  the  great  majority  of  the 

1  often  vicious  in  their  habits. 

1  lately  paid  in  some  of  the  South 
als  and  universities  have  been  cs- 
ledgo  is  beginning  to  dispel  part 

:rica  was,  for  tliree  hundred  ycors 
low,  with  the  exception  of  Guiana, 
trol.  The  Spanish  part  is  divided, 
F  distinct  republics,  whose  govcrn- 
ited  States ;  while  Brazil,  the  part 
d  monarc'iy. 

tablished  religion  in  all  the  South 
ti  is  tolerated  ;  but  persons  of  other 
lout  molestation. 

.^habitan:s?     11.  Of  the  whites? 

was  South  America  subject,   &c.  ? 

Portuguese?    14.  Which  is  the 


193 


east  ? 


SOUTH  AMERICA. 

130 

Map  No.  10.  —  What  ocean  bounds  South  America  on  the 
Ac —  On  tlie  west  ?     Pc.  —  What  sea  on  the  north  ?    Cn. 
How  is  New  Grenada  bounded  ?     Its  capital  ? 
Venf7.ucla — bounded  7    Capital  ?       Brazil — bounded  ?    Capital  ? 
Ecuador— bounded  ?    Capital  .'  Chili — bounded  ?     Capital  ? 

Guiuno — bounded  7    Capital  7  Buenos  Ayrcs — bounded  7  Capital  7 

North  Peru — bounded  I  Capital  ?  Paraguay — bounded  7  Capital  7 
South  Peru — bounded  ?  Capital  7  Uruguay — bounded  ''.  Capital  7 
Bolivia— bounded  7    Capital  7  Patagon'ia — bounded  7     Capital ! 

On  what  side  of  South  America  are  the  Andes  7  Wt.  —  What  num- 
ber of  miles  do  they  extend  7  Between  what  two  states  do  they  form 
the  entire  boundary  7  Ci.,  B.-As.  —  Between  what  two  do  tliry  tbrni 
the  boundary  in  part  ?  Br..,  S..Pu.  —  What  is  the  next  greatest  range 
of  mountains?  Bn.  —  What  number  of  miles  do  they  extend  ?  In 
what  state  are  tliey  almost  wholly  ?     Bl. 

What  are  the  tliree  largest  rivers  7  An.,  Pa.,  Oo.  —  How  long  is 
each  of  these  7  How  wide  are  the  mouths  of  the  two  largest  7  Wlirro 
is  the  Magdalena  7  Into  what  sea  docs  it  empty  ?  Cn.  —  Which  are 
the  four  principal  branches  of  the  Amazon  on  the  nortli  side  7  Ta., 
Po.,  Ca.,  No.  —  What  arc  the  chief  branches  of  the  Amazon  on  the 

south  side  ?     Uc,  Ju,,  Ps.,  Ma.,  Ts.,  Xu How  long  are  each  of  the 

foregoing  rivers  7  What  two  rivers  form  the  Amazon  7  Uc.,  Ta.  — 
Which  rivers  form  the  Rio  de  la  Plata  7  Pu.,  Uy.  —  Into  what  ocean 
do  the  Orinoco,  Amazon,  St.  Francesco,  and  the  Rio  de  la  Plata,  flow  ! 
A.-On.  —  What  rivers  are  south  of  the  Rio  do  la  Plata  7  Co.,  No., 
Cs.,  P.-Dc. 


Where  is  the  Gulf  of  Darien?  N.-Ga.  —  G.  of  Venezuela  ?  Va.— 
G.  of  Guayaquil  ?  Er.  —  G.  of  Penas  ?  Pa.  —  Where  is  the  Bay  of 
Panama?  N..Ga.  —  Talcahuana  B.  ?  Ci.  —  B.  of  St.  George  ?  St. 
Mathias  B.  ?    Pa.  —  B.  of  All  Saints  7    BI. 

Where  is  Puno  Island  ?  Er.  —  Islands  of  St.  Felix  ?  Is.  of  Juan 
Fernandez?  Chiloc  1. 7  Ci.  — Wellington  I.?  Pa.  —  I.  of  Terra 
del  Fuego  7  Where  are  the  Falkland  Is.  ?  Pa.  —  I.  of  St.  Catharina  ? 
Itamuraca  1. 7  Joannes  1. 7  Bl.  —  Between  what  two  rivers  is  the 
latter  situated  7     An.,  Pa. 

Where  is  the  Strait  of  Magellan  ?  What  regions  does  it  separate  ? 
Pa.  and  T.-Fo.  —  Where  is  tlie  Strait  of  Le  Maire  ?  What  docs  it 
separate  ?    T.-Fo.  and  S.-Ld. 

Which  is  the  largest  city  of  South  America?  R.Jo.  —  The  next 
largest?  Ba.  —  What  three  cities  number  70,000  inhabitants  each? 
Qo.,  La.,  B.-As.  —  Whicli  ore  the  most  northerly  and  the  most  south- 
erly capes  7  Gs.,  Hn.  —  The  most  easterly  and  the  most  westerly  1 
S..Re.,  Bo. 

What  proportion  of  South  America  lies  north  of  the  Tropic  of  Ca- 
pricorn  ?    The  largest  or  smallest  7    Lt.  —  In  what  zone,  then,  is  it 


IP" 


II 


J«- 1 


!.; 


104 


DRSCRIPTIVB    GEOGRAl'IlY. 


in.istlv  ?  T(l.  —  In  wlint  zone  is  l»io  remnimltr?  S.-Tp.  — In  vyhat 
li,  „rHplir.(.'  is  Smlli  AiiiLTiua  wliolly  I  Wn.  —  In  wlmt  l.cniiB|.I..Te 
is  it  iiirtly  '  Sn.  — Houtli  America  cont;iini)  about  l'J°ot  north,  iinU 
-.V  .,V  soiilli  lulitudi'.  In  wliut  lutitudc  iH  It  tlu'ii  ?  8li.  —  It  extn.ris 
„iii  ;!.V^  to  .vlJofiongididi',  wcBt  from  (iretnwicli.    In  wlmt  lont'itudo 


Iriiii 


tlKU  in  it  reckoned?     N^'t. 


Mow  ninny  niilos  is  it  from  Cininna  to  Newfoundland?  Brnzil  to 
( ire.i.limd  >  Ouiana  to  Liberia  !  New  Grenada  to  Borneo  ?  Keuadur 
to  ll;o  (lallapatroH  U.  >  Peru  t,>Otal.eil(:  I  Cl.ili  to  New  So.itli  W  ales  I 
Ciiili  to  New  Zealand  ?  Brazil  to  the  west  coast  of  Africa  !  Urnguay 
lo  the  fai«^  "'■  f'-ooJ  ""!>'•'  Patagonia  to  Vun  Dicmcne  Lund  I 
I'atagonia  to  Kcrguelen'B  Land. 


137 


COLOMBIA. 

1.  The  late  Republic  of  Colombia  occupied  an  extensive 
rejrjon  stretcliing  from  the  Pacific  to  tlic  Atlantic  Ocean.  It 
was  tiie  most  powerful  of  the  South  Anicricaii  States  tliat 
threw  oil' the  voko  of  Spain,  and  was  divi.lcd  in  the  year  1 831 
into  the  repuJhcs  of  New  Grenada,  \eiKzuula,  and  Ecuador, 
or  (iuito. 

2.  The  western  part  of  this  territory  is  traversed  by  some 
of  the  loftiest  ranges  of  the  Andes.  In  the  cast  it  consists 
of  extensive  plains  (called  llanos  by  the  inhaliitants)  which 
form  a  part  of  the  vast  level  region  that  spreads  from  north 
to  south  over  the  whole  interior  part  of  the  continent. 

3.  The  climate  changes  acconlins:  to  the  elevation  ;  hence 
the  veiTCtable  productions  are  various.     On  the  high  table 
lands,  among  the  mountains,  avn  raised  the  wheat,  rye,  barley, 
oats,  and  fruits  of  temperate  climates,  while  the  lo\y  country 
is  prolific  in  the  most  valuable  products  of  the  Torrid  Zoik;. 

4.  Mnnufaeturea  arc  but  little  attended  to  in  Col.anbia,  Imt  commerce 
is  carried  on  to  some  cxlen*,  chicHy  with  tlic  L'niled  States  and  Great 
Britain.  Tlie  exports  arc  mostly  in  the  tropical  protluctions  ot  Ide 
country,  and  consist  of  sugar,  colfee,  cacao,  indigo,  hides,  sarsaparilla,  &.C. 

5.  The  mines  of  New  Grenada  yield  in  gold  and  silver  about  two 

Cohmhia.  Q.— 1.  What  did  the  Republic  of  Colombia  occiipy? 
What  was  it  ?  When  and  how  was  it  divided  ?  2.  What  is  said  of 
the  western  part?  In  the  east  7  3.  How  does  the  climate  change? 
VViiat  of  the  vegetable  productions  ?  4.  Manufactures  7  Lxports  f 
a.  Mines  ?    Pearl  fishery  ? 


;0GRArnv. 

rerun imltr  ?  S.-To.  — In  what 
I  \\n,  —  In  wlmt  licniisplitTc 
int:tini)  about  I'J"  of  north,  uriU 
1  iH  it  tlun  ?  8li.  —  It  L-xtt'iiclj 
(iretnwicli.    In  wliut  lonnitudc 

1  to  Niwfdundlund ?  Brazil  to 
I  Orciinda  to  Horni'O  ?  Ecuador 
,!  ?  Cliili  to  N(  w  South  W'alis  I 
west  coast  of  Africa  ?  Uruguay 
ronia  to  Vun  Dicmcn's  Lund  I 


3IA. 


iiibia  occnpkd  an  extensive 
1  to  tlic  Atluntic  Ocean.  It 
i^outli  American  States  tliat 
ivas  (iiviil<(l  in  the  year  1831 
la,  \'ineziiula,  and  Ecuador, 

u'ritory  is  traversed  by  some 
les.     Jn  the  cast  it  consists 
i  i)y  the  inlialiitanis)  which 
on  that  spreads  Irom  north 
)art  of  the  continent, 
(iinsi  to  tlie  elevation  ;  hence 
(irioiis.     On  the  high  table 
raised  the  wheat,  rye,  barley, 
late.s,  while  the  low  country 
rodiiets  of  the  Torrid  Zone, 
led  to  in  Colombia,  hut  commerce 
ith  the  L'nilcd  Stales  and  Great 
the   tropical  productions  of  tho 
cao,  indigo,  hides,  sarsaparilla,  &.C. 
;ld  in  gold  and  silver  about  two 

Republic  of  Colombia  occupy? 

it  divided?     2.  What  is  said  of 

How  does  the  climate  change? 

4.  Manufactures?      ExporU? 


COI.OMniA. 


niillionx  of  ilollars  annually,  'riicrt!  are  also  mines  of  copprr,  lead,  and 
tin  J  and  dinnioiidH,  ciiicnilcls,  um<I  other  prcciouH  Ht(.ri('s,  arc  limnd,  Tho 
IVurl  fishery  amounts  in  value  to  about  8100,001)  overy  year. 


Rope  bridge.  Hilkriw  carrying  iravi'lltTs. 

NRW  GUKNADA. 

,  fl.  New  Ckenada  is  tiie  most  jiowerful  and  populous  of 
the  Colombian  States.  Its  coast  is  washed  on  the  west  side 
by  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  on  the  nortii  by  the  Caribbean  sea. 
Fart  of  this  territory  extends  into  North  America  westward 
from  the  Isthmus  of  Daricn. 

7.  Roads  hardly  exist  in  tho  mountainous  districts  of  New  Grenada 
und  the  other  parts  of  Colombia.  Travellers  are  often  carried  in  a  kind 
of  chair,  placed  on  the  backs  of  persons  called  sillcros,  hired  tor  the 
purpose, 

8.  The  bridges  across  tho  rapid  torrents  of  the  Andes  are  frequently 
formed  of  a  sinsflc  rope,  and  a  hnnimock  or  basket  made  to  run  from 
one  cud  to  the  other,  in  which  the  Colombian  passu       cure. 

9.  Bogota,  the  Capital  of  Now  Grenada,  is  situati..  >  i.  a  fertile  plain, 
8000  feet  above  the  sea.  It  contains  a  number  of  han  some  churches 
and  convents,  and  a  university.  The  surrounding  country  yields  two 
crops  of  grain  annually. 

10.  Carthagena,  on  the  coast  of  the  Caribbean  sea,  is  the  principal 
port  of  this  republic  ;  its  trade  with  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain 

New  Grenada.  Q.  —  G.  What  is  said  of  New  Grenada  ?  7.  Of  roads  7 
How  are  travellers  carried  ?  8.  What  is  said  of  bridges  ?  9.  Describe 
Bogota.  The  surrounding  country  1  10.  Carthagena  ?    Popayan,  &c.  ? 


/(•i  r 


iK.,, 


m 


lij    ! 


{   i  1   ' 


!  f 


i 
I 


lOJj  DKril  IIU'TIVH  ClKCHiUAl'llY. 

•H  .xIi'uhIv.'.  r.^payun  unci  PnKt.i,  in  tin-  m.utlicni  purl  of  Now  (Jrcnadn, 
uikI  ranain.i,  ni.  ll.f  Houtli  iiido  of  lliu  Iitliinui.  ol  Dancn,  urc  nil  placen 
of  Boiiif  iiii[)orl,iiu'u. 

Mil)  No  10.  —  What  houiidn  N.iw  (ircnMiIa  on  tlio  north  "!  CSa.— 
South  '  Kr.  -  Kant  I  Vu.  -  \\>„l  '  l'.-(  )u.  -  What  InthPUiH  con- 
uvvU  it  with  North  Ain.rira  ?  Dm.-  Whirh  aro  the  prm.iiMil  riverp.  f 
Ma  Ca.,  Ca.,  I'm..  N".,  <ii'.,  Ma.  —  What  in  Ih.;  ifiiirtli  ot  tarh  f  Mow 
)Ur  do  Hl.K,pH  nnviiratc  the  Macdai.  nu  >  M.a.i  ?  What  in  the  popula- 
tin,,  of  HoKotuf  I'opayai.  f  CarthaRrMa  ?  Moinpox  ?  Ilomla  f 
What  niounlai.iH  .xl.iul  uhm^  thr  wtnt  coast  ?  As.  -  NVhat  n.om.tauik 
uaiit  of  Ihu  Mugdoluna  ?     Ana.  The  north  cast  range  ol  llio  AndtB. 


I'M 


VENEZUELA. 

1.  VENEZi-EtA  comprises  the  most  oaisUuri  part  of  Colom- 
hill.  A  rango  of  inoiintaiiw,  tho  iiorlh-eii.st  ijruiich  of  the 
Andes,  L'.\toiul.s  niont:  nciirly  tl>c  wholo  of  the  iiortliorn  const. 
Tiio  rcmaiiidfr  of  thi.'  ri'i)iii>iii-  cdiisisis  of  u  vast  pluin,  form- 
ing part  lA'  tho  great  Llanos  of  ('olunibia. 

2.  Lii<c  tlie  Pampas  of  JUienos  Ayrcs,  and  tlic  Sertnm  of 
Brazil,  it  is  (Mjvered  with  lull  herbage,  on  whii'h  graze  vast 
licrds  of  horses,  o.wn,  and  mules.  Of  these,  many  of  the 
inhabitants  pobsews  frum  llt.OOO  to  20,000  head. 

:t.  The  iK-npU'  of  thi-  plains  arc  calhd  Mancros.  They  arc  all  excel- 
lent liorsc.ncn  ;  and  particularly  dirttinjrnishcd  tlicinsclvc»,  in  tho  con- 
lest  with  Spain,  for  their  patriotism  and  hravery. 

4  Caraccas,  the  capital,  is  silnatcd  about  13  miles  from  the  comt. 
Previous  to  IHia  it  was  a  large  city  with  more  than  40,000  nihabitaiita. 
In  that  year  it  was  destroyed  by  one  of  the  most  dreadful  carthquakcH 
on  record,  and  10,000  persons  perished  on  the  spot.  The  city  is  rcvivmg, 
nnd  now  contains  about  onc-luilf  of  its  former  [Hipulation. 

5.  La  Guavra  is  the  chief  port  of  this  republic.  Maracaybo,  Coro, 
nnd  Valencia",  arc  all  consideralde  towns.  Tlie  island  of  Margarita,  one 
of  tho  lesser  Antilles,  belongs  to  Venezuela. 


Venezuela.  Q.  —  1.  What  doos  Venezuela  comprise  ?  Of  what  doe§ 
the  remainder  consist?  2.  With  what  is  it  covered?  What  ffrazo 
there  ?  3.  What  arc  the  people  of  the  plains  called  ?  How  did  they 
distinguish  themselves  ?  4.  Describe  Caracoas.  When  was  it  de- 
Btroyod?  How  many  persons  perished?  5.  Describe  La  Guayri, 
Maracaybo,  Stc.    Margarita. 


IJIIAI'IIY. 

mtlicni  piirl  of  New  (Jrcnnd.i, 
iinuH  of  Dariun,  urc  all  jilaceii 


niiilii  on  the  north  7  CSa. — 
I'. .On.  —  Wlmt  IhIIipuim  con- 
liirli  nro  tliP  princ'iiiiil  rivers? 
is  llu!  ifiiirlli  of  tmli  f  I  low 
iMiitii?  Wlmt  in  tlic  piipula. 
Tiiia  ?  Moiripox  t  llomlii  I 
iiiiHt  ?  An.  —  Wlmt  nioiiritiiink 
li  tu»t  range  of  the  Andca. 


.A. 

ost  ra^tfu'ri  part  of  Colom- 
iiorlh-eiist  brunch  of  the 

holo  of  the  iiorthorn  const. 

sisis  of  u  vast  [iluin,  form- 

liiiiibla. 

Ayrcs,  and  tlic  Sortnm  of 

bujic,  on  whii'h  graze  vast 

.     l)f  these,  many  of  the 
20,000  hoail. 

I  IJumTos.    Tlicy  arc  all  excel, 
[riiislifd  Ihcmsflvcg,  in  the  con- 
bravery. 

about  13  miles  from  the  coast. 

(i  more  than  40,000  inhnbitants. 

the  most  dreadful  eiirthqunkcH 

II  the  spot.  The  city  is  reviving, 
former  [Mjpultttion. 

lis  republic.  Maracnybo,  Coro, 
I.  The  island  of  Margiirita,  one 
lela. 


7.uela  comprise  ?  Of  what  does 
it  is  it  covered  ?  What  graze 
;  plains  called  .'  How  did  they 
Caracoas.  When  was  it  de- 
ledf     5.  Describe  La  Guayr«, 


W 


rOI.OMlUA. 


i;t  TADDH,'  oil  QCiTO.t 


107 


fl.  TirE  Repiiblir  of  Iv-iiador,  or  (iniio,  lios  on  Iiotli  sid.'s 
of  the  r(|ii,ii(.r.  Thf  civilized  imrt  of  liic  |io|iulation  is  con- 
fined  to  (lie  wc.-steni  coast  and  the  valleys  of  l|ic  Amies; 
uiiile  the  eastern  ixiriiun  of  the  territory  is  occupied  by  iii,li> 
pendt'Mt  tribes  of  Indians. 

7.  Theciiniate,  esiiecially  of  (inito,  is  that  of  periieliiul 
si)ring.  \egetMtion  never  ceases,  and  the  trees  and  meadews 
are  crowned  with  coi.  tant  verdure.  The  country  is  (leliH|i(. 
(ill,  and  is  called  th(!  ever<,'reen  (iuilo.  It  is,  hnwever,  sMijji.'ct 
to  dreadful  earllKiuakes  and  viuleiit  |eiu|>e.st.s. 

S.  The  (Jallapijros,  or  Turtle  Islands  are  cliiiiuod  hy  the  Republic  of 
Ecuador.  'J'licy  lie  on  bctli  siiles  of  the  iipmtor,  alH)ut  (J.'iO  inilch  wcnf. 
ward  from  South  Aiucrica.  TlicHe  islands,  which  enjoy  a  d(lij,'htl'ul 
climate,  and  u  fertile  noil,  arc  occupied  hy  a  Ci.lony  fioiii  (iiinynipiil. 

!).  fcjuito,  the  capital,  is  situutcd  on  Mt.  riiliioelia,  II.ODI)  fi  1 1  above 
the  sea.  It  eontaiiiH  handsouu:  streets  uiid  scjuares,  nnd  inimy  ehiirclios 
and  convents,  built  with  inajnilieence  and  taste.  It  has  two  uiiiverKitits, 
which  are  well  attended. 

10.  Guaya(iuil,t  on  n  pulf  of  the  samo  name,  U  the  sca-portof  this 
republic.  It  is  one  of  the  most  tlourishing  conimcrciol  towns  of  South 
America. 

Map  No.  10.  —  What  bounds  Venezuela  on  tlio  north  /  C.-S.i.  — 
South?  HI.  — Kast?  (in.  — West?  N.-fJa.— Which  is  the  chief 
river?  Oo.  — Ilow  loiit;  is  it?  Mow  tiir  is  it  navi^rnble  for  ships? 
For  sloops?     What  river  comu^ets  the  Orinoco  and  the  UioNeirro? 

fo. —  Wlmt   lake   is    in   the  north-west   part  of   Venezuela?     Mo. 

How  long  is  it  ?  From  what  lake  d(MS  the  Orinoco  tlow  /  1 1.  —  What 
Indians  are  in  this  territory  ?  (is.,  C^s.,  Os.  —  IIow  many  inlmbitant.i 
hasCaraccas?  Coro.'  Valencia?  Cumana?  What  i.sland  belongs 
to  Venezuela  .'     Ma. 

What  bounds  Keuridor  on  the  north  ?     N.-Ga. —  South  7     N.-Pu. 

East?      HI. —  West.'     I'.-On.  —  What  range  of  mountains  is  in  the 

western  part  7    As. —  What  two  largo  rivers  in  the  soutli  ?    'i'a.,  Vi: 

Thcso  form   the  Amazon  river.     IIow  far  is  it  navigable  for  ships  ? 

Ecuador.  Q.  —  G.  IIow  does  the  Republic  of  Eruador  lie  7  What  is 
said  of  i.l\e  civilized  part .'  Of  the  population  7  The  western  portion  7 
7.  Of  llio  climate  7  8.  The  Gallapagos  islands  7  9.  What  is  suid  of 
Quito  ?     Wlmt  does  it  contain  ?     10.  Describe  GuayB(]uil. 

*  Spelled  by  mistake  in  Map  Jio-lO, Eipiador,  instead  of  Ecuador. 
t  (luilo,  Keo'-to.  }  Guayaquil,  Owoi'-a-keel. 


1 


•^i 


il!H 


1 1' 


\i\ 


li:       I 


i^i- 


108 


D!'.rf(  IIUTIVR    (li;o(iU.\rilY. 


For  »\>M\M  1  lli.w  III  my  iiilinliilaiitit  li  ih  (iiiidj  I  W'Imt  llircc  ruicii 
niiiiilar  ^'O.OOd  mill  •  IJ.i.,  (Jl.,  Ca.—  U  lull  mniitiliiiii  "oiitli  of  Uuito  I 
(•„,  —  I'liis  wiH  I'liniiLily  loiiiiulrrid  ihc  liijriiial  in  Soutli  AiiuTicu. 


i:ill 


GUIANA.* 

1.  CSi'iANA  cNtciid!*  from  the  Orinoco  to  tlio  Oynjiock  river, 
n  (listjiiirc  of  Mcvi'ii  liiiiiiliv.l  mill's.  Aloiij^  lilts  sm-filioro  Iho 
(•(iiiiiirv  imscnls  tlic  ii|nii  araiicc  cifn  low  cxlfiiNivc  |>liiiii ;  hut 
in  III.'  'inlciior,  ii.iir  the  ^iourcus  ofliic  rivers,  it  is  ili;vut(;il  unil 
inoiiiitiiiiiiius. 

y.  The  soil  is  cx(TC(lin),'Iy  forfile,  produciiif?  siignr,  colllo, 
cayiniu'  ix-pixT,  iiiul  cloves,  wilii  ii  greut  variety  of  Iropicivl 
fniil.1,  in  alniiKlaiirc, 

.'I.  ThiH  rctjirm  in  (llvidnl  bclwcrn  llin  Ilrilinli,  Hiik'h,  nnd  I'rLiirli. 
Dritisli  (Juiiiim  I'dinprw'H  tin'  rnlmiii'H  of  Ksminiilio.t  Dniicriini.iuiil  Her- 
Iticc.  Tlic  nipit.il  is  (i('iir);i't"""i  "  I'l^"'''  »•  •'"""i'lrnilili'  trudu,  DiiU'li 
(Jiiiiinii,  or  SiiriiiiiMi,  Iiuh  for  ils  riipitul  I'liniiniiril.o,  lliu  iiiimt  iiiiporj mt 
plaic  ill  lliix  (iiurttr.  Frciu  li  (iuiuiiu,  or  CiijcmiP.t  lm»  a  tupilul  of  ihu 
BUiii*  imiiic. 

■1.  'I'lio  mass  of  tliu  poimliilion  of  (iiiiiinn  is  roinposcd  of  nrgroTH. 
TiioNC  ill  the  llrili«li  t(jloni(.'a  Imvc  hiiii  lately  Hit  iit  lllRrly ;  Imt  in  Sii- 
riiimn  iiiul  C'uyciiiii',  llu'v  aru  ntill  liild  ii8  hIuvis.  TIio  inlirior  of  tlio 
coiiiitry  in  iiilmhilcd  by  Alurooiia,  or  runaway  negrots,  and  iiidi  pendtnt 
tribii  of  Indians. 

PERU. 

5.  Pkru  comiirises  the  states  now  enlled  North  Peru  nnd 
South  Peru.  When  first  disroverod  by  the  Simniards,  it  was 
inhaliiteil  by  n  race  of  Indians  nnich  more  civilized  thuu  uny 
of  the  other  nations  of  Soulh  America. 

G.  This  country  has  been  always  proverbial  for  the  great 
wealth  furnished  by  its  mines  of  gold,  silver,  and  mercury. 

Ouinna.  Q.  —  1.  Wlint  dors  Guiana  comprise  ?  What  is  irniil  of  tliu 
country?  ~'.  Of  the  Boil?  3.  How  is  tiuimia  divided?  4.  What  is 
euid  o("^tlio  population  ?     IIow  is  the  interior  inhabited  ? 

Peru.  Q.  —  5.  What  docs  Peru  comprise?  When  first  discovered 
how  was   it   inhabited  ?     C.  For  what  is   it   proverbial  ?     What  was 

•  Quiana,  Gho-a'-na.       t  Esueijuibo,  I-Ji-Be-Ue'-bo.       )  Cayenne,  Ki-an'. 


xiiiAriiv. 

H  (iuilu  f  Wlint  tliriM'  rilicn 
lilt  iiKiiniliiiii  Hoiitli  ol'  (jiiitu  I 
llljrilist  in  Soutli  AiiuTicu. 


iioro  to  tlic  Oyn|)oi*k  river, 

Aloiij^  ll»)  sc'ii-slioro  Iho 

n  low  cxIciiNivc  pliiiii ;  l)ut 

ic  rivers,  it  is  cli;vutcd  untl 

!,  produciiif?  siignr,  coiroo, 
a  great  varioty  of  IropiciU 

in  DriliHli,  Piilch,  ntxi  I'rLiirli. 
l')!<i*r<|iiilio,t  Driiieriirii.iiiiil  Hit- 
0  of  ('(iTiMidcTiilili'  trudu,  Diitfli 
iiniiniiril.o,  lliii  iiiimt  iiii|i(irl mt 
(.'iiji'iiiic.t  liiis  a  caiiiliii  ol'lliu 

liiina  is  roinpoHcd  nf  ni'groTH. 
Iiitcly  Hit  lit  lilRTly ;  liiit  in  Sii- 
:iH  hIuvi's.  TIio  iiitrrior  of  tlio 
iway  negroes,  and  iiidt'iietuk'nt 


nv  cnllwl  Nortli  Peru  niid 

mI  by  tlic  Simniiirils,  it  was 

[•li  more  civilized  thuu  any 

rica. 

ys  proverbial  (or  tlic  groat 

1,'old,  silver,  and  mercury. 

comprise  ?  What  is  Hni<l  of  tliu 
Ctuiuiia  divided?     4.  What  is 

prior  inhabited  I 

prise?  When  first  disrovered 
is   it   proverbial  ?     Wliat  was 


PlUltJ. 


IIM) 


Mulim  aiiil    laiiind  oirryhiK  jiroiliicu. 

It  was  liin;r  the  niost  \iilu;il)!(!  oftlu!  Soiitli  Ann'ricfiii  foim.  , 
ami  tin-  hi.st  territory  in  the  western  continejit  I'roni  uliich  tin; 
iSpaiiianls  were  driven. 

7.  The  Andea  raiit'c  thri>iii;h  tlio  whole  extent  of  Pern.  On  the  const 
the  eliniate  is  lioL  Wain  Kilduiii  fiills,  and  niiicli  of  the  siirfaeo  is  sandy 
and  arid.  On  tlie  liijfli  lable-l;iii<l,  between  the  rid^'es  of  the  iiiouii- 
Iniiis,  the  ehniiito  is  various,  and  the  prodnctH  of  the  soil  are  cliielly 
tlioHo  of  temperate  region*. 

H.  Along  the  sta.i'oiist  tlie  npfrieiiUurc  is  confined  to  the  iianks  of  the 
various  streams  whieh  descend  from  the  Andes.  Where  Ihi'  soil  can 
be  \vat<'ri  d,  the  vegi  lation  is  most  luxuriant,  and  surprises  tin:  traveller 
by  the  plcnsinn  eliaiijfc  from  tlio  sterility  of  the  desert  to  the  bright  ver- 
dure that  pievails. 

9,  The  chief  products  ere  Indi.inrorn,  sugar-cane,  and  cotton,  with 
the  fruhs  of  nlniost  every  climate.  .Some  vitluablc  dye-woods  and  niedi- 
eiu&l  plants  are  also  produced,  particularly  the  Peruvian  Inrk  ort^iscn- 
rilla.  Wine  and  brandy  are  made  to  dome  extent,  but  wheat  and  (lour 
are  imported  from  <'liili. 

10.  The  silver-in'ines  of  Cerro  Pasoo  are  the  most  important  now 
worked  in  Peru.  There  are  .also  some  valuaWa  mines  of  ^'old  and  nier- 
cury.  The  commcree  consists,  liir  the  most  part,  in  the  interehangu 
of  the  precious  metnls  lor  loreijfn  products  and  nianufaelures,  of  which 
considerable  quantities  are  imjioited. 


Peru  ?     7.  What  is  said  of  the  Andes  ?     The  climate  and  products  ? 
e.  Oi"  the   a^rriculturc  ?      TJjo   soil !     i).  Chief  products  .'      10.  The 


"M  I 


m^ 


M  HP 


lii 


i»pi 


1 1 


"  I' 
"'■  I. 


I 


I    , 


1' 


1 1 


200 


DESCRIPTIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


11.  There  is  a  grcut  want  of  good  roads  and  bridges  in  Peru ;  and 
in  the  intercourse  between  the  sca-poits  and  the  interior  of  the  country, 
almost  every  artick  of  trade  is  carried  on  the  backs  of  mules  and  lamas. 

Map  No.  10.  —  What  bounds  Guiana  on  the  norfli?  A.-On.  —  The 
west  !  Va.  —  The  south  and  east  1  Ul.  —  The  principal  rivers  ?  Eo., 
Sni.,  Mi,,  Ok.  How  long  are  the  three  first .'  IIow  many  inhabitants 
has  Georgetown  ?  Paramaribo  ?  New  Amsterdam  ?  Cayenne  ' 
What  Indians  inhabit  the  south-cast  part  of  Guiana  ?    As. 


140 


PERU-BOLIVIAN  CONFEDERATION. 

1.  The  States  of  North  Peru,  South  Peru,  and  BoUvia,  form 
the  lately  created  republic  styled  the  Peru-Bolivian  Confede- 
ration. 

2.  Each  of  these  is  independent  in  its  local  affair.<i,  and  is  goTcrned 
by  its  own  president ;  but  for  general  purposes  the  confederation  is  under 
tlie  control  of  a  chief  called  the  Supreme  Protector,  and  a  general  Con- 
gress of  plenipotentiaries  from  the  three  stales. 

NORTH  PERU. 

3.  The  republic  of  North  Peru  comprises  the  northern  di- 
vision of  the  ancient  country  of  that  name.  A  large  part  of 
the  eastern  section  of  this  state  is  still  in  the  possession  of  the 
Indians,  of  whom  many  of  the  tribes  are  exceedingly  savage, 
and  some  of  them  are  said  to  be  cannibals. 

4.  Lima,*  the  capi- 
tal of  Peru,  is,  next 
to  Mexico,  the  finest 
city  built  by  tho 
Spaniards  in  the 
New  World :  it  is 
regularly  laid  out, 
and  includes  ma- 
ny liandsomc  pub- 
lic buildings.  Its 
churches   and    con- 


Lima  from  the  Sea. 


mines?    Commerce?     11.  Of  what  is  there  a  want?    How  are  the 
articles  of  trade  carried  ? 

Peru-Bolivian  Confederation.  Q.  —  1.  What  states  form  the  Peru- 
Bolivian  Confederation  ?    2.  How  are  they  governed  ? 

North  Peru.  Q.  —  3.  What  does  North  Peru  comprise  ?  What  is 
Baid  of  the  eastern  section  ?      What  arc  some  of  the  tribes  ?      4.  De- 


*  Lima,  Le'-ma. 


OGRAPHY. 

[ids  and  bridges  in  Peru ;  and 
and  the  interior  of  the  country, 
1  the  backs  of  mules  nnd  lamas. 

on  the  norf Ii  ?  A.-On.  —  The 
—  The  principal  rivers  ?  Eo., 
first .'  ilow  many  inhabitants 
ew  Amsterdam  ?  Cayenne  ' 
t  of  Guiana  ?     As. 


IFEDERATION. 

)Uth  Peru,  nnd  Bolivia,  form 
the  Peru-Bolivian  Confcdc- 


:s  local  a{rair5,  and  is  goTcrncd 
poses  the  confederation  is  under 
c  Protector,  and  a  general  Con- 
states. 

IRU. 

comprises  the  northern  di- 
lat  name.  A  large  part  of 
itill  in  the  possession  of  the 
)cs  are  exceedingly  savage, 
mnibals. 

4.  Lima,*  the  capi- 
'-'•■^r-,-  -  tal  of  Peru,  is,  next 
to  Mexico,  the  finest 
city  built  by  tho 
Spaniards  in  the 
New  World :  it  is 
regularly  laid  out, 
and  includes  ma- 
ny liandsomc  pub- 
lic buildings.  Its 
churches  and  con- 
there  a  want?    How  are  tho 

I.  What  states  form  the  Pcru- 
hey  governed  ? 

irth  Peru  comprise  7    What  in 
s  some  of  the  tribes  ?     4.  Du- 


I 


PERU-BOLIVIAN  CONFEDERATION. 


201 


vents,  though  robbfil  of  a  great  part  of  their  wealth  during  the  revolu- 
tion, still  presiiit  a  liaudsonic  iippeJiriinee. 

a.  Ciillao,  the  sra-port  of  [,inia,  i.s  strongly  fortified.  It  was  the  last 
pl.ice  held  by  tljc  Spaniards  in  ."^outh  America.  At  Ccrro  I'aseo,  among 
the  Andes,  are  the  rirhnst  mines  now  worked  in  Peru  :  the  town  is  rlc 
vatcd  l.'),000  fiot  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  Truxlllo  is  a  handsome 
town ;  I'iura  is  famous  for  its  fine  breed  of  mules;  Caxamorca,  Ihiaura, 
and  (*a.\atambo,  all  in  the  intcrioi',  aro  places  of  sonic  note.  Pnyta,  one 
of  the  most  northern  ports,  is  mueli  frequented  by  American  w..ale-sliips. 

SOUTH  PERU. 

G.  The  republic  of  South  Peru  declared  its  independence 
ill  March,  1886.  It  is  the  least  extensive  of  the  Peruvian 
States,  but  comprises  some  of  the  best  cultivated  and  most 
populous  districts  in  this  part  of  South  America. 

7.  Cuzco,  the  capital,  is  situated  far  in  the  interior,  on  one  of  the  head 
branches  of  tho  Amazon  river;  though  much  decayed,  it  is  still  a  hand- 
some  place.  At  the  time  of  the  Spanish  conquest,  it  was  the  inctropolis 
of  the  ancient  empire  of  Pern,  and  was  nt  that  period  a  splendid  city. 
Arequipa  is  the  chii^f  place  of  trade  in  this  state.  It  is  situated  in  the 
midst  of  one  of  the  most  fertile  districts  of  Peru.  Hay,  its  sea-port,  is 
u  small  village. 

8.  Guamanga  contains  a  university  richly  endowed,  and  Guancavelica 
is  celebrated  tor  its  mines  of  mercury  or  quicksilver.  Puno  and  Tacnn 
arc  important  towns.  Arica  is  the  port  tlirough  which  tho  chief  part 
of  the  trade  of  Bolivia  is  carried  on.  The  other  a'la-ports,  called  tho 
Intermedios,  have  some  commerce. 


Map  No.  10.  —  What  bounds  North  Peru  on  the  north?  Er. — 
Soutli?  S.-Pu.,  Ba.  — East?  Bl.  — West?  P.-On.  — Wliat  moun- 
tains extend  along  the  coast  ?     As.  —  Which  is  the  head  branch  of  Iho 

Amazon?     Uc In  what  .lake   docs   it   rise?     Ks.  —  How  far  does 

sloop  navigation  extend  on  it  from  the  sea  ?  What  is  the  population  of 
Lima  ?  Truxillo  ?  Ccrro  Pasco  ?  Callao  ?  Caxamarca  ?  Iluaura  ? 
Caxatambo  ? 

What  bounds  South  Peru  on  the  north  ?  N.-Pu.  —  East  ?  Ba.  — 
West  ?  P.-On.  —  What  lake  forms  part  of  tho  east  boundary  ?  Ta. — 
What  mountains  ?  As.  —  What  desert  in  the  south  ?  Aa.  —  Wliat  is 
the  population  of  Cuzco?  Arequipa?  Puno?  Guamanga?  Taena  ? 
What  are  the  ports  from  Ocono  to  Iquigue  called  ?     Is. 


scribe   Lima.     5.  Callao.      Ccrro  Pasco.      Truxillo,   and  the   other 
towns.    What  is  said  of  Payta  ? 

South  Peru.  Q.  —  6.  Wlien  did  South  Peru  declare  its  independence  1 
What  is  it?  Whatdoositeonipri.se?  7.  Describe  Cuzco.  Arequipa. 
8.  Guamanga,  and  liib  other  towns. 


.i|«  I 


i»- 


•Mfi^r  ' 


Hrtl  T~^- 


iA 


hi' 


mi 


I,   M 


I  ■:! 


!.'■  ^ 


*\« 


iiii 


20'2 


DESCRIPTIVE  GEOGRAPHY. 


141 


BOLIVIA. 

1.  Bolivia,  formerly  called  Upper  Peru,  is  the  most  popu- 
lous niid  important  of' the  South  American  states  that  thre.v 
otr  the  yoke  of  Spain.  It  established  its  independence  in 
182.'),  and  was  named  after  General  Bolivar,  the  liberator  of 
South  America. 

-  2.  It  lies  chiefly  in  the  interior,  and  consists,  for  the  most 
part,  of  a  high  fertile  i)lain  on  the  cast  side  of  the  Andes, 
elevated  from  8,000  to  14,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
ocean. 

3.  This  lofty  territory  yields  copious  harvests  of  Indian- 
corn,  rye,  barley,  and  potatoes,  and,  also,  some  wheat.  It 
has  cities  abfjve'the  rcjiion  of  the  clouds,  and  cottages  situated 
as  high  as  the  top  of  Mont  Blanc. 

4.  Lnkc  Titicaca  forms 
part  of  tho  western  bounda- 
ry of  Bolivia.  It  lias  no 
visible  outlet,  and  is  raised 
13,500  feet  above  the  sea. 
This  lake  is  navigated  I)y 
boats  made  of  rushes  closely 
plaited  together  ;  the  mast 
and  rudder  alone  are  made  of 
wood,  which,  owing  to  the 
scarcity  of  that  article  In  this 
region,  forms  the  most  valua- 
ble part  of  the  vessel. 

5.  The  condor,  tho  largest 
of  the  vulture  kind,  is  found 
in  Bolivia  and  other  purts 
of  the  continent.  Inhab- 
iting the  loflieat  summits 
of  the  Andes,  ho  descends 
to  tlie  lower  country  only 
in   pursuit    of    prey.      He 

feeds  chiefly  on  carrion ;  but  also  attacks  deer  and  other  quadrupeds. 
The  condor  is  about  3i  feet  long  from  the  beak  to  the  end  of  the  tail, 
and  the  wings  measure  in  extent  from  9  to  13  feet. 

Boliria.  Q.  —  l.  What  was  Bolivia  formerly  called?  What  is  it? 
When  did  it  establish  its  independence  ?  After  whom  was  it  named  ? 
2.  Of  what  docs  it  consist?  3.  What  does  it  yield?  What  of  its 
cities  and  cottages  ?    4.  Describe  Lake  Titicaca.    5.  What  is  said  of 


Condor. 


OGRAPIIY. 


per  Peru,  is  the  most  popu- 
American  stntos  tliat  thre>v 
ilishcd  its  indcpondunce  in 
al  Bolivar,  the  liberator  of 

,  and  consists,  for  the  most 
ie  cast  side  of  the  Andes, 
bet  above  the  level  of  tiie 

opious  harvests  of  Indian- 
nd,  also,  some  wheat.  It 
louds,  and  cottages  situated 

4.  Lake  Titicaca  forms 
part  of  tlio  western  bounda- 
ry of  Bolivia.  It  lias  no 
visible  outlet,  and  is  raised 
13,500  feet  above  the  sea. 
This  lake  is  navigated  by 
boats  made  of  rushes  closely 
plaited  together  ;  the  mast 
and  rudder  alone  are  made  of 
-  wood,  which,  owing  to  the 
scarcity  of  that  article  In  this 

.^  region,  forms  the  most  valua- 
ble |)art  of  the  vessel. 

/  5.  The  condor,  the  largest 
of  the  vulture  kind,  is  found 
in  Bolivia  and  other  parts 
of  the  continent.  Inhab- 
iting the  loftiest  summits 
of  the  Andes,  ho  descends 
to  tlic  lower  country  only 
in   pursuit    of    prey.      He 

3ks  deer  and  other  quadrupeds. 

the  beak  to  the  end  of  the  tail, 

i  to  13  feet. 

formerly  called  ?  What  is  it  ? 
J  ?  After  whom  was  it  named  ? 
t  does  it  yield?  What  of  its 
B  Titicaca.    5.  Whut  is  said  of 


CHILI. 


203 


6.  Chiiqui-acn,*  or  Ln  Pliita,  the  capital,  contains  a  university,  well 
iiHiiidfd,  utid  a  public  lilirary,  said  to  be  the  best  in  South  America. 
I.,i  l'a7,  i.s  till'  larn;ost  city  in  llolivin,  and,  though  situutcd  in  a  deep 
villi^y,  slaniis  at  llie  lit.'i;;lit  of  ld,10U  Icct  above  the  ocean.  It  con- 
luins  u  catliednil,  and  several  convents  and  ehurehes. 

7.  Potusi,  the  hist  known  city  in  Bolivia,  is  elevated  1.3,000  feet  aliovo 
t!io  ^■t'a.  It  is  but  indiU'erently  built,  and  is  not  so  Hourisbiiig  a.s  it  once 
w:is.  'J'lic  iiinniiljin  on  wliicli  it  is  situated  is  one  huge  silver  mine, 
ll  yiildcd  ill  l.'i.'i  years  the  vast  sum  of  sixteen  hundred  millions  of 
diiirir.-i  i  but  in  now  less  productive  than  formerly. 

H.  t'urliabainba  t  lies  in  a  fertile  and  well-cultivated  district,  and  the 
city  carries  on  ii  considerable  trade  in  grain,  fruits,  and  vegetables. 
t'ubija,  or  Puerto  dc  l:i  Mar,  is  the  oidy  sea-port  Bolivia  possesses.  It 
is  a  small  village,  and  being  situated  in  a  desert  country,  is  of  but  little 
importance. 

Map  No.  10.  — What  bounds  Bulivia  on  the  north  ?  N.-Pu.,  Bl.— 
South  ?  B.-Aa.  —  East  ?  Bl.,  Py.  —  Wist  ?  S.-Pu.  —  On  what  ocean 
is  the  south-west  part  situated  ?  Pe.  —  Which  arc  the  principal  rivers  7 
Me.,  Bo.,<;c.,  Py.,  Po.,  Vo.  —  How  long  is  each  of  these  I  The  largest 
lake?  Tu.  —  How  long  is  it?  What  two  mountains  east  of  Lake 
Titicaca?  Sa.,  li.  —  'I'lieso  are  the  highest  in  South  America.  How 
many  inhabitants  has  the  capital  ?  La  Paz  ?  Cochabamba?  Potosi  ? 
Oruro  ?  What  desert  occupies  the  coast  of  Bolivia?  Aa.  —  What 
tribes  of  Indians  are  in  Bolivia  ?     Ms.,  Cs.,  As. 


IW 


CIlILI.t 

1.  Chili  consists  of  a  lonj,',  narrow  tract  of  country,  situ- 
atcd  between  the  Andes  and  tlic  Pacific  Ocean.  The  climate 
is  remnrl<ably  fine  and  healthy,  and  many  parts  of  the  coun- 
try present  siich  romantic  scenes,  that  Chili  has  been  called 
the  Italy,  and  from  its  fertility,  the  garden  of  South  America. 

2.  Its  chief  misfortune  is  that  earthquakes  are  common, 
luid  often  lay  the  cities  and  towns  in  ruins.  Volcanoes  are 
also  numerous:  among  the  Andes,  fourteen  are  said  to  be 
constantly  burning. 

3.  The  soil,  except  in  some  of  the  mining  districts,  is  mostly  very 

the  condor  ?     C.  The  capital  ?    La  Paz  ?    7.  Potosi  ?    8.  Cochabamba  ? 
Which  is  the  sea-port  of  Bolivia  ? 

Chili.  Q.  —  1.  Of  what  does  Chili  consist?  What  is  said  of  the  cli- 
mntc  >  Wliat  has  Chili  been  called?  2.  What  is  said  of  earthquakes 
and   volcanoes?      3.  Of  the   soil?      Products?      Agriculture,   &c.  ? 

•  C/i«giii»aco7chu-ke-8a'-ka.  t  Cochubamba,  Co-ka-bam'-ba.  X  Chili,  Chee'-lo. 


S(&5»' 


204 


DESCKIFTIVE  GKOOUAPIiy. 


^ni 


,    ! 


11 


IS      11 


II 


fertile,  and  proilucps  tlic  finest  wliont  nnd  otlicr  grnins,  besides  fruits 
of  various  kind-',  in  nbmulnticc.  Wine  is  iiindo  to  some  extent,  and 
ngricidturc  nnd  the  raising  of  cattle  arc  netivcly  pursiiid. 

4.  The  C'hilrsu  are  a  courtcnus  nnd  polite  people,  and  appear  to  he 
more  industrious  and  enterprisin};  than  most  of  tlio  other  inhabitants 
of  South  America.  iVIines  of  (fold,  silver,  and  copper,  irc  numerous. 
The  latter  arc  the  most  abundant  and  profitable. 

5.  Chili  exports  lo 
Europe  and  the  Unilci! 
States  gold,  silver,  ami 
copper,  and  to  I'eru 
grain  nnd  flour.  •  A 
considerable  trade  is 
carried  on  with  Due- 
no8  Ay  res  across  the 
Andes  by  troops  of 
mules,  which  convey 
merchandise,  money, 
&c.,  to  a  considerable 
amount.  In  travers- 
ing these  stujiendous 
heights,  the  animal:--, 
and  even  their  drivers, 
often  slip  from  the  narrow,  steep  roads,  which  wind  among  the  moun- 
tains, anu  are  dashed  to  pieces  on  the  rocks  beneath. 

6.  The  southern  part  of  this  territory  is  inhabited  by  the  Aricnunian 
Indians,  a  brave  and  warlike  race,  who  have  defended  their  !ibcrtic9 
against  the  encroachments  of  the  Spaniards  ever  since  their  first  en- 
trance into  the  country. 

7.  Chiloc  and  the  islands  in  its  vicinity  belonfj  to  this  state ;  also  the 
Juan  Fernandez  islands.  The  most  eastern  of  these  is  noted  for  being 
the  solitary  residence  for  several  years  of  Alexander  Selkirk,  a  Scotch 
sailor,  whose  adventures  gave  rise  to  the  well-known  story  of  Robinson 
Crusoe. 

8.  Santiago,  the  capital  of  Chili,  is  situated  ninety  miles  from  the 
coast,  in  a  country  that  furnislies  the  most  sublime  and  beautifiil  pros- 
pects. The  houses  are  mostly  of  one  story,  and  surrounded  with  gar- 
dens. The  streets  arc  regularly  laid  out,  and  many  of  the  public 
buildings  are  handsome. 

9.  Valparaiso  is  the  chief  sea-port  j  it  has  an  excellent  harbour,  and 
carries  on  considerable  commerce.  Valdivia,  Coiicepcion,  and  Co<juim- 
bn,  have  all  some  trade. 


Kouli!  over  tlio  Andes. 


4.  Of  the  Cliilcsc  ?  Mines?  5.  Exports  ?  Trade  with  Burnos  Ayres  ? 
6.  Of  the  southern  part  of  the  territory  ?  7.  Chiloe  ?  For  what  is 
Juan  Fernandez  noted  7  8.  Describe  Santiago  ?  9.  Valparaiso,  and 
the  other  towns  7 


GKOGUAPny. 

t  nnd  oilier  grniii!",  bcsiclcs  fruils 
inc  is  iiindo  to  sonic  extent,  and 
ire  netivcly  pursued, 
id  polite  people,  mid  nppcnr  to  be 
inn  most  of  tlic  other  inlmbitants 
lilvcr,  and  cop|)cr,  irc  numerous, 
profitublc. 

5.  Cliili  exports  lo 
Europe  nndtlie  Unilri! 
States  gold,  silver,  ami 
copper,  and  to  I'eru 
grain  and  flour.  '  A 
considerable  trade  is 
carried  on  with  Due- 
nos  Ay  res  across  the 
Andes  by  troops  of 
mules,  which  convey 
merchandise,  money, 
&c.,  to  a  considerable 
;J7  amount.      In   travers- 

ing  these    8tu|>endou3 
heights,  the    animal:--, 
and  even  their  drivers, 
ids,  which  wind  among  the  moun- 
;  rocks  beneath. 

ry  is  inhabited  by  the  Aricaunian 
vlio  huvc  defended  their  liberties 
laniards  ever  since  their  first  en. 

nity  belong  to  this  state ;  also  the 
iastern  of  these  is  noted  for  being 
rs  of  Alexander  Selkirk,  a  Scotch 
ihe  well-known  story  of  Kobinson 

3  situated  ninety  miles  from  the 
most  sublime  and  beautiful  pros- 
story,  and  surrounded  with  gar- 
id  out,  and  many  of  the   public 

it  has  an  excellent  harbour,  and 
I'aldivia,  Coiicepcion,  and  Co(iuiui- 


irts  ?  Trade  with  Burnos  Ayres  ? 
ory  ?  7.  Chiloe  ?  For  what  is 
c  Santiago  'I    9.  Valparaiso,  and 


1 


BRAZIL. 


205 


Map  No.  10.  — What  Iwundw  <:hili  on  the  north?  Ba.  — South? 
Pa.  —  East.'  H.-As.  —  West?  I'.-On.  —  What  mountains  separate 
Cliili  from  Huenos  Ayres  >  As.  —  Wliiil  island  lies  south  of  CMiili  ? 
C'e. —  How  long  is  it  >.  What  islands  lie  west  of  Valparaiso  .'  J.-Fz. 
—  What  isliind  was  the  reRi<linee  of  Alexander  Selkirk  >  M.-Ttt. — 
What  islands  lie  north  of  Jiia.T  Feriiande/.  ?  S.-Fx.  —  What  is  the 
population  of  Santiago  .'  Valparaiso  ?  Conccpcion  ?  •  Quillota  7 
Santa  Rosu  .'     S.  Felipe  ?     Valdivia  7    Copiapo  7 


143 


BRAZIL. 

Bkazii  is  the  only  portion  of  the  new  world  ever  j»ovorned 
by  an  European  sovereign  in  person  ;  tiie  King  of  I'ortugal 
having  reigned  liere,  under  the  title  of  Emperor,  from  the  year 
1808  until  the  year  1821,  at  which  time  the  country  was 
declared  independent  of  Portugal. 

2.  This  is  an  extensive  region,  (leing  twenty-fivo  times  the 
size  of  the  British  Islands  ;  rather  larger  than  the  w'lole  of 
the  United  States,  and  comprising  almost  one-half  the  area 
of  South  America. 

3.  Brazil  is  one  of  the  finest  countries  in  the  world,  and 
enjoys  great  natural  advantages,  in  the  fertility  of  its  soil,  the 
variety  of  its  vegetable  productions,  and  the  value  of  its  min- 
erals. 


L'roi'siing  a  Brazilian  River. 


Brazil.  Q.  — 1 
When  was  Brazil 


What  king   reigned  here  from  1808  until  1821  ? 
declared   independent  ?     2.  How  does  it  compare 


with  the  British  Islands  and  the  United  States?     3.  What  is  Brazil? 


•Quillota,  Ke-lo-la'. 


:'  > 


jja* 


I,  I 


u»' 


!  ) 
r  i 
I 

t' 


r 


^1 


1         ,  in 

I     < 


iM 


li^ 


SOG 


DESCRIPTIVE  GEOGllAPHY. 


4.  The  interior  in  very  thinly  scttlt'i),  and  much  oF  it  ia  yet  cuvcrcd  Willi 
dense  forests.  Koads  arc  rare ;  and  the  numerous  streams  o'  ^  destitute 
of  bridges,  and,  in  many  cases,  of  ferry-boats.  The  rivers  arc  generally 
crossed  on  raHw,  moved  by  poles ;  whilo  the  horse,  held  by  the  head,  is 
made  to  swim. 

5.  The  mass  of  the  people  are  very  ignorant  and  indolent.  Nearly 
all  the  labour  is  performed  by  Negro  slaves,  who  constitute  about  three- 
fillhs  of  the  whole  population. 

r».  Agriculture  is  in  a  backward  state.  Manufactures 
iicarcely  exist ;  but  commerce  is  actively  carried  on.  Sugnr, 
cotton,  cotl'ee,  hides,  and  other  products  of  the  country,  aru 
exported  chiefly  to  the  United  Slates,  Great  Britain,  and  Por- 
tugal. 

7.  Brazil  is  rich  in  gold  and  precious  stones.  The  diamond 
mines  are  worked  on  account  of  the  government,  and  furnish 
nearly  all  the  diamonds  of  commerce. 

8.  Cuttle  multiply  to  an  immense  extent,  especially  in  the  region 
railed  the  Serlum  ;  and  in  the  extensive  ]>lains  in  the  siiuth,  near  Itiu 
Grande,  some  of  the  large  farms  have  from  :^0,UUO  to  40,UUU  head. 

9.  The  western  part  of  Rrazil  is  called  Amazonia;  although  not  a 
political  division,  the  name  has  been  long  in  use,  and  originated  from 
the  reports  of  the  early  explorers  of  a  nation  of  Amazons,  or  female 
warriors,  residing  on  the  banks  of  the  Amazon  river. 

10.  Rio  Janeiro  is  the  most  populous  and  flourishing  city  in  South 
America.     Its  Iiarbour  is  among  tlie  flnest  in  the  world,  and  is  visited 


Palace  of  San  Cliristuvao. 


What  docs  it  enjoy  7  4.  What  is  said  of  the  interior?  How  arc  the 
rivers  crossed  ?  5.  What  are  the  mass  of  the  people  ?  6.  Of  agri- 
culture? Manufactures?  Commerce?  7.  In  what  is  Brazil  rich? 
8.  What  is  said  of  cattle?  9.  Of  the  western  part  of  Brazil? 
Uow  did  the  name,  Amazon,  originate  ?     10.  Describe  Rio  Janeiro. 


GEOGllAPHY. 

I,  and  much  oF  it  ia  yet  covered  Willi 
llie  numerous  strcuinti  a'  ^  destitute 
ry-boats.  The  rivers  arc  generally 
hilo  the  horse,  held  by  the  head,  isi 

ry  ignorant  and  indolent.  Nearly 
slaves,  who  constitute  about  three- 

kwnrd  state.  Manufactures 
i  actively  carried  on.  Sugnr, 
products  of  the  country,  aru 
>latcs,  Great  Britain,  and  For- 

)rccious  stones.  The  diamond 
'  the  government,  and  furnish 
merce. 

0  extent,  especially  in  the  region 
isive  plains  in  the  8iiuth,  near  Kiu 
e  from  30,000  to  40,000  head, 
called  Amazonia;  ulthouj^h  not  a 

1  lon^  in  use,  and  originated  from 
r  a  nation  of  Amazons,  or  female 
e  Amazon  river. 

lous  and  flourishing  city  in  South 
finest  in  the  world,  and  is  visited 


Cliri:jtuvao. 


laid  of  the  interior  ?  How  arc  the 
mass  of  the  people  ?  6.  Of  agri- 
:ce  ?  7.  In  what  is  Brazil  rich  ? 
•f  the  western  part  of  Brazil  V 
late?     10.  Describe  Rio  Janeiro. 


BUENOlS    AY  RES. 


207 


by  the  vessels  of  almost  every  commercial  nation.  The  city  is  tolcral  !y 
built,  much  in  the  European  style,  though  the  streets  are  rather  narrow. 

The  country  palace  of  the  Enijicror,  near  the  city,  called  San  Chris- 
tovuo,  being  of  a  light  and  rural  style  of  architecture,  has  a  very 
pleasing  ctVect. 

11.  Bahia,  Pernambuco,  Maranham,  Para,  and  Rio  fJrande,  are  all 
iinjioitnnt  sea-ports.  Tijuoo,  in  the  interior,  is  the  ehlef  town,  and 
centre  of  the  diamond  district.  Villa  Rica,  Villa  Boa,  and  Cuyabu,  are 
each  surrounded  by  mining  districts. 

Map  Nu.  10.  —  What  bounds  Brazil  on  the  north?  Va.,  Ga.,  A.-On. 
—  East?  A.-Un.  — West?  Va.,  Er.,  N.-Pu.,  Bn.,  Py.,  Uy.  — Which 
lire  the  jirincipal  rivers  that  flow  into  the  Atlantic  ocean  ?  An.,  Pa., 
I'a.,  S.-Fo.  —  Hdw  long  are  they  ?  How  wide  is  the  Amazon  river  at 
ii«  mouth  .'  Which  are  the  chief  brunches  of  the  Amazon  ?  Xu.,  Ts., 
I\f:i.,  No.,  Va,  —  How  lung  arc  they  ?  How  tiir  i.s  the  Amazon  navigable 
for  ships  .'  For  sloops  ?  Hjvv  far  can  sloops  ascend  the  Madeira  from 
the  sea  ?  What  mountains  extend  along  the  coast  ?  Un-  —  How  long 
uro  tliey  •'  What  are  the  chief  Indian  tribes  that  inhabit  Brazil  /  Ts., 
Ms.,  Bs.,  Gs.,  Cs.,  Xs.,  Cs.,  Bs.  —  What  island  at  the  mouth  of  tlio 
Amazon  7  Js.  —  How  long  is  it  7  What  land  was  fust  seen  by  Cabral, 
tlic  discoverer  of  Brazil,  in  the  year  1500  .'  What  is  the  population  of 
liio  Janeiro?  Baliia  ?  Pernambuco  7  t'uyuba  ?  Scrgippe  del  Key  ? 
What  towns  have  ^0,000  inhabitants  (acli  >  Pa.,  iMni.,  Ai.,  S.-PI., 
V.-Bj.  —  What  district  east  of  tlit  St.  Francisco  river  I     Dd. 


lit 


BUENOS  AYUKS. 

1.  The  states  comprising  the  llopuhlic  of  Buenos  Ayics 
were  the  first  in  Soutii  America  that  tlirew  oft'  the  yoke  of 
Spain.  At  tiicir  declaration  of  independence,  in  IHlfi,  diey 
wore,  including  the  Banda  Oriental,  called  tlie  Uniied  Pro- 
vinces of  the  Rio  dc  la  Plata  ;  afterwards  the  Argentine 
Republic,  and,  finally,  the  present  name  was  adopted. 

2.  The  surface  of  the  country  consists  of  vast  plains,  call- 
ed pampas,  which  s'  -etch  from  the  Atlantic  ocean  to  the 
Andes,  and  from  north  to  south  through  the  whole  e,\tcnt  of 
the  territory. 

11.  Which  are  important  sea-ports  7 
Rica,  &c.  7 


What  is  said  of  Tejuco,  Villa 


Buenoa  Ayies.  Q.  —  1.  What  states  first  threw  off  the  yoke  of  Spain  7 
When  did  they  declare  their  independence  7  What  were  they  first 
called  7    What  afterwards  7    2.  How  far  do  the  pampas  si.  etch  ?    3. 


iT' 


.1!  i-*frf 


I    ^1:; 


-  -■-'^'^itn-T'"'— r--i**ff 


•A 


n* 


f"!  v.,    ;-Sl. 


I 


808 


Di'.tsciin'Tivn  (iiiooRAriiv. 


Gaurlios  calchiiig  Cattle  with  tliv  Lauso. 

3.  They  arc  chiefly  destitute  of  trees,  nnil  covered  with 
high  grass.  Numerous  herds  of  liorses,  mules,  and  cattle, 
graze  and  range  over  tiiom.  Tlw  rhea,  or  American  ostrich, 
with  the  jaguar,  and  several  kinds  of  deer,  also,  abound  on 
these  plains. 

4.  The  Gauchos,  or  inliubitants  of  tlic  pampas,  load  a  lifo  of  rude 
independence.  Tlicy  liavc  no  care  in  rearing  or  feeding  cattle ;  but 
liave  only  to  catcli  tliein  with  the  lasso,  or  long  leather  noose,  to  kill,  or 
drive  Ihem  to  Ouenos  Ayrcs ;  and,  in  the  case  of  horses,  to  break  and 
mark  them,  thut  they  may  be  afterwards  known. 

5.  Beef  is  the  principal  food  used  on  the  pampas ;  neither  ^rain  nor 
vegetables  arc  cultivated ;  nor  is  tho  cow  often  made  to  give  milk. 
Horses  arc  so  numerous  and  cheap,  that  every  one  rides ;  even  the  beg- 
gar begs  on  horseback. 

6.  Wheat  and  barley  arc  raised  in  a  slovenly  manner.  Immediately 
round  Buenos  Ayrcs,  Mondoza,  and  some  other  towns,  the  grain  is 
threshed  by  making  cattle  gallop  over  it.  Fuel  is  so  scarce,  that  the 
people  make  their  fires  with  dried  thistles ;  also,  with  tlie  bones,  fat 
and  dung  of  animals. 

7.  Buenos  Ayrcs,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  the  south  bank  of  the 


Of  what  are  they  destitute?  What  graze  on  them?  What  also 
abounds  ?  4.  What  of  tlie  Gauchos  ?  How  do  they  catch  cattle  ? 
5.  What  food  is  used  on  the  pampas  !  What  is  said  of  horses  ?  6.  Of 
wheat  and  barley  ?  Of  fuel  ?  7.  Describe  Buenos  Ayrcs.  8.  Cordova, 
and  Mendoza. 


P 

c. 

P 

it 


le  with  tliu  Laiiso. 

of  trees,  nnd  covered  with 
)f  iiorses,  mules,  nnd  cnttlo, 
{)  rliea,  or  American  ostricii, 
tds  of  deer,  also,  abound  on 

tlic  pampas,  load  a  life  of  rucio 
n  rearing  or  feeding  cattle ;  but 
),  or  long  leather  noose,  to  kill,  ur 

the  ease  of  horses,  to  break  and 
rds  known. 

an  the  pampas ;  neither  ^rain  nor 
B  cow  often  made  to  givo  milk, 
lat  every  one  rides ;  even  the  beg- 

a  slovenly  manner.     Immediately 

some  other  towns,  the  grain  is 

:r  it.     Fuel  is  so  scarce,  that  the 

thistles ;  also,  with  llie  bones,  fat 

Luated  on  the  south  bank  of  the 


Rio  de  la  Plata,  about  200  miles  from  the  sea.  It  is  the  centre  of  trade 
for  this  i)art  of  South  America,  and  carries  on  an  extensive  coinmcrco 
Willi  llio  Ignited  Slates  and  Orent  Britain,  exi)ortiiig  thitli<T  ercat 
fjuanuties  of  hides,  horns,  and  tallow, 

a  Cordova  and  Mendoza,  in  the  interior,  are  noted,  the  first  f  ■  its 
iinivcrsity,  the  only  one  in  this  region,  and  the  last  lor  its  wine  and 
brandy,  and  its  trade  with  Chili,  wlich  is  carried  on  across  the  Andes 
by  means  of  vast  droves  of  mules. 


it  graze   on  them?      What  also 

s  ?     How  do  they  catch  cattle  ? 

What  is  said  of  horses  ?    6.  Of 

icribe  Buenos  Ayrcs.    8.  Cordova, 


Map  U.  10.  —  What  country  lies  north  of  Buenos  Ayrcs  7     Ba 

East  >  Py..  Vy-  West  7  Ci.  ~  South  ?  Pa.  -  What  mountain, 
separate  Buenos  Ayres  from  Chili  ?  As.  —  What  river  from  Patagonia  ? 
R,.,Vo  -  J  rom  Urngui.y  ?  R..Pa..  My.  _  From  Paraguay  7  Py.,  Pa. 
-  What  18  tlK3  length  of  the  Rio  dc  la  Plata  7  Parana  ?  ParagJay  ' 
Colorado?  Rio  Ijegro  7  Suladillo?  Salado,  and  Vermcjo  rivers? 
.  ow  wide  IS  the  Rio  do  la  Plata  at  its  mouth  ?  How  far  i»  it  naviga- 
bio  «or  Bhips?  How  tar  is  the  Paraguay,  for  sloops?  What  is  the 
population  of  Buenos  Ayrcs  7    Of  Cordova  7    San  Juan  ?    Mendoza  ? 


145- 


PARAGUAY. 


1.  Paraguay  is  a  fine  fertile  district,  situated  between  Ine 
Inraguay  and  Parana  rivers.  TJic  population  is  composed 
chiefly  of  Indians  and  Mestizoes,  not  more  than  one-twentieth 
part  being  whites.  Vast  herds  of  cattle  and  horses  feed  on 
Its  rich  plains. 

Paraguay.  Q.  —  1.  What  is  Paraguay  7    What  is  said  o.'  the  popu- 
14 


tlO  DKPIRU'TIVE    CiEOGIlAI'IIV. 

V.'.  Tliis  stnto  (Icrlarpil  its  in(lf|K'nil»Mirc  in  1^13,  nnci  sJiuri. 
ly  iidirwards  li-ll  iiiulcr  llic  roiitrol  of  l>r.  FrniUMn,  a  imlivc 
•■.  Crcdli',  will)  iisHiinii'd  tli(!  poucrs  of  n  Diclutor,  niid  riilts  Inc 

J^   Alf'  poojilc  ai'i-nnliiig  to  his  own  will. 

'I.  'I'IiIm  NiriKiilar  innn  Hvch  without  pomp  nr   pnrnrlc,  nnd,  tlinii;:h 
I  iinnu'tiincH  actiii);  willi  neverity,  ap|N'arH  to  irmiiiluiii  liin  |H)wi'r  iiiiifii. 

',  i>:iiri'il.    All  till'  iiiliubitnntH  arc  taii)rlit  rciiilinir,  writini;,  iiiiil  iiritliniilii'. 

i  Kviry  one  JH  oliligi'd  to  work  at  noiiiu  oncuputiuri,nnd  idlciicHH  and  Uij;- 

'  giiiy  aro  unknown. 

4.  .Mate,  or  ]'nrn(ruay  tea,  is  the  nioHt ccli'liritid  production  of  tliit 
ri'i;ion,  nnd  him  ht'eii  lon)(  iiNcd  in  ii  nmiincr  Honicwhut  Miniilur  to  thu 
tea  of  China  over  ii  (front  jiurl  of  South  Amurico. 

!>.  ANNiunprion,  the  cupitnl,  ih  nn  irrc)riilarly  built  town,  on  thu  cntt 
bunk  of  the  Purafruny  river.  Itupua,  Curuguuty,  and  Villa  Kica,  iip- 
|K.'ar  to  be  the  next  important  townn. 


Ji      f  ■    I  i- 


I  ! 


'n 


URUGUAY. 

0.  The  Republic  of  Uni^iiny  was  formerly  called  tlio 
Handa  Oriental,  and  attached  to  the  United  Provinces  of  (In^ 
Rio  do  la  Plata.  It  was  afk'rwnrds,  for  a  time,  claimed  liy 
Rrnzil ;  bnt  in  1828,  at  the  clo.se  of  a  bloody  war  btitwci  ii 
the  llrazilians  and  the  lUienos  Ayrcans,  tlic  two  parties  agrcul 
to  its  lK!coming  an  independent  state. 

7.  Montevidtio,*  the  capitol,  Htanda  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Rio  do 
la  Plata,  nnd  ims  the  liest  harlmur  on  that  river.  It  eximrtH  great  qu^iii- 
titicH  of  hides,  Slc.  The  country  around  this  city  \»  lirtile,  though  liiit 
]H>urly  cultivated.  Maldonado  and  Culonia  arc  small  towns  on  the  Uia 
de  la  Plata. 

8.  On  the  upper  part  of  the  Uruguay  river  aro  the  remains  of  tin' 
IMinslons  formed  by  the  Jesuits.  These  contained  at  one  time  thirty 
towns,  and  100,000  Indians,  who  were  converted  from  idolatry,  instruct, 
cd  in  (hrniing  and  some  of  the  UNcful  arts,  and  disciplined  as  solilii  ra 
ntlcr  the  IOuro|)ean  manner.  Hut  the  towns  are  now  decayed,  nnd  tl 
inhabitants  reduced  to  less  than  one-tenth  of  their  former  numbers. 


latinn  7  2.  Of  the  state  7  Dr.  Franeia  ?  3.  iF  'he  inhabitants ' 
4.  What  is  the  most  celebrated  production  7  5.  Dcs..  ibo  Assurnpcion 
and  the  other  towns. 

Uruguay.  Q.  —  6.  What  was  Uruguay  formerly  called  7  To  wliut 
was  it  attached  7  By  what  power  was  it  claimed  t  What  occurred  in 
18i28  ?     7.  Describe  the  capital.     The  other  towns.     8.  By  whom  were 


•  Montevidto,  Mon-te-ve'-do^). 


F.OUItAI'lir. 

K'niloiico  in  1^13,  nnci  short. 
Irol  of  Mr.  Frnncin,  a  imlivc 
of  n  Diclutor,  niid  rtilus  tii<' 

t  pomp  or  pnrarlc,  mid,  tlioiii,'h 
irH  to  irmiiiluiii  liiii  |H)wrr  uiiiiu. 
rciidinir,  writini;,  iiiiil  iirilliiiirtii'. 
uccuputiuri,niid  idli-iicHH  uiid  l)r)r. 

loBt  I'cli'liritcd  proriiirtion  of  IIu.h 
innnncr  Hoiiicwhut  Hiniilur  to  (liu 
li  Amurico. 

rcKiilarly  built  town,  on  tho  cn*l 
,  Curiiguuty,  and  Villa  Kica,  up- 


AY. 

y  wns  forniprly  called  tlio 
I  tho  rnitcd  Provinces  of  lln^ 
irds,  for  a  time,  clainu'd  Iiy 
ic  of  a  bloody  war  between 
rcnns,  the  two  parties  agrcul 
tatc. 

on  the  north  bank  of  tho  Rio  do 
;bat  river.  It  vx|X)rtH  great  qiMii- 
ind  this  city  in  li'rtllc,  tliuiigh  liiit 
ilonia  are  Hinall  towns  on  the  Uio 

uay  river  arc  the  rcmainti  of  the 
mo  contained  at  one  time  thirty 
I  converted  from  idolatry,  inslruci. 
arts,  and  diHcipHncd  as  Holdiira 
townu  are  now  decayed,  and  tl 
!iith  of  their  former  numbers. 


mcia  ? 
ction  ? 


3.      )f  'he   inhabitants ' 
5.  Dc8..  ibo  Asaurnpcion 


PATAfJONIA.  911 

Miip  Sii.  in,  —  What  river  (iirniH  thu  eoMt  and  uniilh  iHiiiiidary  nf  I'd. 
riigiMy  '  I'.i.  —  'Mill  u'l'nt  boiiiicliiry  '  I'y,  —  Wliut  lrii|iii'  cxh  iwU 
n'.irly  tliroiii.'li  llii' iniildid  iif  l'irii;{ii,iy  7  (  ii,  —  lliiw  iniiiiy  iiili.iliit- 
niilr'  liiin  tlir  (M(iiliil  I     The  iilliir  InwnH  ' 

\V  iiiit  I mcIn  I'ni^riiiy  nil  (lie  iinrlh  '    Py.  —  On  the  Noiith  f    ll.-I'ii. 

—  \\rst?    I'\..|{.  —  MiiHt  /    III.  —  How  lipii'd  JH  the  rmiiiiiiy  river  ?    R. 

—  Ne,'rtW      Uhat  i^  the  |Hipiiliiti(iii  of  Ihe  eMpiliiP     Ol' l\|uldiiimdo  f 
lUivv  iiir  Ik  it  from  I'riignuy  to  the  (',i|h'  oI'  (iuiid  llnpe  .' 


lU) 


SuiUirii  killing  aoulK. 


reiigiiiiin. 


I'ATAOONI.V. 


(Tuoy  formerly  called  ?     To  whul  f 
a  it  claimed  I     What  occurred  in 
5  other  towns.     8.  By  whom  were 


in-te-ve'-do^). 


1.  P/VTAooNrA,  the  southern  division  of  Sonth  Americn, 
has  never  been  explored  except  along  the  coast.  Tho  diicf 
p.irt  of  it  apjieai-s  to  be  a  cold,  barren,  and  desert  region. 

■2.  It  is  very  thinly  iiihuhited  by  various  tribes  of  IndiuiiH,  who  aro 
s:iid  to  be  cxcelleiil  h(ir«eiiien,  and  are  usuiilly  described  iis  u  niition  of 
giants.  Tliey  liiiiit  the  Uliea,  or  Ainericun  Ostrich,  which  abounds  in 
the  northern  piirt  of  their  country. 

.1.  Terra  del  Fiiegn,  lying  south  of  Patagonia,  is  peopled  by  a  raco 
of  iniacrable  savages,  in  the  lowest  state  of  wretchedness. 

the  Missions  formed  ?  The  Jesuits  were  on  order  of  Cuthilic  Priesip, 
who  estiihlishcd  Missions  in  various  parts  of  the  woilil.  What  is  said 
of  the  Indians  ?     The  towns  7 

ralrinroniii.  Q. —  1.  What  is  Patagonia  ?  AVhat  does  lite  chief  port 
npp»!ar  to  he  .'  2.  By  wlmin  is  it  inhahiled  ?  What  u  saiil  of  Ihcni  7 
3.  Ily  whom  i.i  Terra  dil  l-'uej;!)  p  .(ijiled  ' 


If 


813 


i\  i¥' 


\'  i; 


r 


l)ES(  IIIFTIVE  tiKOCJUAI'MV. 
SOI  Til  AMKIIICAN  IHI.ANKH. 


1.  Sol  Tii-iiAHT  iViim  Patiipitiin  nrc  Rfvi-ral  j,'roii|is  u*' 
i^l.'iiulM,  Hi'iitlcivd  at  viii'ioiis  dintancrs  IVoni  iho  coniiiu^iii. 
'I"li(  V  n)m|)i'iso  ilio  l''iilkliiiiil  IsIiuuIh,  Hini'li  (.Imrgia,  mul 
>SMt|l|^^ ii'li  i<itiiil. 

a,  'I'll!'  I'liiiiwlc  III'  llicHC  isliinilM  is  (iilil  iiiui  •  I  ,  mil  '  ir  Hlmn  < 
iirt'  riij,'!,'!  il  mill  Imrn  ii.  'I'liry  iirr  ull  iinin  miti  ii  i  ^ind,  •  ■  •  •  |il  liu'  Kilk- 
liriil  t,'riiii|),  iirr  vrry  w  lilniii  \iNiliil.  I'l.i  liilli-r  lontnitis  iiiiiiiy  (jund 
li.irhiiiirH,  wliii.'h  ulUiiil  HJiillrr  to  llic  wlin!  .iinl  ■  il  Blii|m  ivlirli  luivi- 
)!.'iii'  iliu  HdiillKrii  Hi'UK.  'I'licy  iiri  lIuiiikU  Iiuui  '-j  Otciil  Ilrituiii  uiul 
lluriioH  AyrcH. 

r..  rurllur  til  lliu  Himlli,  'T  ".'  ■.iniiilH  iif  Soiilli  Sliillarid,  Smith 
Orkiiiy,  I'nliiicr'M  Liiiil,  and  OiiilmnrH  l,nml.  '1  lit su  liiivo  all  bctn 
diHCovrri'd  MJiirc  tllr  y    t  IHllt. 

7.  Tlioy  nri;  dcsnlulc,  hirrilo  lojrinnii,  covered  cvrn  In  inid-numincr 
villi  ill'  and  H'.w,  iind  iir(!  iiiili'iiniitid  liy  n  siiij;Iu  liiiiiiiin  hcini;. 
'I'lu  ir  HlioriM  iiboiiiMl  willi  llio  I'lir-mnl,  Hc:i-ili'|iliiiiit,  mid  sunt  immln'rH 
of  iitn^iiiiiH. 

a.  V(iim.1h  iVotii  Stoiiiii(,'toii  null  t  llier  iH)rtH  in  New  KriRland  flrequpnt 
tlic!ii'  iNluiiilH  for  till-  |)iir|>oi.:o  ol'  |iro<:uriii|f  vculn,  tliu  Turn  of  wliicli  ore 
very  lino  and  viilimhlu. 


Map  No.  10. — How  is  ratagonia  lioiindcd  ?  Wliich  are  it»  cliief 
rivrrH  ?  Vs.,  I'.-Dc.  —  What  tribcH  iiilmldt  il  ?  Ph.,  Mw.  — Wlinl 
iiiiundH  lie  tn  tlio  cuHtward  ?  I'M.  —  What  i-trnitH  Bcparntu  this  reRioii 
from  Terra  del  Fiie(,'o  !  Mn.  —  What  island  on  the  west  coast?  Wii. 
—  What  island  ensl  of  Term  del  Fiiejro  ?  S..[,d.  —  Wliat  celebrated 
Cape  Bontli  of  Terra  del  Fnego  ?  IIn.  —  This  capo  is  tho  tioutliern 
extrcinily  nf  Hermit's  Island. 

Map  No.  1.  —  Western  hemisphere.  —  Which  is  tho  mo»t  northern, 
Graham's  Land,  or  the  Falkland  Isles  ?  F.-Is.  —  The  most  soiilhcrn  ' 
G.-Ld.  —  Wliich  arc  the  most  eastern  islands  ?  S..Ld.  —  Which  in 
the  most  distant  from  Patagonia?     S.-Ld. 


Soiilh  American  hh».  Q.  —  4.  What  do  theso  islands  comprise? 
5.  What  is  said  of  tho  climate  ?  What  do  tho  Falkland  Islands  con- 
lain  ?  By  what  powers  are  lliey  claimed  .'  6.  What  is  farther  to  the 
south  ?  7.  What  aro  they  covered  with  7  In  what  do  their  shorn' 
abound  ?    B.  What  is  said  of  vessels  from  Stoningtou  ? 


OOUAI'MV. 

N  ISLANDS. 

in  nrc  drvural  ^roupji  n!' 
timers  IVoiii  \h(\  coiiliiuiii, 
hiiidH,  Snii'li  (.uiirgio,  mill 

III  iiiul  •  »  ,  incl  '  Ir  Hliiin  s 
ill  uiitiii  i  ind, '  ■"  |ii  ilif  l''iilli. 
I't.i  littln  I  iintniiih  iiiiiiiy  ^jnud 
linl'  .iiiil  '  il  Nlii|w  vvliirli  luivi- 
iii'.'d  liiiii     J  (irviit  llrituiii  uiul 

iiiiiiIn  i>r  Hoiitli  Slirllnriil,  Soiitit 
I'l  l/iiiiil.     'J  lit'HU  liiivu  ull  belli 

»,  covered  rvni  in  inld-mitnincr 
iitrd  liy  n  Niii)rlL'  hiiiiiiin  hi'in{r. 
Ni'a-i'lr|>1iuiil,  and  \uiit  iminlicrH 

■  pmlM  ill  New  r'n|;lund  firqupiit 
iiK  ivalH,  tlio  AirH  of  wliicli  arc 


loundcd  ?  Which  nro  itn  rliiti' 
iiilmhit  il?  Ph.,  Mh.  —  Wlinl 
Imt  HtrnilH  BPparntu  tliiH  region 
ishiiid  nil  the  west  coiisl  ?  Wii. 
(fo  ?  S.-IaI.  — Wliiit  CLlcbriiti'd 
II.  —  Thui  capo  is  tho  xoutherii 

—  Which  is  tlio  ino»t  northern, 
'  F.-Ih.  —  The  nioHt  Hoiithcrii  ' 
1  iulands  ?  S..Ld.  •—  Whicii  in 
Ld. 


hat  do  thcso  island*  comprise  ? 
it  do  tho  Falkland  Islnndn  con. 
iicd  .'  6.  What  is  further  to  tho 
vith  7  In  whnt  do  their  shorva 
roin  Stoningtou  ? 


9-    »-.*■■.  5  - 


EUltOPK. 

1.  I'-ITROPE,  though  llin  smallest  c)l' tho  tliri>i  ureni  'ivisions 
of  till!  odstern  Cdiitinorif,  is  the  lirst  in  iiii|ii)rtaiic(',  lo  most 
tliickly  |>oo|)lud,  and  tliu  iicst  ciillivntud. 

U.  In  modern  times  it  has  bcon  tlic  point  from  whii  civil- 
i/ation  and  linowledjro  have  heeii  extended  to  other  i  lions, 
and  its  emi),'nints  have  peopled  all  tiio  civilized  counli  s  of 
tho  other  parts  of  tiio  world. 

y.  Kuropc  is  deeply  per.efrated  hy  Iar;.;e  inland  seas  and 
nnnierous  gulfs,  wliieh  allord  groat  natin-al  advantage  for 
eonnneroial  pursuits.  Its  interior  n.'giiins  are  \V(  II  wai'  vd, 
though  none  of  the  rivers  are  of  the  first  inagnilude.  I'ho 
piiiicipal  of  them  are  tho  Volga,  Don,  Dnieper,  Duniibo, 
Tagiis,  Loire,  Uhinc,  Uiione,  Kibe,  and  Vistula. 

4.  Thougli  the  surflicc  of  Kuropc  is  greatly  diversified,  yet 
tlie  mountains  are  inferior  in  extent  and  elevtuion  to  tho.sonf 
Asia  and  Aineriea.  Tho  princijial  ranges  arc  tho  Dofrafiulds, 
Alps,  Car|)nthians,  A[ionnines,  and  I'yronccs. 


Europe.  Q  —  1.  Whiit  in  Kuropc?  3.  Wlmt  has  it  been  in  modern 
timcH?  3.  !i.)w  is  it  pcnelrnted  ?  What  is  said  of  its  interior reijionH' 
Wiiich  are  the  principal  rivers  ?    4.  What  is  said  of  tho  nioiiiilains  ? 


Un 


11 


•.ll^tt^" 


It 


lA  ^if 


1 ' ' 

'  ! 


1  ; 


^  i 


214 


DESCRIPTIVK  GEOGRAPHY. 


P  "-,.'•■■-"  ^""Vn' "  .i.^~  •.''■:.." 


•r^z 


Willi  Scottish  Ox. 


Wild  Arusmcin  Slici']). 


5.  Tlie  native  nnimiils  of  Etiropc  nro  less  in  mimbnr  tlian  those  of 
some  of  the  other  rpiarters  of  the  earth.  Tiie  liorse,  ass,  dog,  and  cat, 
came  oritfinully  from  Asia  :  l)ul  the  ox  and  the  sheep  are,  probably,  of 
nutive  orifrin.  A  few  of  the  wild  Seottisli  oxen  are  still  preserved  in 
parks  in  the  north  of  ICn^lund  ;  and  the  niusnion,  or  wild  sheep,  i^i 
found  in  Sardinia  and  Corsica. 


l!earili.'il  Vulture. 


Golden  Eagle. 


fi.  The  birds  of  Enrope  comprise  a  nnmbcr  of  diiferrnt  kinds,  many 
of  which  also  almnnd  in  the  neighbouring  regions.  The  bearded  vul- 
ture IS  the  largest  of  the  European  birds  of  prey.  It  is  found  among 
the  highest  summits  of  the  Alps,  and  destroys  sheep,  lambs,  goals,  and 
oilier  animals.  Tlie  golden  eagle  frequents  the  British  isles,  and  the 
adjacent  parts  ;  while  the  bustard,  crane,  stork,  flamingo,  spoonbill,  and 
pelican,  are  met  with  in  various  quarters.  The  turkey  was  brought 
irom  America,  the  peacock  and  common  fowl  from  Asia,  and  the 
guinea-fowl  from  Africa. 

7.  Tho  cultivution  of  tlie  soil  has  boen  carried,  in  many 
parts  of  Kiiropo,  to  great  perfection,  and  has  been  rendered 
highly  productive  in  all  the  necessaries,   and  most  of  tiio 


5.  Of  tho  animals  ?    G.  Birds  ?    7.  Of  cultivation  ?    8.  Manufactures 


OGUAPIIY. 


Wild  Arusnicin  Slier]). 

;  less  ill  number  llian  those  of 
I.  The  liorsc,  ass,  dog,  nnd  cat, 
and  the  sheep  are,  probably,  of 
tisli  oxen  arc  still  preserved  in 
he  niusiuon,  or  wild  sheep,  in 


Gulden  Eagle. 

nmbcr  of  different  kinds,  many 
ring  regions.  The  bearded  vul- 
Is  of  prey.  It  is  fonnd  among 
jstroys  sheep,  lambs,  goals,  and 
icnts  the  British  isles,  and  the 
',  stork,  flamingo,  spoonbill,  and 
;ers.  The  turkey  was  brought 
non  fowl  from  Asia,   and   tho 

has  boen  carried,  in  many 
)n,  and  has  been  rendered 
;ssaries,   nnd  most  of  tiio 


EUROPE. 


215 


lixurles  of  life.  Grain  of  various  kinds  is  raised  in  all 
quarters,  except  in  tlic  extreme  northern ;  wiiile  the,  vine, 
olive,  mulberry,  and  orange,  Hoiirish  in  the  southern  parts  of 
the  continent. 

8.  Tho  amount  and  variety  of  tlic  manufacturer,  of  the 
European  nations  arc  unrivalled  ;  and  by  means  of  the  exten- 
sive commerce  carried  on  by  the  maritime  states,  they  are 
distributed  over  almost  every  quarter  of  the  globe. 


148 


9.  Though  Europe  was  the  latest  portion  of  the  eastern 
continent  that  received  the  light  of  civilization,  yet  it  must 
jiuw  be  considered  as  the  centre  of  refmenicnt  and  learning. 
The  most  useful  inventions,  the  finest  productions  of  genius, 
and  the  improvement  of  all  tlic  sciences,  belong  to  the  people 
of  this  region. 

10.  Universities  and  colleges  are  numerous  in  almost  all 
European  countries.  These  provide  for  the  higher  branches 
of  learning,  and  arc  generally  on  a  larger  scale  than  any  in 
America.  "Sonie  of  them  arc  endowed  with  extensive  funds, 
valuable  libraries,  and  botanic  gardens;  and  attract  many 
students  from  various  quarters,  of  whom,  some  are  from  our 
own  country,  and  other  parts  of  the  new  world. 

11.  In  several  parts  of  Europe,  the  common  branches  of 
school  education  arc  much  neglected,  and  the  lower  orders  of 
the  people  are  not  so  well  instructed  as  in  tlio  United  Stales. 
Numbers  of  them  are  unable  to  red  or  write ;  and  in  some 
countries  they  arc  extremely  ignorant  and  bigoted. 

12.  Schools  for  instructing  the  poorer  classes  are  most 
numerous  in  Prussia,  Switzerland,  Ilolland,  Belgium,  and 
Scotland.  In  the  latter  country,  more  of  the  peoi)le  receive 
a  learned  education  than  elsewhere.  England,  (Jerniany, 
and  France,  excel  in  literature  and  science. 

13.  In  almost  every  part  of  Europe,  great  distinctions  of 
rank  prevail  between  tiie  upper  and  lower  classes  of  society. 
Orders  of  noliility  are  established  everywhere,  except  in 
Turkey  and  Norway.     Nearly  all  the  individuals  belonging 

9.  What  is  said  of  Euro|)e?     10.  Of  universities  and  colleges?     11. 
Common  branches  of  education  ?     18.  Where  arc  ac'iools  most  numcr- 


,;*;-■ 


lA  i>i^' 


it: 


210  DESCRIl'TIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 

to  those  reside  in  splendid  nuinsion.s,  and  enjoy  every  luxurv 
which  money  can  |.mciire ;  wliilst  the  poorer  eiassos  lodge  in 
mean  eottages,  and  earn  a  very  scanty  subsistence  by  the 
hibour  of  their  hands. 

14.  The  religion  of  Europe  is  almost  entirely  Christian, 
except  ill  Turkey,  where  the  Mahomedan  system  is  estab- 
lished.  Tiie  former  is  divided  into  tiiree  great  churciics,  thu 
Roman  Catholic,  the  Protestant,  and  the  (iVeek  church.  The 
adherents  of  the  iirst-nanicd  amount,  probably,  to  about  120 
millions,  the  second  to  5-.i  millions,  and  tlie  last  50  millions. 
There  are_  also  about  ryi  millions  of  IMahomedans,  and  iix 
millions  of  .lews.  ' 

l.'i.  Kiiro|>c  comprises  Gl  indepciidtnt  states.  Of  tlicso,  three  arc 
Btylcd  Empires,  IG  Kingdoms,  7  Grand  Duchies,  I  Kleetorntc,  11 
Ouchics,  1  Landgniviatc,  11  Principalities,  1  Lordship,  1  Ivclesiastieal 
State,  and  9  Republics.  The  population  of  the  whole  is  cstinialej  at 
S.'iU  millions. 

IG.  The  slates  which  rank  highest  in  tlie  scale  of  national  importance 
ore.  Great  Dritain,  France,  Russia,  Austria,  and  Prussia.  These  are 
called  the  five  Great  Powers.  They  direct  and  control  the  alTairs  of 
the  whole  continent,  and,  more  or  less,  influence  the  destinies  of  every 
civilized  nation. 

iin 

IIow  is  Europe  bounded ?     Which  is  its  largest  city  and  river? 

Norway;  .  . .  Bounded  ?— Capital  ?  :  France   Bounded  ?— Capital  ? 

Sweden  . .  .  Bounded  ?— Capital  ?    Spain Bounded  ?— {Capital  ? 

Russia   Bounded  ?— Capital  ?  |  Portugal  ....  Bounded  ?— Capital  ? 

Denmark  . .  Bounded  ?— Capital  ?    Austria Bounded  ?— Capital  ? 

Holland  . . .  Bounded  ?— Capital  ?  i  Prussia Bounded  ?— Capital  ? 

Belgium  . . .  Bounded  ?- -Capital  ?  '■■  Switzerland  .  Bounded  ?— Capital  ? 

Kngland  . . .  Bounded  ?— Capital  ?  I  Italy Bounded  ?— Capital  ? 

Scotland  . .  .  Bounded  ?— Capital  ?  j  Turkey Bounded  ?— Capital  ? 

Ireland Bounded  ?— Capital  ? ,  Greece Bounded  ?— Capital  7 

Where  is  the  White  sea?  Baltic  sea?  North  sea?  Irish  sea? 
Mediterranean  sea?  Black  sea?  Sea  of  Azov?  Sea  of  Marmora 7 
How  long  is  each  of  these  seas?     Where  is  the  .-Vrcliipelago? 

Where  is  the  gulf  of  Bothnia  ?  G.  of  Finland  ?  G.  of  Venice  ? 
How  long  arc  each  of  these  7  Where  is  the  gulf  of  Dantzick  ?  G.  of 
Lyons?  G.  of  Genoa?  G.  ofTaranto?  Where  is  the  bay  of  Biscay  ? 
Where   is    the   channel   called    the   Cattegat?      The  Skager  Rack? 

ous  ?  13.  What  is  said  of  the  distinctions  of  rank  ?  14.  Of  religion  1 
How  is  it  dividid?  15.  What  docs  Europe  compriso?  IC.  Which 
states  rank  highidt  ? 


EOCiRAPIlY. 

JUS,  ami  fiijoy  every  luxurv 
it  lliL"  poorer  flasscs  lodge  iii 
y  scanty  subsistence  by  tlie 

s  almost  entirely  CIni.slian, 
ahoniedan  system  is  eslnb- 
iito  tliren  great  diiirelies,  the 
nil  the  (ircck  church.  The 
)unt,  probably,  to  about  120 
s,  and  the  last  50  millions. 
IS  of  Mahomcdnns,  and  2i 

L'lit  states.  Of  tliesi',  three  arc 
iiid  Duchies,  I  Kleetorntc,  11 
tics,  1  Lordship,  1  Declesiastical 
in  of  the  whole  is  cstiinated  at 

tlie  scale  of  national  importance 
jstria,  and  Prussia.  Tliose  are 
lirect  and  control  the  atTairs  of 
influence  the  destinies  of  every 


is  its  largest  city  and  river  ? 

ncc   Bounded  ?— Capital  ? 

in Bounded  ?— Capital  ? 

tugal  ....  Bounded  ?— Capital  ? 

itria Bounded  ? — Capital  7 

ssia Bounded  ? — Capital  ? 

tzerland  .  Bounded  ? — Capital  ? 

y Bounded  ?— Capital  ? 

■key Bounded  ? — Capital  ? 

cee Bounded  ? — Capital  7 

sea?      North  sea?     Irish  sea? 
of  Azov  ?     Sea  of  Murinora  7 
re  is  the  ."Vrehipclago? 

.  of  Finland  ?  G.  of  Venice  ? 
9  the  gulf  of  Dantzick  ?  G.  of 
f  Where  is  the  bay  of  Biscay  ? 
ittcgat?      The  Skager  Rack  7 

ns  of  rank  ?  14.  Of  religion  7 
iluropc  coinpriso  7     IG.  VVbich 


EUnOI'E. 


817 


St.  George's  Channel?  English  Ch.  /  North  Ch.  ?  Chunnelof 
Constantniople  .' 

Whore  is  the  strait  of  Dover  ?  .S.  of  Otranto  ?  S.  of  the  Dardanelles  7 
b.  ot  l.nikale  :     h.  ol  Gibraltar  ?     How  many  miles  wide  is  the  last  ' 

Where  is  the  Petehora  river?  The  Dwina  ?  Onrga  ?  Tornea  ? 
D,il?  Duna?  iNiemen  .'  Vistula?  Oder?  Ell.e  ?  Weser  ?  Rhine' 
I  l.umes.'  .Shannon?  Seine?  Loire?  (iaronnc?  Douro?  Tai-us? 
(.u:idiuDa?  Guadal.|u.vir?  Kl.ro  ?  Khonu  ?  I'o  ?  Danuhe  ?  Dnicslrr? 
Bog'     Dnieper?     Don?     Volga?     How  long  is  each  of  these  rivers  ? 

Where  is  the  lake  Onega?  Ladoga?  Piepus  ?  Wencr  7  Wetter 7 
Oeiieva !     How  long  is  each  of  these  lakes  ? 

Where  is  the  peninsula  of  Jutland  ?  Of  the  Morea  ?  The  Crimea  7 
AV  hat  large  peninsula  lies  south  of  the  Bay  of  Biscay  '  Sn  PI  — 
U  hat  pcniiisulj  lies  west  of  the  Gulf  of  Venice  ?     ly. 

n^yi"''?.'1.'"'f"'^'''''^'''-  North  C?  The  Naze?  C.Clear?  Land's 
Lnd?  t.linisteTre?  C.  St.  Vincent  ?  C.  de  Gutt?  C.  Teuluada? 
L.  Passaro  ?     (  .  Matapan  ? 

Where  is  Iceland  ?  The  Lododen  islands  ?  Faroe  isles  ?  Siicthind  ' 
Orkney  ?  Hehrides,  or  Western  isles  ?  British  isles  ?  Isle  of  Man  ? 
Anglesea?  hcilly  islands?  Balearic  Is.?  Majorca?  Minorca' 
Iviea?  Corsica?  Sardinia?  Klba  ?  Lipari  Is.  ?  Sicily'  Malta' 
Ionian  isles?  Corfu?  Cephalonia  ?  Zanle  ?  Cerigo?  Candia  ? 
Milo?  Naxio?  Ntgropont?  Lemnos  ?  Where  is  Aland  ?  Daffo  ? 
Ocsel?     Gothland?     Oland  ?     Riigen?     Zealand?      Funen  7 

Where  arc  the  Dofiafield  mountains  ?  Ural  mountains  ?  Pyrenees  ? 
(.eyennes?  Auvergne  ?  (;antabrian  ?  Sierra  Morena  ?  Sierra  Ne. 
yada?  .\lps?  Apennines?  Carpathian?  Balkan  mountains  ?  Tell 
the  length  ol  the  range,  and  the  heights  of  those  mountains  that  have 
hgurcs  attached  to  them. 

wu^''"\  "^'^'^  of  people  arc  in  the  northern  part  of  Russia '  Ss.— 
What  three  races  arc  partly  in  Europe,  and  partly  in  Asia?     Bs.,  Ks., 


How  many  mil.  s  is  it  from  Iceland  to  Norway  7     From  Norway  to 
Greenland  ?     Scotland  to  Labrador  ?     Ireland  to'  Labrador  ?     Eneland 


Gr. 

to  Newlbundland  ?      France   to  Canada? 

Oporto  to  New  York  ? 


Franco  to  Nova  Scotia  7 


irK) 


swe:den  and  norvvay. 


1.  Sweden  and  Norway  are  now  united  info  one  kingdom, 
and  are  under  the  control  of  the  same  sovereign.  The 
government  is  a  limited  monarchy.  Ea(;h  state  has  its  par- 
ticular constitution,  its  own  laws,"and  a  national  legislature. 


Sweden  and  Normy.   Q.— 1.   What   arc  Sweden  and  Norway  7 


^Sil 


■'■. 


I 


n ',  1, 


'         1  1        L 


218 


DESCRIITIVE  (iEOGUAPIlY. 


2.  Tills  region  forms  u  vast  peninsula,  bounded  on  the  ono 
sid(3  by  the  Alliintic  ocean,  nnd  on  the  other  by  the  Hiiltic  s«i. 
'I'ju;  I'liuiate,  thougii  severe  in  winter,  is  lieallhful ;  and  many 
ol"  the  inhabitants, e.s))eciiilly  of  Norway,  live  to  a  great  a!.;e. 

li\tensive  forests  eover  a  large  jiart  of  the  counlry,  and 
but  a  small  portion  of  it  is  suited  to  agriculture. 

3.  Grain  is  seldom  raised  in  suflicicnt  quantities  to  supply 
the  wants  of  tlie  people ;  and  m  the  northern  districts,  pine 
bark  or  moss,  is  oHen  mixed  with  (lour,  to  make  bread.  The 
southern  sections  arc  the  most  fertile,  and  produce  potatoes, 
barley,  oats,  rye,  and  some  tobacco. 

•1.  Sweden  has  but  few  manufactures,  and  Norway  still  less.  The 
working  of  the  mines,  ship-building,  the  cutting  of  timber,  and  the 
fiblieries,  form  the  chief  branches  of  industry.  The  conimereu  is 
active  and  extensive.  The  ciiief  exports  are  iron,  steel,  copper,  timber, 
and  fish. 

5.  The  habits,  manners,  and  characters  of  the  Swedes  and  Norwe- 
gians have  much  resemblance.  Tliey  are  lively  and  cheerful  in  disposi. 
tiori,  polite  and  hospitable  to  strangers,  and  are  strongly  attached  to 
their  respective  countries. 

C.  The  religion  of  both  nations  is  the  Lutheran.  Education  is  gen- 
eral, and  the  <  hicf  part  of  the  lower  orders  of  the  people  are  able  to 
read  and  write.  Amongst  the  !)easantry,  every  man  is  his  own  carpen- 
ter, slioemaker,  blacksmith,  &c. 

NORWAY. 

7.  NonwAY  was  united  to  Denmark  in  1380,  and  contin 
lied  to  form  part  of  the  Danish  monarchy  until  1814,  when 
it  wp.fl  annexed  to  Sweden.  It  is  one  of  the  most  mountain- 
ous <  cuntrics  in  Europe;  and  abounds  in  sublime  and  romantic 
scenery. 

8.  Near  the  LofToden  islands  there  is  a  terrific  whirlpool,  called  the 
Malstrom,  which  sometimes  draws  in  ships,  and  dashes  them  on  the 
rocks  licneath.  Whales,  and  other  animals  also,  are  occasionally  forced 
into  it. 

9.  Christiania  is  the  capital  of  Norway,  and  the  seat  of  the  storthig, 
or  national  legislature.     It  contains  a  university,  a  cathedral,  a  palace, 

Whnt  is  the  government  ?  2.  What  does  this  region  form  ?  What  is 
Eiiid  of  forrsls  ?  3.  Grain,  &c.  ?  4.  Of  manufactur5s  ?  What  aro 
the  cl  ef  branches  of  industry  ?  Of  the  commerce  ?  5.  The  habits 
iiianners,  &c.  >     6.  Religion  ?  ' 

-  7.  When  was  Norway  united  to  Denmark  ?  Annexed  to  Sweden  ?  8. 
Describe  the  iMalstroMi.    9.  Christiur.ia,  Bergen, &c. 


OGIIAPIIY. 

insula,  bounded  on  tlic  ono 
the  other  by  the  Baltic  swi. 
cr,  is  licallhful;  and  many 
orway,  live  to  a  great  a^c. 
;  jiart  of  the  counlry,  and 
o  agriculture. 

iflieicnt  quantities  to  supply 
he  norliiern  districts,  pine 
(lour,  to  make  bread.  The 
rtile,  and  produce  potatoes, 

0. 

i,  and  Norway  still  less.  The 
lie  cutting  of  timber,  and  the 
industry.  The  coniniercu  is 
3  arc  iron,  steel,  copper,  timber, 

3rB  of  the  Swedes  and  Norwe. 
e  lively  and  cheerful  in  disposi- 
,  and  are  strongly  attached  to 

!  Lutheran.  Education  is  gen- 
rdcrs  of  the  people  arc  able  U> 
',  every  man  is  his  own  carpen- 


mark  in  1380,  and  contin 
lonarchy  until  1814,  when 
3nc  of  the  most  mountain- 
ids  in  sublime  and  romantic 

a  terrific  whirlpool,  called  the 
hips,  and  dashes  them  on  the 
lis  also,  are  occasionally  forced 

^,  and  the  seat  of  the  storthig, 
iversity,  a  cathedral,  a  palace, 

s  this  region  form  ?  What  ia 
)f  manufactures  ?  What  are 
!  commerce?    5.  The  habits, 

rk  ?  Annexed  to  Sweden  ?  8. 
Bergen,  &c. 


NOIIWAV. 


210 


sTVcrul  iliuri  Ill's,  and  ollirr  piiMi;;  biiililinfjs.  Its  Iriidc  is  rliicHy  in 
liiiilit  r,  tiir,  I. ml  llio  prodiicf  of  llio  mines.  Hi  rsrin  ami  Dronthcitn  arc 
the  next  ini|iiirtniit  tiiuns.  HaminurfLst,  un  tliu  island uf  Quuloc,  is  the 
most  nortliirn  town  in  liur()j)0. 


C'liri>li.'i  liu. 

Map  No.  11.  —  What  bouiul.s  Norway  on  the  north?  A. -On. — 
South?  S,.Rk. —  liiist?  Sn.  —  Wist?  A.-t)n.  —  What  mountains 
on  the  east?  Ud.  —  How  long  and  high  arc  thry  ?  What  islands 
north  of  the  Arctic  circle  ?  Ln.  —  Which  is  the  chief  river  ?  Gn.  — 
How  long  is  it  ?  What  is  the  |)opulation  of  Hcrgeii  ?  Christiania  ? 
Dronthoim  ?  Kongsbcrg  ?  Which  extends  farthest  north,  Norway  or 
Sweden  ?    Ny. 


151 


SWEDEN. 

1.  Sweden,  though  enclosed  by  high  mountains  on  the 
north  and  west,  is,  in  general,  a  flat  country,  much  diversified 
hy  lakes  and  rivers.  The  northern  part  of  the  kingdom  is 
barren,  and  very  thinly  peopled ;  while  the  southern  is  much 
more  fertile,  containing  some  thickly  settled  and  well-culti- 
vated districts. 

2.  In  science,  the  Swedes  have  attained  considerable  distinction. 
They  have  cultivated,  with  great  ardour,  botany,  chemistry,  and  min- 
eralogy ;  and  their  learned  men  are  particularly  well  versed  in  tho 
languages  of  other  nations.  They  have  also,  at  diifercnt  periods,  been 
noted  l()r  their  martial  spirit,  and,  under  some  of  their  kings,  have 
acquired  great  military  renown. 

.1.  Stockholm,  the  capital,  is  built  on  several  small  islands  and  pen- 
insulas, near  the  entrance  of  Lake  Mular  into  the  Baltic  sea.     It  has  a 


Sweden.  Q. —  1.  What   is  said  of  Sweden?     S.  Of  science,  &c.  ? 
3.  Describe  Stockholm.    4.  Gottenburg,  &c.    Islands  in  the  Baltic,  &c 


1 


■tV^l 


l^  tfi^' 


i   r 


1  , 


'  ''^WMv, 


220 


DESCRIl'TIVE  CnOCillAI'MY. 


mCc,  nn<l  rommodioiis  linrbuur,  and  an  cxtonsivo  Iriidot  Tlic  city  con- 
tiiiiis  tilt'  royul  piilacr,  and  a  iiiiinliiT  (if  <illi(;r  pul>lic  hiiildiiijrj,  'I'lie 
lian£;ar,  or  groat  iron  WHrrliniisc,  is  icniurkulilu  I'ur  tliu  ininicndu  quan- 
tity uf  tliut  urticlu  d('|)usitcd  in  it. 


Siiickliolin. 


4.  Gottcnburg  i»  tlio  second  town  in  Sweden,  in  trade  and  population. 
Corlncrona  is  tlie  station  of  tiic  Swe<!isli  navy.  Upsal  is  noted  for  il!i 
tiniversity,  und  Fnhlun  for  itH  copper-mints.  Several  islands  in  lice 
lialtiu  wa  bcionjf  to  Sweden,  as  does  also  llie  island  of  .St.  Uurtliolonicw 
in  the  West  Indies. 


Laplanders  Travi^lling. 

LAPLAND. 

5.  Laplanil  is  a  cohl,  dcsolalc  region,  lying  to  the  north 
of  tlie  Arctic  circle.  It  teloiios,  nominally,  to  Sweden  and 
Russia  ;  luit  such  are  the  sterility  of  the  soil  and  the  poverty 
of  the  peo|)le,  that  they  are  lell  to  themselves,  and  are  not 
under  the  cognizance  of  any  general  government. 

6.  The  Laplanders  arc  of  short  stature,  being  generally 
under  five  feet  in  height.  They  are  n  simple,  harmless 
fwople;  greatly  attached  to  their  native  country,  and  are 
never  known  to  leave  it.  War  is  their  aversion,  and  no 
instance  has  ever  occurred  of  any  of  them  becoming  soldiers. 


5.  What  is  said  of  Lapland  ?    What  is  said  of  tlic  soil,  and  people  7 


OOIIAI'HY. 

extoiisivp  trndci  Tlio  city  con. 
it'  (illi(;r  public  biiildiiijrj.  Tlie 
larkulilu  I'ur  tliu  iiiimciidu  quaiu 


!i\vc<lpn,  in  trade  nnd  population. 
Ii  navy.  Upfiiil  is  noted  for  iu 
mints.  Several  iclands  in  lice 
IU  tiiu  island  uf  t^t.  Uurtliolunicw 


region,  lying  to  the  north 
nominally,  to  Sweden  and 
of  tlio  soil  (ind  the  i)Overty 
to  tlit'ms<»Ivrs,  nnd  are  not 
iral  government, 
rt  .stature,  being  generally 
y  are  n  simple,  harmless 
r  native  country,  and  are 
is  their  aversion,  and  no 
of  them  becoming  soldiers. 

lA  said  of  tlic  soil,  and  people  7 


ni;ssiA.N  KMriiiR. 


931 


7.  Tlio  f!\vil\-loote(l  reindeer,  which  they  train  to  draw  llu'in  irt 
•Aii\\<f*  over  the  snow,  fnrni  tlieir  rielies.  The  tlesh  and  milk  of  thcHO 
iiniimils  eomprise  tin  ir  tuixl,  and  the  sliins  their  t'ninituro  and  clothin>r. 
The  I.aplandi  rs  move  alioiil  fiom  [dace  to  place,  with  tlitir  licrds  of 
rdiiileer,  unci  .-eldom  re-^idc  in  towns. 

f^.  In  Hunnner,  they  live  in 
tents,  and  in  winter,  in  lov,', 
rude  huts,  formed  of  stones 
and  earth,  ami  rovered  with 
liirf.  The  tiw  villages  found 
ill  this  country  aro  very  small, 
seldom  containing  mere  than 
one  or  two  hundred  inhab- 
itants ;  nnd  the  whole  nation, 
though  occupying  a  country 
nearly  equal  in  exlent  to 
France,  is  supp  mcd  not  to  c.x- 
ccid  ;K),()00  individuals. 

'.'.  'I'liesc  jieople  have  bc(Mi 
nearly  all  converted  to  Chris- 
tianity,   nnd     are,    generally, 
ottachcd  to  its  duties.    Among  them,  great  crimes  nrc  unknown.    They 
never  use  profane  language  ;  and  observe  the  sabbath  very  strictly. 


•rts---^t 

Laiilaiidcr's  Tint. 


Man  No.  11.  — What  bounds  Sweden  on  the  north  and  west?  D.- 
Ms. —  East  ?  G.-Ba.,  B.-Sn.  —South  ?  B..Sn.  —  Which  arc  the  prin- 
cipal rivers  of  Sweden?  Ta.,  Kx.,  La.,  Sa.,  II.,  La.,  Dl.,  Ca.  — Tell 
the  length  of  each  of  these.  The  chief  lakes  I  Mr.,  Wr.,  Wr.  — 
How  long  arc  the  two  last  ?  What  ii  the  populotion  of  Stockholm  ? 
Gottenburg  ?     Gcflc  ?    Carlscrona  ?    Culmar  ?     L'psal  ?    and  Fahlun  ? 


[')2 


RUSSIAN  EMPIRE. 

1.  The  Russian  Empire  comprises  nearly  ono-half  of 
Europe  and  Asia,  and  part  of  North  America.  It  reaches 
half-way  round  the  globe,  and  embraces  one-seventh  part  of 
the  habitable  world. 

2.  This  state  has  been  much  increased  within  the  last 


G.  Describe  tlie  Laplanders.  7.  What  is  said  of  the  reindeer  ?  8.  Hovir 
do  the  Laplanders  live  in  summer  ?  In  winter?  What  is  said  of  the 
villages?  Of  the  whole  nation?  9.  To  what  have  the  people  been 
converted  ? 

Ri'fsinn  Empire.  Q.  —  I.  What  does  the  Russian  Empire  comprise  ? 
How  far  docs  it  reach?     2.  Wliat  is  said  of  its  increase?     Of  its 


l^  ui^' 


i«|ii; 


15  I  If 


if  i 


999 


I).  -I  lUl'TlVr,    (iKOtlRArHV. 


-IS.:: 


■-,    SK.^' 


'*^. 


Kiifsiun  Army. 

seventy  years,  by  the  nnncxntion  of  Finland,  a  gront  pnrt  of 
I'oliinJ,  anil  various  tlisfricts  of  Turkoy  and  Persia.  Its 
population,  which,  100  years  ago,  was  estimated  at  only  15 
millions,  now  numbers  four  times  that  amoimt. 

H.  The  inhahitanis  consist  of  a  {greater  variety  of  difli^ent 
nations,  flian  is  to  bo  f  )und  under  any  other  government  in 
the  world.  Tlie  chief  races  in  I'Airopean  Russia  nre  Russians, 
Poles,  Fi.ms,  Tartars,  and  Cossacks.  The  latter  form,  in 
time  of  war,  n  most  ell'icient  part  of  the  Russian  army. 

4.  The  established  religion  is  that  of  the  lireek  church, 
but  all  others  nre  tolerated ;  nnd  there  are  to  be  f()und  in 
Russia,  lioman  Catholics,  Protestants,  IMaliomedans,  Jews, 
nnd  Pagans. 

The  government  is  an  absolute  monnrcdiy.  The  Emperor 
is  llic  head  of  church  and  state,  nnd  is  styletl  the  Autocrat  of 
all  the  Russians.  .11  power  emanates  iVom  him,  nnd  lie  is 
considered  to  derive  his  authority  from  God  alone. 

5.  Tiic  military  force  of  this  emi)ire  if  the  largest  in 
Euroix>,  nnd  is  a  source  of  nn.\iety  to  the  neighbouring  stntes. 
The  regulnr  army  nmounts  to  700,000  men.  The  nnvol 
force,  on  the  Black  nnd  Baltic  seas,  consists  of  between  200 


pnpiilntion  100  yrars  npo?  3.  Of  what  do  the  inhnbitnnts  consist? 
Name  I  lie  chief  races,  4.  What  is  said  of  the  religion  /  (idvtrninciit  ? 
'i'lie  Emperor  .'     o.  .Military  forec  /     Army  '      N.iv  ,•  ?     fi.  'I'lio  con- 


noijRAi'Uv. 


my. 

of  Finlnnd,  a  groat  part  of 

Turkoy  and   Persia.      Its 

),  was  estimated  at  only  15 

that  amount. 

I  ji;roatcr  variety  of  didl^ont 
!r  any  otlier  government  in 
"0|ican  Russia  nre  Russians, 
acks.     Tlic  latter  form,  in 

of  tlic  Russian  army. 

that  of  tlio  (Ireek  rlnirch, 
d  there  arc  to  he  f()und  in 
itants,  IMahomedans,   Jews, 

monarchy.  Tlio  Emperor 
nd  is  styled  tlio  Autocrat  of 
lanates  lVf)m  him,  and  lie  is 
from  God  alone, 
i  cmi)iru  h  the  largest  in 
,'  to  the  neighbouring  states. 
700,(100  men.  The  naval 
is,  consists  of  between  200 

liat  do  the  inhnbilnnts  consist  7 
I  of  llir  religion  f  (idvcrninfiit  ? 
\nnv  '      N.iv  •  ?     0.  Tlio  con- 


KUrftll.VN    P-AIflUK. 


i2!i3 


and  300  vessels  of  various  kinds,  and  is  considered  to  bo,  at 
prrscnl,  ill  a  very  elliciciit  coiidiiiun. 

0.  'I'he  ronnncrce  is  extensive,  iiikI  is  annually  increasing, 
having  doubled  in  amount  in  about  twenty-five  years.  Tlii! 
exports  are  tallow,  hemp,  sail-cloth,  iron,  timiwr,  and  grain. 
'J"hc  manufactures  have  hitherlo  been  rude,  and  chiclly  con- 
fnR'<l  to  laiirics  of  hemp  and  flax  ;  but  of  late  years,  cotlnii, 
silk,  and  woollen  goods  of  various  kinds,  have  been  made  to 
some  extent,  as  well  as  glass-ware,  porcelain,  paper,  A;e. 

7.  (Jrc'iit  t'ulrH  nrc  Iw  Id  in  dilUrcnt  |ilii<:cs,  whit'li  iillruct  vimt  crowds 
of  mcrnliuntH  nnd  IriidLrs  Croiii  nil  pailH.  The  iidaiid  coininiTce  in 
much  ficililalcd  by  the  niiinfriiiw  rivcr.-i,  cnniilM,  nnd  laki'sj  nnd  by  the 
biiow,  in  tho  winter  Hcnson,  over  wliieh  sbiffliH  travel  with  jfrrat  rapid- 
it}.    Tiic  cliiof  internal  trade  is  with  C'iiinn,  Persia,  Tartury,  Turkey, 

iLC. 

H.  The  seal  and  sturgeon  fisheries  of  the  river  Volga,  and 
of  the  Cas|)ian  and  l!la<-k  seas,  are  extensive  and  very  pro- 
ductive. I'pwards  of  HtjOOO  fishing-boats  are  employed  on 
th("  Volga  alone.  A  Steam  Navigation  Company  has  Ix-cii 
fcn.Mcd,  for  the  pur|K,iseof  introducing  sl('am-vesscls  upon  tho 
various  seas,  lakes,  and  rivers  of  this  empire. 

!).  Tho  great  body  of  tho  Russian  peoplo  is  divided  into 
two  classes,  nobles  and  slaves.  'J'lie  Ibrmer  are  often  enor- 
mously wealthy,  and  live  in  great  luxury  and  splendour  ;  the 
latter  ari!  the  pr{)|ierty  of  the  nobles,  w'lo  reckon  tlu;  value  of 
their  estates,  not  by  the  number  of  acii^s,  but  of  slaves. 

10.  Tlie  olaves,  or  bcwirs,  nrc,  generally,  in  n  Klatc  of  nlijcot  poverty 
and  ignorance  Tliey  nre  rude  in  their  manners  filthy  in  their  lialits, 
and  nincli  ncldieti'd  to  intoxication.  Yet  sonic  of  Iheni  possess  great 
("leility  of  imitatinii,  and  have  been  found  capable  of  copying  sonit  of 
tho  tincst  works  of  art. 

11.  The  condition  of  Russia,  as  to  education  and  refine- 
ment, though  greatly  jjchind  the  rest  of  Europe,  is  believed  to 
Ix!  advancing.  Considerable  exertions  have  been  nm<lc  by 
the  government,  to  introduce  schools,  and  instruct  tlic  lower 
orders  of  the  people.  There  arc  seven  universities,  and 
numerous  seminaries  of  the  higher  class. 


mercc  ?  Manufactures  ?  7.  Of  fairs  ?  Inland  commerce  ?  8.  Fish- 
cries.  Sec.  /  9.  How  is  the  nation  divided  ?  Wliat  is  said  of  tho 
nobles?  Of  the  slaves?  10.  Describe  tlic  slaves.  11.  Of  educa- 
tion, &c.  ? 


"^l 


894 


i>r..scuii'rivi;  (ikogiiai'IIY. 


lA  Ul^' 


t    ^ 


H<i? 


Ruaxianii  li'nvliig  Mrwcxw. 
RUSSIA  IN  El'ROPE. 

1.  This  is  the  most  cxtcnsivo  rogion  in  Europe.  It  com- 
prises more  tlinn  onc-lmlf  of  tlio  nrca  of  llmt  (Jivisiuii  of  llio 
fiontiiierit,  and  stretcher  from  tlic  Pultic  si-a  to  the  Ural 
iii.iiinlnins.  Tho  surface  is  generally  level  ;  its  chief  features 
I  rim;  vast  i)laiiis  and  large  rivers,  with  numerous  lakes  in 
the  north-weotern  (luarter. 

2.  In  the  northern  parts  of  Ih"  country,  it  is  intensely  cold 
in  winter,  and  mostly  barren  ;  while  in  the  southern  districts 
the  climate  is  mild  and  pleasant,  and  the  soil  is,  in  general, 
fertile  and  highly  productive,  yielding  large  crops  of  wheat, 
rye,  oats,  &c. 

3.  The  cold  and  dreary  islands  of  Nova  Zembln  and 
Spitsbergen,  belong  to  Russia  ;  they  lie  to  the  northward  of 
the  Arctic  circle,  and  are  not  inhabited  by  man.  These 
islands  abound  with  white  bears,  reindeer,  seals,  whales,  &c., 
and  are  resorted  to  by  hunters  and  fishermen.  The  islands 
of  Aland,  Dago,  and  Oesel,  in  the  Baltic  sea,  also  Ibrm  part 
of  this  empire. 

Iiu8sia,in  Europe.  Q.—  ],  What  is  snitl  of  this  country?  Of  tlio 
Burfaco  ?    3.  Tiic  northern  parts  .'    Soutiiern  ,'    3.  Of  Nova  Zcmbia 


JU"L'iliji'li 


r.OGIlAl'IIV. 


Mnwow. 
:i'ROPE. 

region  in  Europe.  It  coin- 
nrca  of  tlmt  divisiidi  of  llio 
he  f?'iltic  sea  to  the  lira! 
illy  level  ;  its  ehicf  features 
rs,  witli  numerous  lakes  in 

country,  it  is  intensely  cold 
lile  in  the  southern  districts 
,  and  the  soil  is,  in  {general, 
ding  large  crops  of  wheat, 

nds  of  Nova  Zemhia  and 
hey  lie  to  the  northward  of 
inhabited  by  man.  These 
reindeer,  seals,  whales,  &c., 
nd  fishermen.  The  islands 
ic  Baltic  sea,  also  Ibrm  part 


snid  of  tliis  country?     Of  tlio 
mtliern  /    3.  Of  Nova   Zcnibiu 


niHHlAN    n.Ml'lllE. 


i^sa 


4.  Vnut  fort'iilt  uliiiiinil 
III  viiriiiiiM  pnrtn  of  I'li- 
r<>|iraii  liiiKniii.  ThrNe 
I'liniiiili  F{i|rii  anil  Mi'iial 
wild  iarijc  sii|i|ilivs  of 
(iiiibcr,  pitch,  tiir,  \.r,. 
n liicli  aro  iictil  to  otlitr 

piiflH   of    tlio    coiitiiiciit.  , 

I'lio  hiibilntionx  of  llio  lower  or.ltra  of  tlio  people,  c«pccinlly  in  tlio 
M  l:i(fei.,  aro  (nrinnlol  tlio  r<.UKlUriiiik«  of  trecMlie  iiitor.lircH  bclwii-n 
wlMdi  aro  lillril  witli  iiioHH  mid  .lay,  nnd  tlio  ligl.t  admitted  liy  H<|iiiiro 
,.|HMiinjr».     1  liey  tliiis  rcHoniblo  pile*  of  logs,  rulhcr  than  liumun  hub- 

It.ltlOlllt. 

.'■>.  St.  Pt■ter^bu^(^,  tlio  cnpitul  of  Rm,«in,  in  Hilimtcd  at  thn  connneiic. 
..(  the  river  Neva  with  the  (Julf  of  Finland.  It  wiw  Ibuiided  in  170,1, 
by  fcter  the  Great,  and  in  now  a  innRnidecnt  eity,  with  nuinerom 
piducci,_  churches,  und  other  edilicex.  It  in  the  prineipnl  place  of  rem. 
iiierco  (or  the  oiii|.ire,  und  the  seal  of  its  lourninj;  und  wiencc. 

(!.  MoRCow,  the  old  cap. 
ital,  was  one  of  the  larpcNt 
oiliea  in  Kiirope.  It  wu» 
deserted  by  the  whole  pop- 
iilatiunin  IHK'.and  almost 
(lealroyed  by  lire,  to  prevent 
itH  affording  an  usyluni  to 
the  army  of  tlio  eiii])cror 
Napoleon,  who  hud  invaded 
the  euuntry.  It  in  now 
Ileal ly  rcuiiill.  Onuufthu 
etiriosities  of  Moscow  is 
the  ureiit  bell,  the  lar^reHt 
ill  the  world ;  it  in  G7  feet 
in  circunileren''e,  Vj  feet 
liiffh,  und  weiijlis  nearly 
•200  tons.  Anionic  the  nu- 
inurouH  public  buildings, 
the  church  of  St.  Basil  is 
remarkable  for  the  peculjor  style  of  its  architecture. 

7.  Cronstudt,  2-}  miles  from  the  capital,  is  the  chief  station  of  the 
t.u^isian  navy,  and  is  noted  for  its  extensive  fiirtilications,  docks,  urse. 
nals,  &c.  Riga,  on  the  Bultic,  Archangel,  on  the  White  sea,  and  Odes. 
Ba,  on  the  Black  sea,  are  nnportant  sea.ports.  Tiie  latter  carries  on  a 
^Tcat  trade  in  wheat. 

and  Spitsbergen  ?     What  of  Alond,  &c.  ?     4.  What   is  said  of  thn 
foresU  ?      Of  the  habitations,  &c.  I     5.  Describe  St.  Petersburg.     6. 
Moscow.     Describe  the  great  beU.      7.  Describe  Cronstudt,  and  tim 
other  towns. 
15 


I'hiirch  of  SI,  Basil. 


1 


U30 


DKricnil'TiVi:    (iUOCillAl'IIV. 


lA  itt 


''I 


Map  A'l.  II.  — Wliiil  IiouikIii  Uii-iiii  on  llir  tiorl!i  '  A.-Oii.  —  U'li 
»iiiH  nil  llii'  siiulli  f  Ilk.,  Av.  —  VVIml  ITU  iiiid  ifiill'  mi  llii'  «i>t  '  It'  , 
Hii.  —  Wliiit  iiKiuiitniiiit  oil  lliii  ciiHl  ?  I'l.  —  WImt  rivi:r»  ronn  ilu; 
noiilli-i'iut  limmclury  f  V,i.,  |)n.  —  What  rivcri  (low  iiilo  tlits  Wliilu 
M.ii  '  Mr.,  Di,  Ou.— Into  the  Rulf  of  Riga'  Dii.  — 'I'lio  |,'ult'  of 
l>niil/.i(k  '  Vii.  —  Tim  icii  of  A/ov  '  Dii.  —  Tlw  llliirk  m-n  '  Dr., 
i!;,'..  Dr. —  Till  tlin  Itriiftli  of  nil  tliino  rivim.  WliicJi  nro  tlm  tliri>; 
|iriiiii|iiil  liUiHl  Oil.,  I, a.,  I'*.  —  fliiw  loiijf  id  I'll  I'll  of  tlifno  '  AVIiiit 
is  ihi' |io|iuliili(m  of  St.  IVtrrBhitrg  f  .Mohcow  f  Kiiinn  ?  CronHtiidt  f 
OiliHHii?  IJiifii^  Wiliia  f  Oril'  Wiiriin./ ?  Criirow?  I.iililiii  ■* 
OiiU'liiil  ;Tiilt'  ii  Kl.  I'it»!r»liiir((  '  Cron-tiiilt  '  iitiil  Hi'VcM  I'll. — 
How  loin; "la  it  I  How  loiiff  ii  tlio  gulf  ot  Bolliiilu  I  Tliu  White  uva't 
'I'liu  Uiavk  Ufa  1 


VA 


POLAND. 

1.  PotAND,  onro  an  important  stntr,  wqh  con(|Ucrc(I  niul 
(liviilcil,  ill  llio  year  170.'i,  bftwecii  Uu.s-iiii,  I'ruy.sid,  and 
Aiisiria.  In  IWlTi,  |turt  of  aiu'iciit  I'oliiml  \ms  ciTctcd  into 
n  kinmiorn,  siilijoct  to  tin;  cc'itrol  of  iIk;  I'miitrorof  Kuss<iii, 
who,  in  ouiisequcncc,  niliicd  to  his  titli-,  that  of  King  of 
I'olantl. 

ii.  The  tyranny  of  tho  Russians  iimving  iiisii[)|)ortiible  to 
the  I'olcs,  tlicy,  in  the  year  lH;H»,alli'in|)tr'il  a  revolutioii;  but, 
aller  (ielbaling  tiieir  oppressorn  in  several  liloofly  liatlies,  wen; 
at  iengtli  overpowered  by  superior  niimi>ei'  and  forced  to 
submit.  Poland- is  now  incorporated  witii  Uii.ssia,  and  no 
longer  e.xists  n.s  a  separate  state. 

3.  Many  of  the  Polish  patriot.s,  preferring  e.xilc  and  poverty 
abrciad,  to  oppression  at  home,  have  (-migrated  to  other  |)art.i 
of  the  worlii,  and  some  of  them  now  reside  in  the  United 
States.  During  the  war  of  the  American  Revolution,  two 
Polish  generals  of  distinction,  Kosciusko  and  Pulaski,  camo 
to  thi.s  country,  and  took  part  with  the  Americans  in  the  con- 
test with  (Jreat  Britain. 

4.  'I'lio  people,  as  in  Russia,  arc  divided  into  two  great  clagaeB,  noble» 
and  slaves.  Tlu  nobles,  wlio  arc  inoro  numerous  than  in  any  ot'ier 
country  in  Kiirope,  have  always,  in  the  eye  of  the  world,  formed  the 
people  of  Poland.     They  are  bruvc,  frank,  gnd  hospitable,  and  so  gny 


Polawl  Q.  —  l.  What  was  Poland?  What  look  place  in  1815? 
■2.  In  1«30  ?  3.  What  is  said  of  the  Polish  patriots  ?  Wliat  officers 
cnme  to  this  country?     4.  How  are  the  prople  divided ?     H.  Of  the 


KOGIIAI'IIV. 

i\  nil  till'  fii.rDi  '     A..(")ii.  —  \VI. 
1  ri'ii  iiikI  |;iiir  uii  llic  wri-t  '     Itr  , 

f     I 'I,  —  WImt   rivi:rfi   rnrin    tin; 

hat   river*   (low   into  'lie   Wliilu 

of  Ki(("  '  ""•  —  'I'I'i'  B"l'  "'' 
'  i)ii.  —Till'  Hliirk  »vn  '  Dr., 
■o  rivcrn.  Wliifli  nro  the  thru; 
v  liiiiK  in  cni'h  of  them)  '  What 
Miwi'dW  1     Kiunn  !     ('roiiHliidl  f 

Wiiritn^  ?  CriH'ow?  I,iihhn  ■" 
'rrin"tnill  '  iiriil  l{('v<l  ?  I'd. — 
If  ot  Uolliiilu  I     Thu  VVIiilo  Hi'tt  1 


W. 

nt  state,  was  coii(|Ucit(1  niid 
tw'oc'ii  lUisMiii,  I'ruHsia,  itiu] 
(lit  I'oliinil  was  ciTctcd  into 
i|  ol'  iIk;  I''in|if.T()r  of  |{ust<in, 
his   title,   thnt  uf   King  of 

ins  jtmving  insupportable  to 
,  atli'inplcil  a  revohition;  Init, 
1  scvorni  Idoofly  liattlos,  wen; 
■ior  niiinlx'i'  and  (i)rced  to 
orated  with  Uiissia,  and  no 

.preferring  exile  nnd  poverty 
lavc  emigrated  to  (jtlier  |)nrts 
n  now  reside  in  the  United 
If.  American  l{evoliition,  two 
[osciiisko  and  I'nlnski,  caino 
ith  the  Americans  in  the  coll- 
ided into  two  great  classes,  nobles 
ore  numvroiis  tlian  in  any  ot'ier 
Ihc  eye  of  the  world,  formed  the 
rank,  ^nd  hospitable,  and  so  (rny 

dl  Whut  look  place  in  1815? 
!  Polish  patriots  7  Wliat  ofliccri 
3  the   prople  divided  ^     •).  Of  the 


DKNMAHK.  987 

nnd  liv.  ly  in  tli.  ir  muiirn  r.i,  lliiil  lliey   h;iv,'  kru  ioMip;irtd  to  thu 
rrimh. 

a.  Some  of  the  nol.l.  s  jMisscns  vnut  cstalir,  iiii'l  live  In  jfrcol  splendour ; 
whili'  the  |i  i.i.iiil<  iiihuliit  ttrelehed  hovcl-i,  mid  nre  iifiiorniit,  hi)<o(i(l, 
iiiid  cjIriiiKly  dirty,  'I'l,,.  Jew:*  nre  moro  nuim  i  iim  in  this  emiiitry 
lh;iii  in  iiiiy  other  |i";iof  the  coiilipiiiil.  They  nre  itMliii<lriiiii'<,  hut 
'■riilly,  nnd  enrry  on  nil  the  Iriule  nnd  I'oiiiiiieree  of  tiie  coiinlry.  Theno 
|ieo(.h;  enjoy  iiiuru  political  freedoiii  here,  than  in  uny  of  llie  m  i;,'h. 
l)ijiiriii(,'  Mlnleo. 

().  'I'he  eliiiinli'  of  I'olnnd  i<  euld  nnd  iiioinl,  yi  I  (he  soil  is  xo  pro. 
diielivi,' in  ifrniii,  thiit  tlie  nmiiinl  export  hns  hem  eNliiiinleil  at  Nivleen 
niillion  hii.^hel.H.     Ciittle,  li<  iiip,  Ihi.x,  \\n\,  uiid  hoiu  y,  are  nl^o  exported. 

7.  Warsaw  was  th<!  enpitil  of  I'olund.  It  hn.s  siitVeriil  ;Treiil|y  frnin 
the  niefjes  nnd  honihnrdiiii  nts  it  has  hiiitaimd.  'I'his  pliee  presents 
the  saiiu!  coiitrasl,  eoininon  in  the  eities  of  I'ohuiil  nnd  Kinifila,  of 
fpleiidiil  pnl.ieeH  and  iiienn  hovelii,  iidioiiiin^r  ea,h  other.  I.nhlin  is 
iioled  tor  ils  tiiirs,  to  wliieh  Iruders  rehoil  from  nil  ipinrlerM. 

H.  KKniiin;  OK  CrtAcow.  —  Thin  hllle  repiililie  was  forniei'  in  ISl.'?, 
nnd  coiiHisIa  of  tho  rity  of  Cra.ow,  wilh  ii  Miiall  nurroundiiii;  rritory, 
of  ahont  500  sipiarc  miles,  nnd  1(10,000  iiihahitnntH.  'I'lioiij^h  tho 
freedom  it  enjoys  is  only  hy  sutieranee,  yet  it  has  siilliced  to  render  its 
Koil  moro  fertile,  and  belter  cultivated,  thuii  that  of  any  other  part  of 
I'oland. 

!).  The  city  of  Cracow  wns  onee  tho  ea|iilal  of  Poland.  It  has  a 
cathedral  noted  (or  its  50  altars  nnd  IG  ehupels,  nnd,  also,  a  niiinhii  of 
churches,  monasteries,  nnd  convents.  The  eily  rontains  n  reniarUnhIo 
ninnunient,  creeled  to  the  incmory  of  the  patriotic  Koseiusko,  3UU  feet 
in  lieighl,  and  HTH  fuct  in  diameter  at  the  base. 


ir)5 


DENMARK. 

1.  Denmahk  wn.s  formerly  n  powerful  state,  nnd  e.vcr- 
cis((d  nn  e.Men.sivc  control  over  the  adjacent  countries ;  but  it 
is  now  reduced  in  wealth  and  population,  and  ranks  only  as 
a  third  or  Iburth-rnte  kingdom.  It  comprises  the  peninsula 
of  Jutland,  and  several  islands  lying  in  the  entrance  of  tho 
Baltic  sea,  with  tho  duchies  of  llolsteiti  and  Laucnburg,  in 
Gcrimny. 

2.  The  climate  is  temperate,  nnd,  though  moist,  is  healthy. 

nobles  7  What  do  they  possess,  fee.  7  Of  tho  Jews  ?  6.  What  is 
said  of  the  climate,  soil,  fic.  7  7.  Describe  Warsaw,  8.  The  republic 
of  Cracow.    9.  The  city,  &c. 

WcnmnrA.  Q.  —  l.'Vlmt  was  Denmark  formerly?  What  is  it  now  7 


1 


ill 


'     1 


!•• 


.'       *      i' 


>  1      i 


t 


','i' 


t    ' 


228 


DESCRIPTIVE  GEOGRAPHY. 


B»tr3 


C'lilH'iihiigiii. 


The  soil  is  generally  fertile,  nnd  well  adapted  to  tlie  raising 
of  grain  and  cattle.  i\Ianul;u-tnrcs  are  not  niiicli  attended  to; 
but  commerce  and  the  fisheries  are  carried  on  with  sonic 
activity. 

3.  The  Danes  arc  an  Iinncst,  indiistrimis  proplo,  but  are  not  remark- 
able for  niterin-isc  or  irnprovoiiient.  Literature  and  Hcience  arc  on  a 
respectable  footing,  being  patronized  by  tbe  gorerninent.  There  aro 
universities  at  Copenhasien  and  Kiel,  and  common  schools  arc  numerous 
in  almost  all  i)arts  of  the  kinjrdoni. 

4.  The  established  religion  of  this  country  is  the  Lutheran,  but  all 
other  sects  are  tolerated.  The  government  is  an  absolute  monarchy, 
but  it  is  administered  with,  perliaps,  more  mildness,  than  any  similar 
government  in  Europe.  The  king  of  Dcnmurk  is  n  member  of  the 
German  Confederation,  as  sovereign  of  Ilolstcin  and  Lauenbcrg. 

5.  The  foreign  possessions  of  this  kingdom  are  (Jrccnlaiul,  Iceland, 
and  the  Faroe  isles,  the  islands  of  St.  Thomas  and  Santa  Cruz,  in  the 
West  Indies,  some  factories  on  the  gold  coast  of  Africa,  with  Trunque- 
bar  and  Serampore,  in  Hindoostaii. 

6.  Iceland  is  a  cold  and  dreary  region,  inhabited  by  n  simple,  mnrali 
and  industrious  race,  who  are  better  educated  than  the  common  pciiplu 
of  almost  any  other  country  in  Kurojjc.  ll  is  celebrated  lor  its  volcano, 
its  caldrons  of  boiling  mud,  and  its  hot-springs,  called  geysers,  which 
EjKjut  up  boiling  water  to  the  height  of  100  feet. 

7.  Copenhagen,  the  capital  of  Denmark,  is  one  of  the  moat  handsome 
cities  of  northern  Europe.  It  has  a  good  harbour,  with  considerable 
commerce,  and  is  noted  for  its  vast  docks,  and  extensive  fortifications. 

8.  Elsinorc,  situated  at  the  narrowest  part  of  the  sound,  or  entrance 
to  the  Bailie,  is  the  place  where  all  ships  which  tt.ide  to  that  sea  are 

!3.  What  does  it  comprise ?  What  is  said  of  the  climate?  3.  Of  the 
Danes  ?  Of  literature  and  science  ?  4.  Established  religion  ? 
Government,  &c.  ?  5.  Foreign  possessions  ?  C.  Describe  Iceland. 
For  what  is  it  celebrated  ?    7.  Describe  Copenhagen.    8.  Elsinorc,  &c. 


Il'l 


MPPP 


:OGRArHV. 


well  iKlapterl  to  tlio  raising 

-:  are  not  iniifli  attoniled  to ; 

arc  carrioJ  on  with   sonic 


mis  proplf,  l)ut  are  not  rcniark- 
.itcraturu  and  Hcicnce  arc  on  a 
y  tlie  gori-rnmcnt.  There  aro 
J  common  schools  arc  numerous 

Miiiitry  is  the  Lulhcran,  but  nil 
iiciit  is  an  absolute  monarchy, 
lore  mildness,  than  any  similar 
nciiiiiurk  is  a  member  of  tlic 
Ilolstcin  and  Lauenberg. 
iigdom  are  (Jreciilaiid,  Iceland, 
riiomus  and  Santa  Cruz,  in  the 
I  coast  of  Africa,  with  Tranque- 

n,  inliabitcd  Iiy  a  simple,  moral, 
ucatod  than  the  common  |ii'i)plu 
ll  is  celebrated  tor  its  volcano, 
it-spriiiirs,  called  geysers,  which 
100  feet. 

rk,  is  one  of  the  most  handsome 
[ood  harbour,  with  considerable 
l;s,  and  extensive  fortifications. 
it  part  of  the  sound,  or  entrance 
lips  which  trade  tu  that  sea  are 

said  of  the  climate  ?    3.  Of  the 

:e  ?      4.    Established   religion  7 

cssions  ?      G.  Describe  Iceland. 

Copenhagen.    8.  Elsinorc,  &c. 


TUB    .NETHliRI^ANDS. 


22i) 


obliged  to  piy  a  heavy  lull.  TIk^  money  received  here  piyu  a  1  ir.'e 
P'lrtiim  oftiie  cxpmse.s  of  the  I),iiii.<li  fji.venmiiiit.  Alloiia,  on  the 
Elbe,  two  miles  Iroiii  lliiiiiburg,  is,  next  lo  Copeiihii^'en,  the  mo^t  ini- 
portaiil  place  in  Deninurk.  lis  iriliabitants,  'i\Ul)IJ  in  nund)er,  are 
tnjrayed  cliieHy  in  commerce.  I'lensburg  and  Sleswiek  uic  imix.rtunt 
towns. 


MnpNo.ll.  —  What  bounds   Denmark  on  the  north?     S.-IJk  

South.'  Hr.  — East?  (H.  — West?  N.-Sa.  -  What  peninsula  forms 
the  cliiof  part  of  Denmark?  Jd.  —  What  two  islands  lie  east  of 
Jutland  ?  Ell.,  Zd.  — On  what  island  is  Copenhagen  ?  Zd.  — What  is 
the  population  of  Copenhagen  ?  Elenshurg  ?  Skswick  ?  El.siiioio  ? 
In  what  direction  from  lienuiark  are  the  Faroe  isles  ?  led  iiid  '  How 
many  miles  is  it  from  Jutlmid  to  Scotland  ?  Wiiich  is  tlie  priiieipai  of 
fhi-  Faroe  isles  ?     The  population  ?     How  long  and  wide  is  lei  land  ? 

\V  hut  two  towns  are  in  Iceland  ?    llg.,  St.  —  Capes  ?  Kli.Cy. Hays  1 

Be ,  Fe.  -^ 

l.Ki  

THE  NETHERLANDS. 

1.  The  late  kingdom  of  the  Netherlands,  eompri.sing 
Ilollnnd  and  Belgium,  was  formed  in  IS14,  and  aholished  in 
1830,  by  a  revolt  of  the  people  of  the  latter  state,  and  tlio 
erection  of  tlieir  country  into  a  .sejiarate  kingdom. 

HOLLAND. 

2.  Holland  is  tiie  most  level  country  in  Europe,  and  much 
of  its  surllice  is  below  the  level  of  the  sea,  which  is  preveiit(.'d 
from  overflowing  the  land  by  o.vtcnsive  dikes,  or  embank- 
ments. 

3.  The  climate  is  cold,  moist,  and  unfavourable  to  agricul- 
ture ;  yet  the  industry  of  the  inhabitants  has  converted  their 
marshy  soil  into  one  of  the  richest  spots  in  Europe.  The  cattle, 
butter,  and  chces(>,  are  excellent ;  and  the  gardens  and  orcii' 
ardb  are  cultivated  with  uncommon  care. 

4.  In  commerce,  manufactures,  and  the  fisheries,  the  Dufch  formerly 
excelled  all  other  F^uropean  nations.  These  bram^hes  are  still  consid  r- 
able,  but  are  now  much  surpassed  by  those  of  Great  Britain.  Canals 
are  more  numerous  in  this  country,  than  in  any  other  part  of  the  world. 
In  summer,  all  the  travelling  is  performed  in  canal-boats ;  and  in  winter, 
when  frozen,  the  cunals  are  travelled  over  by  sleighs,  and  by  the  peopla 
on  skates. 


The  Netherlands.  Q.—  l.  What  did  the  Netherlands  comprise,  &c.  ? 
2,  What  is  said  of  Holland  ?    3.  Of  the  climate  ?    Tlie  cattle,  &,c.  ? 


u 


I  ;i 


230 


DESCKIi'TIVE  GEOGRAPHY. 


R' 


lA  HI*' 


I  i 


jif  ^ 


5.  Tlic  Diilch 
nrereniiirkablu  (or 
their  industry,  I'ru- 
gulily,  and  neat- 
ness. Smoking 
tobacro  is  a  pruc- 
tiuc  almost  univor' 
sal  amongst  tlicm, 
and  a  Hollander  is 
li:irdly  ever    seen 

.....     .  without  a  pine  in 

Peasantry  m  Holland.  j,;^    ,,^„,,j,,|      ,p,,^ 

dress  ond  appearance  of  the  peasantry,  in  some  parts  of  Holland,  arc 
peculiar,  and  have  not  varied  in  a  long  series  of  years.  The  prevailing 
religion  is  the  Presbyterian,  but  all  others  arc  tolerated,  and  the  minis- 
ters of  all  seels  are  supported  by  the  government. 

G.  Amsterdam,  the  principal  city  of  the  kingdom,  is  still  a  place  of 
great  commerce,  although  much  declined  from  its  former  wealth  and 
iiiiportancc.  The  city  is  intersected  by  numerous  canals,  over  which 
llicrc  arc  near  300  bridges.  'I'he  houses  and  streets  arc  kept  remark- 
ably clean. 

7.  The  .Stadt-IInusc  is  tlic  most  splendid  building  in  Holland.  It 
rests  upon  a  loimd.ition  of  1.3,6.59  piles,  or  long  tiniliers,  driven  into  the 
ground.  It  is  built  of  freestone,  with  a  front  of  2W  feet.  It  contains 
numerous  paintings,  stutne.s,  &c.,  and  cost  nine  million  dollars.  Rot- 
terdam is  ne.vt  to  Amsterdam  in  conuiierce. 


View  of  the  Hague. 

8.  The  Hague  is  the  capital  of  Holland.  It  is  one  of  the  best- 
built  cities  in  Europe.  It  contains  many  handsome  buildings,  and 
is  intersected  by  numerous  canals,  which  arc  bordered  by  rows  of 
trees.     The  inhabitants  amount  to  50,000. 

9.  Leyden  and  Utrecht  arc  famous  for  their  universities.  The  for- 
mer  is  noted  fur  a  siege  that  it  sustained  in  1573,  against  the  Sjwniards, 


4.  The  commerce,  &.C. ?  What  is  said  of  canals?  5.  For  what  oro 
the  Dutch  remarkable  ?  Of  religion  ?  6.  Describe  Amsterdam. 
7.  Tlie  Stadt-lio'jsc.    8.  The  Hague.    0.  Leyden,  &c. 


iW 


MT' 


lOGRAl'IlY. 

5.  The  Diilch 
arereninrkablu  (or 
their  industry,  I'ru- 
gulily,  and  neat- 
ness. Smoking 
tobacro  is  a  pruc- 
tiuc  almost  univor- 
sal  amongst  tlicm, 
and  a  Hollander  is 
hardly  ever  seen 
without  a  pipe  in 
hia  mouth.  The 
y,  in  some  parts  of  Holland,  arc 
scries  ol' years.  The  prevailing 
lers  arc  tolerated,  and  the  minis- 
ovcrnnient. 

the  kingdom,  is  still  a  place  or 
ined  from  its  former  wealth  ond 
l>y  numerous  canals,  over  wliicli 
!cs  and  streets  arc  kept  remark- 

plcndid  building  in  Holland.  It 
!,  or  long  tinilKTH,  driven  into  the 
a  front  of  2W  feet.  It  contains 
Oust  nine  million  dollars.  Rot- 
itrce. 


Hague. 

[lolland.  It  is  one  of  the  best- 
many  handsome  buildings,  and 
fhich  arc  bordered  by  rows  of 
100. 

for  their  universities.     The  for- 
d  in  1573,  against  the  S|>uniards, 

d  of  canals  ?     5.  For  what  aro 
\m  ?       6.  Describe   Amsterdam. 
'J.  Lcydcn,  &c. 


BELGIUM. 


231 


when  the  women  performed  nil  tho  duticg  of  soldiers.    This  city  con- 
tains 30,000  inhabitants,  and  Utrecht  about  45,000. 

Map  A'o.  11.  —  What  bounds  Holland  on  tho  north  and  west  ?  N.- 
Sd.  — On  the  south?  Bm.  —  East?  Ilr.,  Pu.  —  What  river  flows 
through  this  country  ?  Re.  —  How  long  is  it?  What  bay  lies  north 
of  .'Vinsterdam  ?  Z.-Zc. —  What  country  lies  duo  west  from  Holland  ! 
Ia\.  —  How  Mian^  tnilos  is  it  by  the  scale  ?  Whet  soa  8«|>aratca  Holland 
and  Kngland  ?  Nh —  How  many  inhabitants  has  Amsterdam  /  Rotter- 
dam ?    (ironingcn  1 


157 


Brussels. 

BELGIUM. 

1.  Rkt.civm,  or  Flanders,  is,  in  proportion  to  its  extent,  the 
most  thicUly-pcoplcd  kingdom  in  Europe.  It  is  filled  wiiii 
populous  cities,  and  covered  with  places  remarkable  in  liis- 
tory,  as  tlio  scenes  of  great  victories  and  defeats,  among 
which  are  Waterloo,  Charieroi,  Fleurus,  &c. 

2.  The  country  is  extremely  beautiful,  being  mostly  knel 
with  a  fertile  soil,  and  so  highly  cultivated,  that  it  has  been 
cal|p<i  the  garden  of  Europe.  The  production.s  are  trrain, 
fla.\,  madder,  hops,  tobacco,  &c.  The  canals  in  Belgium  are 
spacious  and  conmiodious,  connecting  all  the  great  cities, 
though  tliey  are  not  .so  numerous  as  in  Holland. 

3.  Tlie  Belgians,  formerly  called  Flemings,  have  long  ex- 
celled in  manufactures  and  the  arts.  They  are  no  less 
industrious  and  persevering  than  the  Dutch,  bui  are  more 
lively  in  their  manners,  and  approach  nearer  the  French, 
whom  they  prefer. 

4.  They  are  generally  strict  Catholics,  aro  fond  of  religions  proces- 

ile/trinm.  Q.  — I.  What  is  Belgium?  With  what  is  it  filled?  2. 
What  is  said  of  tho  country  ?    The  productions  7    3.  Of  the  Belgians  ? 


61'  *'. 


232 


DESCRIPTIVE  GEOGRAI'HY. 


iN    Att' 


I     -i  ' 


Bions,  and  other  obHcrvaiiccs  of  tliut  kind.  There  are  a  few  Protostiinls  in 
Belgium,  and  llieir  ministers,  aa  w'jll  as  tiioHC  ot"  tiic  other  sects,  arc- 
all  |)ai(l  by  tiic  government. 

5.  Tlie  universities  of  Brussels,  Louvain,  Liege,  nnrl  Ghent,  nre  all  in 
a  flnurishing  condition,  nnd  arc  attended  by  a  considerable  number  ol' 
pupils.  Tiic  provision  made  for  general  instruction  in  this  country  is 
extensive ;  there  arc  schools  in  every  village,  ond  the  lower  orders  arc 
amongst  the  best  educated  in  Europe. 

6.  Brussels,  the  capital  of  this  kingdom,  is  one  of  the  finest  cities  in 
Euro|x; ;  it  is  distinguished  for  its  public  walks  and  fountains,  and  for 
its  extensive  manufactures  of  car|)els  and  lace.  Ten  miles  south  of 
this  city,  is  the  little  village  of  Waterloo,  celebrated  for  tho  iniporiaiit 
battle  fought  there  in  1815. 


Aiitwrrji. 

7.  Antwerp  is  the  most  commcrciiil  city  in  Belgium,  nnd,  in  the 
height  of  its  prosperity,  was  one  of  the  most  wealthy  and  flourishing 
cities  in  Europe.  Its  commerce  has  greatly  declined,  and  the  popula- 
tion, once  2U0,000  in  number,  is  not  at  present  more  than  one-third 
that  amount;  the  city  is  surrounded  by  a  wall,  with  carriage  roads  on 
the  top,  planted  with  rows  of  trees:  the  Cnthcdrnl  is  one  of  the  finest 
Gothic  structures  in  the  world,  and  is  441  feet  high. 

8.  Ghent  and  Liege  have  both  considerable  manufactures.  At  the 
former  cit}',  the  treaty  of  peace  between  the  United  States  and  Great 
Britain,  was  signed  in  1814.  Bruges  was  once  fimons  for  its  com- 
merce, but  has  greatly  declined.  Tournay  is  noted  for  its  manufac- 
tures of  car|)cts  and  porcelain ;  Mons  for  its  coal-mines ;  Louvain  for 
its  university,  and  Namur  for  its  firc-urms  and  cutlery. 

Whot  bounds  Belgium  on  the  north?     Hd.,  N.-Sa. 
—  East?     Pa.  —  Which  is  the  principal  river  of  Bel- 


Map  No.  11.- 
—  South?  Fc. 
gium  ?     Ans.  —  The  Mcuse :  the  city  cfTiiege  is  on  its  west  bank  :  the 


river  is  400  miles  long. 
Antwerp  ?     Liege  ? 


IIuw  many  inhabitants  has  Brussels ?  Ghent? 


4.  What  nre  they  gonerolly  ?     5.  What  is  said  of  the  imivcrsities  7 
6.  Describe  Bruascb.    7.  Antwerp.    8.  Ghent.    Lirge,  &.c. 


JEOGRAI'HY. 

nd.  There  iirr  a  few  Frotosfiinls  in 
I  as  tiio8C  of  tlic  ullicr  svcIh,  arc- 

uvain,  I<ir((o,  nnrl  Ghent,  are  all  in 
iidud  by  a  coiiNidorablo  ntiriibcr  nl' 
:ral  instruction  in  this  c.uuntry  is 
y  village,  and  the  lower  orders  aru 

gdoni,  is  one  of  the  finest  cities  in 
ublic  walks  and  fduiitains,  and  lor 
s  and  luce.  Ten  miles  south  ot° 
rluo,  celebrated  for  the  iniporiaiit 


ciiil  city  in  Belgium,  nnd,  in  the 
the  most  weolthy  und  flourishing 

preatly  declined,  und  the  popula- 
it  at  present  more  than  one-third 

by  a  wall,  with  carriage  roads  on 
the  Cathcdrnl  is  one  of  the  finest 
I  441  feet  high. 

onsideralile  manufactures.  At  the 
cen  the  United  States  and  Great 
's  was  nnce  fiinioiis  for  its  com- 
'ournay  is  noted  for  its  nianufac- 
I  for  its  coal-mines ;  Louvain  for 
^irms  und  cutlery. 

[ium  on  the  north  1  Hd.,  N.-Sa. 
inch  is  the  principal  river  of^Bcl- 
'  r.n,icfre  is  on  its  west  bank  :  the 
inhabitants  has  Brussels  ?  Ghent  ? 


^hal  is  said  nf  the  universities  ? 
8.  Ghent.    Liige,  &,c. 


GIIEAT    IJRITAIN    AND    laELAXD.  233 

ir,8 


GRE.\T  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND. 

1.  The  united  kingdom  of  Great  Britain  nnd  Ireland  com- 
prises  the  kingdom.s  of  England,  Scotland,  nnd  Ireland,  with 
tlie  principality  of  Wales.  It  consists  of  the  islands  of 
Great  Britain  nnd  Ireland,  commonly  called  the  British  Isles. 

2.  The  possessions  of  this  kingdom  embrace  colonics  in 
Asia,  Africa,  America,  nnd  Occanica,  which,  with  the  Eu- 
ropean part,  form  the  British  Empire.  The  population  of  the 
whole  is  estimated  at  more  than  loO  millions  of  f)oople,  com- 
prising, with  ilio  e.xception  of  China,  the  greatest  nunihcr 
of  subjects  under  the  control  of  any  one  sovereign  in  the 
world. 

3.  Great  Britain  is  one  of  the  most  influcnfi.  states  in 
the  world,  and  surpasses  every  otlier  for  the  extent  and  variety 
of  its  manufactures,  and  for  its  commercial  and  naval  im- 
portance.  The  intelligence,  enterprise,  nnd  industry  of  its 
inhabitants  arc  no  wiicre  equalled,  except  in  the  United 
Slates. 

4.  The   government   is  a   limited   hereditary   monarchy, 

Great  Britain  and  Ireland.  Q 1.  What  does  the  united  kingdom 

conij)ii»c  ?     Of  what  does  it  consist  ?     2.  What  do  its  possessions  em. 
brace  ?    What  is  said  of  the  population  7    3.  Of  Great  Britain  ?    Tlic 


III 


ij  i''!i 


u 


2ai  DliSCRIPTIVR    GEOGRAPHV. 

Tlic  sovcrcijrii  |)owcr  is  vcstwl  in  a  kin<r  or  queen,  lords,  and 
commons,  'i'lio  two  last  ihrm  the  parliament,  or  great  coiid- 
I'll  of  the  nation,  a  liody  to  which  tlie  Congress  of  the  Unitccl 
States  boars  a  strong  resemblance. 

5.  The  nation  is  diviiled  into  tlircc  great  classes,  the  nobil- 
ity, gentry,  and  commonalty.  The  first  comprises  dukes, 
marquises,  carls,  viscounts,  and  barons.  The  gentry  includes 
all  those  wlio  arc  distinguished  for  wealth,  education,  talents, 
or  oflicc  ;  and  the  commonalty  comprises  tradesmen,  artificers, 
and  labourers. 

G.  The  principal  national  force  is  tho  navy,  which,  in  time  of  war, 
lias  numbered  lUOO  vtssi'ls,  manned  by  170,000  Bailors  and  marineti. 
i'he  army  amountrd,  at  tho  same  time,  to  upwards  of  300,000  men ; 
but  IS  now  reduced  to  about  onc-tliird  that  umount.  Tlie  present  naval 
force,  in  notual  service,  is  near  200  sail.  The  national  debt,  contract- 
i(\  in  about  150  years,  is  3,rM0  million  dollars,  to  pay  tlic  interest  of 
whicli,  requires  I'lree-firtlis  of  the  annual  income  of  the  slate. 

7.  The  niannfacturcs  of  this  country  are  immense,  and  have  raised 
Great  Britain  to  a  decided  superiority  over  all  other  nations.  C'otto.- 
woollen  and  sillt  g^(U,  with  the  manufacture  of  metals  of  »ariou. 
kinds,  are  the  most  important.  The  produce  of  the  fisheries  and  the 
mines  is  very  (jrcat ;  and  the  coal  trade,  alone,  is  estimated  to  cmploT 
160,000  persons.  "^  '' 

8.  Tlic  commcrco  of  Great  Britain  is  superior  to  that  of  any  other 
nation,  and  extends  to  all  quarters  of  the  world.  The  merchant-vessels, 
including  those  of  tho  colonies,  amount  to  upwards  of  27,000  in  num- 
ber, and  arc  navigated  by  180,000  men.  One-sixth  of  tlie  shipping 
belongs  to  the  port  of  London,  and  two-thirds  of  the  commerce  is  car. 
ried  on  at  that  city.  From  35,000  to  38,000  vessels  enter  tho  ports  of 
Great  B  itain  every  year. 

9.  Population  of  the  Biiliah  Empire  and  Colonies. 

Great  Britain  and  Ireland   25,000,000 

North  Anierica   l^SGO.'oOO 

\\  est  Indies  and  South  America 845,000 

Africa 30oioOf 

East  India  Company's  territories 123,000,000 

Ceylon,  rrovinues  in  Chin-India,  &c 2,000,000 

Occanica 121,000 

Total    153,626,000 

inhabitants  ?  4.  Government  ?  5.  How  is  the  nation  divided  ?  6.  What 
is  said  of  the  national  force  ?  Debt  ?  7.  Manufactures  ?  Fisheries 
and  mines?  8.  Commerce  ?  What  belongs  to  London,  &c. ?  9.  What 
part  of  the  British  empire  has  the  most  inhabitants?  What  p.»rt  has 
the  next  greater  number  7  How  many  subjects  has  Great  Bn'.ain  in 
America  ? 


^' ^jAAiNMaMamai 


JEOGRAPIIY. 

1  a  king  or  quoon,  lords,  and 
ic  parliament,  or  great  cmii)- 
1  tiie  Congress  of  tiie  I'nitcd 
c. 

lircc  great  classes,  the  nobil- 
The  first  comprises  dukes, 
barons.  The  gentry  includes 
)r  wealth,  education,  talents, 
mpriscs  tradesmen,  artificers, 

the  navy,  wliich,  in  time  of  war, 
by  170,000  sailors  and  marines. 
ie,  to  upwards  of  300,000  men ; 
tliat  itmount.  Tlic  present  naval 
il.  The  national  debt,  contract- 
n  dollars,  to  pay  tlic  interest  of 
Lial  income  of  tlie  state, 
ry  are  immense,  and  have  raised 

over  all  other  nations.  C'ottoi- 
nufacture  of  metal;!  of  Tariou* 

produce  of  the  fisheries  and  the 
dc,  alone,  is  estimated  to  employ 

is  superior  to  that  of  any  other 
lie  world.  The  merchant-vessels, 
it  to  upwards  of  27,000  in  num- 
ricn.  Unc-sixth  of  tlie  shipping 
o-thirds  of  the  commerce  is  car- 
38,000  vessels  enter  the  ports  of 

Empire  and  Colonies. 

25,000,000 

1,3G0,000 

845,000 

3oo,oor. 

123,000,000 

c 2,000,000 

121,000 

Total    153,626,000 

is  the  nation  divided  ?  6.  What 

7.  Manufactures  ?     Fisheries 

longs  to  London,  &.c.  ?   9.  What 

3t  inhabitants  ?     What  p^rt  has 

y  subjects  has  Great  Bn'.ain  in 


m 


ENGLAND. 
150  


880 


Wiiiilior  Castle. 

ENGLAND. 

1.  England  embraces  the  southern  part  of  Oreat  Britain, 
and  is  the  largest  and  most  pojiulous  division  of  the  island. 
It  has  great  variety  of  surlucc,  but  is  chiefly  level  or  gently 
undulating,  and  abounds  in  beautiful  and  interesting  scenery. 

2.  The  din  itc,  though  moist  and  cool,  is  healthful,  and  less 
subject  to  the  extremes  of  heat  and  cold  than  most  other 
countries  in  the  same  latitudes. 

3.  The  soil  of  England  is  not  naturally  rich,  yet  the  agri- 
culture is  superior  to  that  of  any  other  country  in  Europe. 
'I'he  ciiief  products  are  wheat,  barley,  oats,  hops,  &c. 

4.  In  an  part  of  the  world,  perhajis,  is  wealth  more  unequal- 
ly distributed  than  in  England,  and  seldom  do  the  cottages 
111"  the  poor  contrast  so  strongly  with  the  mansions  of  the  rich. 
Costly  and  splendid  buildings  arc  spread  over  various  parts 
of  the  kingdom,  a-id  many  of  the  parks  and  country-seatt,  of 
the  nobility  and  gentry,  disjilay  a  princely  magnificence. 

5.  Though  luxury  and  corruption  exist  to  a  considerable  extent  in 
eertoin  portions  of  English  society,  yet  the  great  mass  of  the  people  is 
distinguished  by  sound  morals.  "  ncnevolcnce  may  be  considered  a 
striking  feature  in  the  national  character ;  and  in  no  country  arc  there 

EnirJand.  Q.  —  1.  What  does  England  embrace  ?  Whiit  is  said  of 
the  surface,  &c.  2.  Of  the  climate  ?  3.  Soil?  Products?  4.  What 
is  said  of  wealth  ?    5.  Luxury,  &,c.     Benevolence  ?     C.  Literary  in- 


;rr 


u 


If*  01^' 


$  ':  i 


■m! 


a;«j 


DK-SCRII'TIVU    til-.OCnAl'IIV. 


BO  many  asRocintions,  lor    cliarilubit',  |j>'iifVoli'iil,  niul    rtligujiis   jjiir. 

pOHCH. 

0.  'I'lio  lilor:iry  institiitirinn,  aiul  Icnrnrcl  mm  of  tliiH  «"(niiilry,  iir^ 
highly  <listin(ruisli('(l,  and  no  litiii;iiii(;u  I'xcnls  tlio  lln^lisli,  in  all  tl:> 
treasures  «>r  |>octry,  i.'li)i|nc"ntr,  |iliilusu|)liy,  niul  ncirncc  (Jrcat  rxi  r 
tiiiiiM  aru  made  l)y  various  n'!i|;>u»s  usHocialiuns,  tu  Hprcud  llii- ('|jrisli:iii 
religion  and  (.'ivi[i7.ation  anions  the  liuutiii'n  ;  and  niitncroiis  niir^aiun. 
Brits  have  been  sent  to  variouH  parts  of  tlic  cartli,  lor  that  purpose. 

7.  No  )|rcneral  provision  hax  lieen  devised  fur  the  education  of  ll  i 
poorer  chiBses,  but  8|K!cial  cllorts  ore  now  making  fir  tliut  |)ur|H].c . 
Many  ol'  the  |)cople  arc  extremely  ignorant,  nnd  numlnTs  are  wlidlh 
de|K'ndent  on  Stmdny  Neliools  for  inslruetion.  The  hi};her  Heminari(s 
of  learninfT  arc  very  numerous,  and  lurniah  great  laeilitica  for  obtain. 
ing  a  BUjicrior  edueation. 

8.  The  EpiHCopal  is  the  established  religicn,  and  the  sovereign  U 
the  supreme  iicixi'  of  tiic  church,  wliieli  is  governed  l)y  two  Ar<hbislio|K 
and  25  Rishops.  I'lie  members  of  other  churelicH  arc  called  dissent, 
crs:  they  comprise  Methodists,  Itaptists,  I'.-eshyteriaiis,  Roman  ('atlio- 
lies,  fLC,  and  constitute  about  one-half  of  the  population. 

9.  This  country  is  noted  for  its  excellent  •••  •.■..Is,  and  substantial 
bridges.  Canals  are  numerous,  and  cross  the  island  in  every  direction, 
and,  with  well-constructed  rail-roads,  greatly  facilitate  tlie  vast  inlam! 
trade  of  the  kingdom. 

160 

WALE.S. 

10.  Wales  is  a  mountainous  and  rugged  region,  situntcil 
to  the  westward  of  England.  The  soil  is  loss  fertile  nml 
cultivated  than  in  that  kingdom,  but  the  products  are  (lit 
same. 

11.  The  manufactures  are  chiefly  of  flannel,  in  which  IIk 
Welsh  excel.  Tiie  minerals  arc  abundant,  nnd  consist  ol 
iron,  load,  copi^r,  and  coal.  Vast  quantities  of  iron,  chiefl\ 
for  rail-roads,,  are  imported  into  the  United  States  from 
Wales. 

13.  This  co\mtry,  previous  to  tlic  year  1283,  was  governed  by  its 
own  kings ;  but  since  that  time  it  has  been  united  to  England,  and  tliu 
oldest  son  of  the  King  of  England  is  styled  Prince  of  Wales. 

13.  The  Strait,  which  separates  Wales  from  the  island  of  Anglesca, 

Btituiions,  Ace.     7.  Education?     Highest  seminaries  of  learning,  &C.'' 
6.  Religion.'     Dissenters?     i).  Roads,  bridges,  iVc.' 

10.  What  is  said  of  WaU.s?  'I'lio  soil,  &.c.  ?  II.  Manufacturrs  ? 
Minerals,  Sec.  !  13.  Wlien  was  Wales  governed  by  its  own  kings  ' 
When  was  it  united  to  England  I  13.  What  is  said  of  the  Menai 
bridge,  &C.  ? 


«T.j:s  =f     -^j 


>.^sl*«i^&u  - 


tii-.ocnAi'iiv. 

Ijli',  I '  iH'voli'iit,  1111(1    rtlipiims   pur. 

IcnriKfl  mm  of  tliis  «"(niii(ry,  iir^ 
wgv  vxfvh  tlio  l')iiKlisli,  ill  nil  tit 
lusupliy,  iiikI  xciriicc.  (Jrcut  i  xi  r. 
u.HHocialiuiiD,  tu  Hprcuil  the  ('liri!<li:iii 
'  liuutiicn  ;  ond  iiiiincroug  iiiis.sii)ii. 
.4  of  tlic  cartli,  for  that  purposr. 
m  iluviscd  fur  the  I'duratiiin  u(  ll  < 
art'  now  iimking  fir  tliut   piirpi>s> . 

ijrnorarit,  mid  iiiiiiilH'rii  are  wIkjIK 
islriictioii.  The  lii};hcr  Hviiiinarus 
I  lurniah  great  facilities  fur  obtiiiii. 

died  re1i((icn,  and  the  Bovcreij^ii  U 
lich  is  governed  by  two  Ar(  hhiiilio|K 
other  cliurelics  lire  called  diORciil- 
{itiiitH,  l'.'eiil)ytcriiiiiH,  Koiiiuii  ('atliii. 
lalf  of  the  population, 
s  excellent  ••••...is,  and  suliHtontiiil 
J  croHH  the  iaUind  in  every  dircetioii, 
Is,  greatly  facilitate  tJiu  vast  iiiluiid 


[60 

LES. 

iws  and  riiggcil  region,  situnleil 

The  soil  is   less   fertile  niid 

lorn,  but  the  producls  are  llie 

chiefly  of  flannel,  in  which  llift 
nrc  nhundnnt,  ond  consist  of 

Vast  quantities  of  iron,  chiefly 
into   the  United   States  from 

he  yrnr  1283,  was  governed  by  its 
las  been  united  to  England,  and  the 
Ih  styled  Prince  of  Wulus, 
Wales  from  the  island  of  Anglescn, 

ifrlu'st  pcinlnnries  of  learning,  &.c. ' 
:uls,  bririffes,  iVe. ' 
I'lio  Hoil,  &.C.  ?      11.  Alnniifuctiirrs  ' 
Vah's  governed  by  its  own  kings  ' 
I     13.  What  is  said  of  the  Menui 


K.VOLAND. 


997 


ts  iToHsed  by  llie  MeHiii  bridge,  one  of  the  most  remarkable  works  of  tlio 
ind  in  the  world ;  it  consists  of  iiiiinujise  iron  chains,  which  connect 


Menni  nriclgc 

arches  of  masonry,  560  foot  apart ;  thus  forming  d  salb  and  usoflil 
(.triictnre. 

14.  Iiondon,  the  capital  of  the  British  Empire,  is  built  on  both  sides 
nf  tlir  river  'riiame*.  It  covers  n  vast  extent  of  ground,  being  about 
ti  miles  in  lenirlli,  and  from  3  to  5  in  breadth.  It  is  admirably  situated 
iiir  trade,  and  is  the  richest,  most  populous,  and  most  coiiimcrcial  city 
ill  the  world. 


->9^Mr 


mm 

Wistminslir  Abliiy. 

\!>.  It  contains  a  great  number  of  public  buildiiiijs,  of  which  St. 
Pnul's  Cathedral,  the  Tower,  Westminster  Abbey,  anil  the  Bank  of 
England,  are  the  chief.  The  bridges  of  London  attract  attention,  by 
their  beauty  anil  utility ;  tliey  arc  six  in  number,  all  built  of  stone, 
except  one,  which  is  constructed  of  iron. 

IG,  London  presents  a  striking  contrast  of  wealth,  intelligence,  and 
morality,  with  ignorance,  poverty,  and  vice.  No  city  in  the  woild  has 
BO  groat  a  number  of  learned  Bocicties,  and  literary  and  scientific  cstab- 

England.  Q.  — 14.  Describe  London.  1,5.  What  does  it  contain? 
IC.  What  does  Loudon  present?     17.  Describe  Greenwich.     Chelsea. 


i  i 


''■  \ 


,fi    fr'"^'' 


u! 


l^  ttf* 


V    i 

)   I 


If    ' 


v:' 


238 


DEStUIl'TIVE  OnOfJnAI'IlY. 


T-'-^V^;.,^ 


New  l,(iiiiliin  nriil|!(-. 

liHliincnU  ;  anil  nono  can  compare  with  it  in  its  charities  fur  the  poor, 
the  siL'i<,  and  the  ignorant 

17.  Five  miles  hclow  liondon,  on  the  Thames,  is  Orccnwirh,  famous 
for  its  nnviil  hospital  for  infirm  sciimrn,  and  its  observa'  ry,  from 
whii'h  loiiKitudu  is  reckoned.  Alwvc  Iiondon  is  Cheisen,  r'  ntoining 
the  Rreat  national  asylum  for  invalid  soldiers.  Windsor,  iid  miles  from 
London,  in  celebrated  for  its  cnstle,  which  has  been  the  summer  resi- 
dence of  the  Bovcreipns  of  England,  for  upwards!  of  700  years. 

IS.  Liverpool  is  next  to  London,  in  commerce.  It  is  the  principal 
scat  of  tlio  trade  with  America,  and  is  rapidly  increasing  in  wealth 
and  prosperity. 

Manchester  is  the  second  place  in  England  in  population,  and  is 
famous  for  its  cotton  manufactures.  Oxford,  and  Cambridge,  arc  cclc 
Iirated  for  tlieir  universities,  and  to  them  owe  their  celebrity  and  im- 
portance. ' 

10.  Birmingham  is  noted  for  its  manufactures  of  hardware.  Shef- 
field for  cutlery.  Leeds  and  other  places  for  woollen  cloth'.  Kidder- 
minster for  carpels.  Worcester  for  porcelain.  Itristol  and  Hull  for 
thiir  shipping.  Portsmouth,  and  Plymouth,  arc  the  great  naval  stations 
of  the  kingdom.  Bath  is  esteemed  the  handsomest  city  in  England, 
and  is  famous  for  its  mineral  springs. 

20.  Mcrthcyn  Tydvil  is  the  largest  town  in  Wales.  It  is  situated  in 
the   midst  of  numerous  iron   foundcries   and   furnaces.    Population, 


18.  What  is  Liverpool?  Manchester?  ID.  For  what  is  Birmingham 
noted?  Leeds,  and  other  places?  30.  Describe  Mcrthcyn  Tydvil. 
Swansea,  and  the  other  towns. 


i 


J     ' 


^^mtmm^ 


SnOfJItAI'IlY. 


th  it  in  its  charities  fur  tlie  poor, 

10  TliamcR,  is  Circcnwirli,  famous 
imrn,  nnd  its  obstTva'  ry,  from 
e  London  is  Cliulxen,  r>  ntninin); 
soldiers.  Windsor,  U'i  miles  from 
hich  has  been  tho  siunnicr  rcsi- 
fot  upwards  of  700  years, 
in  commerce.  It  is  the  principal 
is  rapidly  increasing  in  wealth 

in  England  in  population,  and  la 
Oxford,  and  Cainbridpe,  aro  cnle- 
hem  owe  their  celebrity  and  ini- 

nnnufacturca  of  hardware.  Slicf- 
ijaccs  fiir  woollen  cloth'.  Kidder- 
porcelain.  Itrisitol  and  Hull  for 
mouth,  arc  the  great  naval  stations 
the  handsomest  city  in  England, 

town  in  Wales.  It  is  situated  in 
Dries   Olid   furnaces.     Population, 

?     19.  For  what  is  Birmingham 
20.  Describe  Mcrthcyn  Tydvil. 


SCOTL.WD. 


230 


00,(H)0.      .*<Hiiii»iett    ii  u    notid    rriiort    /i>r   nco-biitMng ;    |>opiilalioii, 

l,'t,(ilMI.     (L'ueriiiartlii  II,  mid  CiiiTiiarvuii,  are  liolh  pliicca  nf  iiii|iortiiii<!i'. 

The  I'liii'f  oriiiiiMcnt  u\'  the  lutltr  in  its  castle,  uiice  a  slutily  edifice,  but 
iiiiw  ill  ruins. 


;W«/)  No.  1 1.  —  What  bounds  Kiiglaiid  on  the  north  ?  Sil.  —  South  ? 
K..(l.  —  KaHt:'  N.-Sa.  —  West  /  Ws.,  I.-So.  — What  strait  seiMirntes 
it  from  Frimer  ?  Dr.  —  ,Vliut  elmimel  ?  Eh.  —  Whiit  elianiiel  Imv 
Iw.rii  Fiigluiid  nnd  Wulis?  Ul.  —  Wliut  inhiiid  tics  south  of  Eiig. 
I;iii(i  '  Wt. —  Wlmt  lies  weU?  .Mn.  —  What  is  the  south-west  |H>int 
of  Enjflaml  '  L.-Ed.  — What  islands  lie  south-west  of  the  Lund's  End  ? 
^y.— What  iaiiinds  in  thu  sou'V  part  of  the  English  t'hunncl  ?  Jy., 
'•y-  —  These,  with  Alderney  nnd  Snrk,  belong  to  England,  though  on 
tho  coast  of  Frane-i;  they  ore  otlun  called  the  Norman  isles.  IJow 
ninny  inhahitnnU  has  London  I  Manchester  /  LiveriKwl  !  Leeds  I 
Ihixlol  ?  Hull  f  Portsmouth  ?  Newcastle  I  On  whut  river  is  Lon- 
doll '!    'IV  —  How  li»r  is  it  from  England  to  Newfoundland  I 


161 


SCOTLAND. 

1.  ScoT'.AND  's  sitiintcil  to  tho  north  of  Knglnnd,  ntul  is 
ix'k'liratrj  ;',„  ,ho  i^rniulcur  nnd  wildnos.s  of  its  scenory.  It 
is  divided  by  the  (iraiiipiun  hills  into  two  sections,  the  High- 
Itmds  nnd  tho  Lowlandsj. 

2.  The  Highlands  is  n  cold,  liilly  rogiuii,  well  adnpf'sd  for 
pnsturnge;  but  the  1  wlunds  is  an  ngrci-alily  div<;rsifled 
country,  with  a  toleruUio  soil,  which  is  well  cultivated,  nnd 
produces  oats,  wheat,  ryo,  barley,  and  jKitutoes,  to  a  consid- 
irnblo  extent. 

3.  The  manufactures  are  flourishing  nnd  important,  ospc- 
cially  those  of  cotton.  The  principal  minerals  arc  coul,  iron, 
nnd  lend,  of  which  the  two  first  arc  very  abundant.  Tho 
commerce  and  the  hsheries  arc  valuable,  and  give  employ- 
ment to  a  great  number  of  the  inhabitants. 

4.  The  Scotch,  as  a  nation,  aro  grave,  serious,  and  reflecting ;  but,  at 
the  same  time,  enterprising.  They  are,  in  general,  better  instructed, 
and  more  moral  and  religious  in  their  habits,  thon  any  other  people  in 
Europe.  Many  of  the  natives  of  this  country  have  distinguished  tlicm. 
selves  in  various  branches  of  literature,  and  some  of  them  have  been 
amongst  the  most  celebrated  philosophers,  historians,  and  poets,  of 
Great  Britain. 


Slcotlanfi.  Q.—  l.  How  is  Scotland  situated?    Divided?    2.  Describe 
the   highlands.     Lowlands.     Products.      3.  The  manufactures.     Min- 


I!" 

,   1 


J,"^ 


:!t;|l'i 


i 


I  i;^l:i 


840 


DEP*  UU'TIVE  OECMJUAI'lIY. 


5.  The  Hebrides,  Orkmy,  bikI  Sliillaml  imIi'*,  belong  to  Scotluiid. 
Thcw  arc  thci  rrdciil  oC  iiti  iiniiK'tino  niinitx^r  of  ica-lowl,  which  llif 
Ulandcrn  ciilrh  \>y  iiwiiiifiiiu  with  roiHjii  from  the  high  porpcmJiciiliir 
clitTi  tu  which  they  ri'iort 


Edlnlurg, 

G.  Kiliiil>»rK  is  the  incttopoIlM  of  Scotlnnd,  and  hai  long  been  dia- 
tiiiauiHhtd  111  thn  in  nt  of  m  !■  iii-c  and  liltTiitiire.  ItB  uiiiv.ri'ily  is 
parlirulurly  noted,  and  confiiins  n  (rreutir  nuinhtr  of  Htudents  than  niiy 
othor  in  Kuropc.  Tlio  city  huH  lew  niiiniifiictiircH  ;  it  rurries  on,  how. 
fvtir,  a  cronHidcruhlo  trade  tliroii)fh  Loitli,  wiiich,  though  formerly  about 
two  mill's  distant,  U  now  connected  with  it  by  continuous  ranges  of 
buildings. 

7.  (Jlasgow  is  thfc  largrflt  rity  in  Scotland,  and  owes  its  nros|)crity 
rliiclly  to  manufactures.  It  contains  a  lar(re  numt)cr  of  iiandsonio 
buildinirs,  mostly  of  modern  construction.  Its  university  is  celebrated, 
and  the  cuthedrul  is  the  best  preserved  sjiccimcn  of  Gothic  jreliitceture 
in  Scotland. 

8.  riisley  is  noted  for  its  muslin  manufactures,  and  Aberdeen  for  its 
sliip-liuilding.  (Jrcenock  is  the  |M)rt  of  (JIuskow,  and  the  most  com- 
mercial place  in  Scotland.  Dundee,  Perth,  and  Inverness  arc  all  im- 
l>ortant  towns. 

Map  JV».  11 .  —  What  bounds  Scotlnnd  on  the  north  and  west  ■*  A.  On 
—  South?     Kd,  I.-Sa. —  Kast  ?     N.-Sa.  — What  separates  this   kin; 
dom    from    Ireland?      N.-C"l.  —  From   the   Hebrides?      Mh. -   " 
firths  are  on  the  east  coast  ?      My.,  Fh.      Firth  is  the  term  u- 
Scotland   for  bay.  —  What  islands    north?     Oy.,  Sd.  — West  ?     lU  i^r 
W.-Ih.  — What  Inrprc  island  south-west  ?    Id.  —  What  is  the  iKjp*.intion 
of  (ilusjjow  !    Kdinburg  ?    Al)erdecn  ?    Paisley  l    Perth  '    Invicmcss  ? 
How  far  is  Scotland  from  Labrador  1 


crols.  Commerce,  iVc.  4.  Describe  the  Scotch.  5.  The  Hebrides, 
Ac.  6.  Describe  Edinburg.  Its  universities.  7.  Glasgow.  S.  Paisley, 
Aberdeen,  and  tho  othnr  towns. 


[JKUOUAI'IIV. 

llatiil  ihIci,  bnlunit  to  Hcotlmicl. 
0  riiinitH^r  of  ica-lbwl,  which  lln 
tua  iVuin  the  high  porpcniJiculiir 


Sdithind,  and  hai  hng  been  dia. 
nd  hltTiitiirc.  Its  uiiiv.  mity  is 
iilir  immhtr  of  Htudt'iils  than  niiy 
niimifiirtiircH  ;  it  rurrics  nil,  liow. 
ill,  wliich,  though  furmurly  ubout 
with  it  hy  cuiitinuuUH  rungi's  of 

Scotland,  and  owes  its  nrosiH'rity 
H  a  iuriire  numt)cr  of  iiiindfionio 
lion.  Its  univcrnily  is  celebrated, 
i  specimen  of  Gothic  architecture 

lanufacturcH,  and  Aberdeen  for  iti 
of  (ilusKOW,  and  tlio  moat  corn- 
Perth,  and  Inverness  urc  all  im- 


nd  on  llie  north  and  west  ^  A. -On 
•^u.  —  Wlint  separates  this  kin; 
1  the  Hebrides?  Mh.  — Wk.,, 
,  Fh.  Firth  is  tlie  term  iissv  m 
rth?  Oy.,  Sd.  — West  '  ll~.  . 
I  ?  I(J.  —  VVIiat  is  the  imp..,/.  ...ii 
?    Paisley  f    Perth  f    Invicrntss  f 


the  Scotch.      5.  The    Hebrides, 
crsities.   T.  Glasgow.    S.  Paisley, 


IRKLAND. 


Ml 


Till'  nmiit'n  ('simcwty. 


Wl 


IRELAND. 

1.  TnEiA\D  is  n  fine  fertile  island,  lyinp;  west  of  Gront 
Hritnin.  Tlio  clinittto  i.n  mild  and  moisl,  which  iiroiliKHs  ii 
hcmitiful  nnd  continued  verdure,  and  has  led  to  its  poetical 
a|)|)(!llations  of  the  Emerald  Isle,  and  Green  Krin. 

a.  The  surface  of  the  country  is  moderately  uneven,  with 
l(;w  mountains.  There  are  many  pent  bogs,  which  supply 
fuel,  hut  ore  useless  for  other  purposes. 

3.  Agriculture  is  in  a  less  improved  stale  than  in  England 
or  Scotland.  Barley,  oats,  wheat,  and  (lax,  arc  extensively 
cultivated  ;  hut  potatoes  arc  the  chief  product,  and  Ibrm  the 
principal  food  of  the  poor. 

4.  Grazing,  and  the  dairy,  are  the  bost-mnnnged  parts  of 
Irish  hushaudry,  and  produce  the  best  beef,  and  iMilier,  in 
Eiiiui,,      J, men  is  manufactured  to  some  extent,  ami  fi)rms, 

:  ■  the  products  of  the  soil,  the  chief  exports  of  the  country. 

."}.  The  people  of  Ireland  are  generous,  quick-witted,  and 
itable;  they  are,  however,  easily  offended,  and  jjrone  to 

>entment.     Though   the   Episcopal  is  the   established  re- 

igion,  yet  four-fifths  of  the  inhabitants  are  lloman  Cath;)lics. 

Many  of  them  are  ignorant  of  the  English  tongue,  and  use 

the  Irish  only,  a  language  similar  to  that  spoken  by  the 

Scotch  Highlanders. 


Ireland.  Q.  —  1.  What  is  Ireland?  What  is  said  of  the  climate? 
a.  The  surface,  &.c.  3.  Agriculturi'  ?  Chief  products  ?  4.  Grazing, 
fic.  Linen?  5.  Describe  tlie  people.  Religion.  6.  Of  the  peas. 
10 


if 


Itf 


II 


1^  iif' 


'    I 


!    I ' 


!      ! 


I      II,  1 


ii<    i' 


n    I 


ifl  I'" 


!       It 


iiA  • 


«aniif 


242 


DESCRIPTIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


fi.  The  great  innss  of  tlic  peasantry  live  in  a  state  of  abject  povcrly 
nnrl  wrctrlicdiiess.  Tlioy  are  dej^radcd  by  tlie  oppression  of  the  grcil 
iiiiidliird'^,  and  thrir  agt-iits.  The  payment  of  eliureh  titlics,  and  iiu- 
mcroiis  (axes,  swallows  up  their  earningn,  and  diseournges  the  spirit  nf 
industry.  JSegfars  arc  nnnicrous,  and,  notwitlistanding  tlie  natural 
fertility  of  Ireland,  many  of  the  iioor  iiave  perished  with  hunger. 

7.  The  Giant's  Causeway,  whicli  is  situated  on  the  north  coast  of  tin; 
island,  is  nn  astonishing  work  of  nature.  It  consists  of  vast  numbers 
of  perpendicular  columns  of  basaltic  rock,  rising  from  200  to  400  tcet 
above  the  surface  of  the  water. 

8.  Dublin  is  the  chief  city  of  Ireland  :  some  of  its  streets  are  truly 
magnificent,  and  its  public  edifices  are  numerous  and  beautiful.   Among 

the  latter,  St.  Put- 
rick's  Cathedral,  the 
Dank  of  Ireland,  tlit 
Exchange,  and  the 
Four  Courts,  arc 
conspicuous.  The 
chief  parts  of  the 
suburbs,  and  some 
streets  in  the  city, 
are  (he  abodes  ol' 
thousands  wlio  live 
in  the  most  abject 
wretchedness  mid 
distress ;  indeed,  few 

places  exhibit  a  greater  contrast  between  wealth  and  poverty,  than 

Dublin. 

9.  Cork  is  the  second  city  in  Ireland.  Its  harbour,  called  the  Cove,  is 
capacious  and  strongly  fortified.  The  commerce  of  this  place  is  exten- 
sive, and  it  exports  great  quantities  of  salted  provisions.  Limerick, 
Bolfust,  Galway,  Waterford,  and  Londondt.ry,  are  all  important  towns ; 
the  two  first  are  situated  in  fertile,  populous  districts,  and  liave  an 
extensive  trade. 


Four  Courts,  Dublin, 


Map  No.  11.  —  What  bounds  Ireland  on  the  north,  south,  and  west? 
A.-On.  —  On  the  east?  I.-Sa.  —  What  separates  it  from  England? 
I..Sa.  —  From  Wales  ?  S.-Gs.-Cl.  — From  Scotland?  N..C1.  — What 
is  the  south  cape  of  Ireland  ?  Cr.  —  What  river  flows  into  tlie  Atlan- 
tic ?  Sn.  —  What  island  on  the  west  coast ?  Al.  —  What  bays?  By., 
Dl.  —  How  many  inhabitants  has  Dublin  ?  Cork  ?  Limerick  ?  Bel- 
fast? Galway?  Waterford?  Londonderry?  How  far  is  it  from 
Ireland  to  Labrador  ?     How  long  is  Ireland  ?     How  wide  ? 


untry  ?    Beggars  ?    7.  Describe  the  Giant's  Causeway. 
9.  Cork,  and' the  other  towns. 


8.  Dublin. 


*fP!^PP!iRlii 


GEOGRAPHY. 

ry  live  in  a  state  of  abject  povcrly 
dcd  by  tlie  oppression  of  the  grcil 
payment  of  cliuruli  titliCH,  and  nu- 
ningH,  and  discournges  tlic  spirit  nt' 
,  and,  notwithstanding  tlie  natur;ii 
or  iiave  perished  with  hunger, 
is  situated  on  the  north  coast  of  tin: 
iture.  It  consists  of  vast  numbers 
B  rock,  rising  from  200  to  400  feet 

eland  :  some  of  its  streets  are  truly 
re  numerous  and  beautiful.  Among 
the  latter,  St.  Pat- 
rick's Cathedral,  the 
Dank  of  Ireland,  tht 
Exchange,  and  the 
Four  Courts,  arc 
conspicuous.  The 
chief  parts  of  tlie 
suburbs,  and  some 
streets  in  tlie  city, 
are  the  abodes  of 
thousands  who  live 
in  the  most  nbjcct 
wretchedness  and 
distress ;  indeed,  few 
between  wealth  and  poverty,  than 

and.  Its  harbour,  called  the  Cove,  is 
'he  commerce  of  this  place  is  extcn- 
les  of  salted  provisions.  Limerick, 
ndondt.ry,  are  all  important  towns; 
le,  populous  districts,  and  have  an 


land  on  the  north,  south,  and  west? 
tVhat  separates   it  from  EngLind  ? 

—  From  Scotland  ?     N.-Cl.  —  What 

—  What  river  flows  into  tlie  Allan- 
St  coast  ?  Al.  —  What  bays  ?  By., 
Dublin?  Cork?  Limerick?  Bel- 
mdonderry  ?  How  far  is  it  from 
s  Ireland  ?     How  wide  ? 


le  Giant's  Causeway.     8.  Dublin. 


218 


Making  Wine.  Oatlitriiig  (jrapis. 

FUAMCE. 

1.  France  is  a  great  and  powerful  kingdom,  and  has 
for  ages  been  distinguislied  for  the  important  part  it  has  cn- 
aclcd  in  the  affairs  of  Europe. 

2.  Tiie  country  is  beautiful  and  fertile,  and  the  climate 
temperate,  dry,  and  salubrious.  The  chief  part  of  France  is 
one  wid'iiy  extended  plain,  a  large  portion  of  which  is  well 
adapted  to  cultivation. 

3.  Agriculture  is  more  improved  than  in  many  other  parts 
of  F,ni-o|;.,.  I'he  manufactures  are  productive  and  various; 
;un]  the  commerce,  though  not  so  extensive  as  that  of  Great 
Britain  or  the  United  States,  is  carried  on  to  almost  all  parts 
of  the  globe. 

4.  The  chief  products  of  the  soil  are  wheat,  Indian-corn,  grapes, 
olives,  some  tobacco,  and  the  sugar-beet.  The  vineyards  of  Franco 
yield  3.50  different  kinds  of  wine;  they  occupy  5  million  acres  of 
ground,  and  their  annual  produce  is  from  800  to  000  million  gallons. 

5.  The  French  are  a  brave,  active,  and  ingenious  people,  polite  nnd 
gay  in  their  manners,  nnd  fond  of  show  and  amusement.  The  chief 
part  of  the  inhabitants  of  France  are  but  imperfectly  educated,  not  more 
tliiiii  one-half  being  able  to  read  and  write  ;  yet  no  country  presents  great- 
er iiieilities  for  acquiring  knowledge  in  all  its  brunches. 

France.  Q.  —  1.  Wiiat  is  France  ?  ii.  What  is  si  id  of  the  country  ? 
'J.  Of  agriculture,  &e.?     4.  Products?     Vineyards?     6.  Ucbcrilie  liic 


-lisil 


■  I 


i  ri 


\: 


;  I 


t' 


244 


UESCRtl'TIVB    GKOORArHy. 


6.  Colleges,  schools,  and  public  libraries,  ore  nuiiirroiis,  and  the  eil , 
of  Paris  contains  the  most  celebrated  seienlific  assneialion  in  the  worW. 
'J'herc  is  no  established  religion  in  France,  und  the  niinifiters  of  all  llii- 
dill'erent  sects  are  sujiiiorted  by  the  povernnicnt.  'I'lie  chief  part  of  Ihi. 
inliahitants,  however,  belonjf  to  tho  lionian  Catiiolic  church. 

7.  France  lias  lon>j  held  u  high  rank,  as  a  military  power.  I'liilir 
the  late  Emperor  Napoleon,  the  army  amounted  to  u  million  of  mm, 
and  was  the  terror  of  continental  Kuro|ie.  It  now  amounts  to  upward, 
of  100,1)00  men.  'I'lio  navy  is  on  a  respectable  footing,  and  comprises 
iiSO  vessels  of  all  classes,  of  which  Hi  arc  of  the  line,  and  20  steam- 
vessels. 

8.  Pans,  the  ca))ilal  of  Frai.re.  is  the  second  city  in  Europe  for  size, 
and  probably  the  first  in  splendour.  The  public  buildings  and  palacis 
arc  ninnerous,  and,  generally,  exce'  lliose  of  London,  It  is  also  notd 
for  the  be.-uily  of  its  public  gardens,  tbuntaii^s,  and  monuments,  and  fur 
the  value  of  its  libraries  and  literary  institutions.  It  is  especially  dis- 
tingui^hcd  lor  the  gaiety  and  dissipation  of  its  inhabitants,  and  the 
variety  of  its  public  amusements. 


liJ'OHS. 

9.  Lyons,  situated  on  the  Rhone,  is  the  second  city  in  France.  It 
lias  been  long  noted  for  its  silk  manufactures,  and  its  gold  and  silver 
stufls.  Marseilles  is  the  principal  pca-port  in  the  Mediterranean 
Bordeaux  is  well  known  for  its  wines ;  Kouen  for  its  manufiicturts  of 
cotton,  woollen,  and  linen ;  and  Strasburg  tor  its  cathedral,  the  steeple 
of  which  is  the  most  lofty  of  any  in  Euro|)C. 

10.  Rhcims,  Lille,  Nantes,  and  Orleans,  arc  important  places.  Tou- 
lon is  the  chief  naval  station  on  the  Mediterranean  ;  and  Rrest,  on  the 
Atlantic,  is  tlie  principal  naval  depot  in  the  kingdom.  Havre,  at  llio 
nioutli  of  the  Seine,  is  the  sea-port  of  Paris,  and  the  chit  f  seat  of  the 
trade  of  France  witli  the  United  States. 

11.  The  island  of  Corsica,  in  the  Mediterranean  sea,  belongs  to 
France.  Its  surface  is  mountainous,  and  its  soil  is  stony  and  ill  culti- 
vated.    It  has  some  valuable  iron-mines,  and  there  arc  important  fitiii- 


French.  Of  tlie  chief  part  of  the  inhabitants  ?  6.  Colleges,  <Stc.  ■ 
Religion  ?  7.  What  is  said  of  military  power  ?  Army  ?  Navy  ? 
8.  Describe  Paris.  9.  Lyons,  &c.  10.  6hcinis.  Lille,  &c.  11.  Cor- 
sica. 


So 
ri\ 
I.< 
till 
Ii.i 
nil 

of 

wi 
1i  ' 
Ml 
it: 

Fr 
Fj 


m 

inl 

ca 
wi 
fbi 


Jiwf^Luil  iipM^jgiwiia 


mmfm 


IMP 


KOORArHY. 

•nficB,  are  numerous,  and  the  cil)- 
Bciinlific  association  In  the  worW. 
iince,  uixl  the  iiiiiiiKlcrs  of  all  l!;i 
vernincnt.  'I'lie  ehicf  part  of  tin. 
inian  Catliolic  chureh. 
ink,  UK  ii  military  power.  I'jiilrr 
^  uiuoiuitt'd  to  11  million  ot'  nii  ji, 
i)|(C.  It  now  oniountH  to  upwnrdr 
■speclable  footing',  and  comprises 
>o  arc  of  the  lino,  and  2U  steam- 

lie  second  city  in  Europe  for  size, 
riir  public  buildings  and  palacts 
OHO  of  London,  It  h  also  noted 
nmtuii^s,  and  monuments,  and  fcir 
institutions.  It  is  especially  dis- 
ation  of  its  inhabitants,  and  the 


0 


is  tlio  second  city  in  France.  It 
lufuctures,  and  its  pold  and  giivir 
pca-port  in  the  Mcditcrrr.neiiii 
;  Koucn  for  its  manufiicturts  of 
huTg  for  its  cathedral,  the  steeple 
Europe. 

cans,  arc  important  places.  Tou- 
Mediterranean  ;  and  fircst,  on  the 
t  in  the  kingdom.  Havre,  at  tlio 
f  Paris,  and  the  chitf  seat  of  tho 

L'S. 

B  Mediterranean  sea,  belonfjs  to 
,  and  its  soil  is  stony  and  ill  culli- 
ines,  and  there  arc  important  fiuii- 

inhabitants  ?  6.  Colleges,  &c.  ? 
litarv  power  ?  Army  ?  Navy  ? 
10.  Rhcinis.    Lille,  &c.    11.  Cor- 


SPAIN. 


215 


cries  on  the  coast.    Bustia  is  the  chief  town,  and  Ajp.ccio  was  the  birtii- 
place  of  Napoleon  Honapartc. 

Miip  iV«.  11.  —  What  bounds  France  on  the  nortli  ?     E -CI.,  Ilm. 

South  ,'     Sn.,  M..S;i.  —  ICa.-t  !     IJn.,  Sd..  Sa.  —  West  ?     B.-Hy.  —  What 

river  Hows  into  the  Kiiglish  ehaniicl  ;'     Sc.  —  Into  chc  Bay  of  Biscay? 

I.C.,  (Je.  —  Into   the  (iulf  of   Lyons?      Re.— Ilow   long   is   each   of 

lliise  rivers  .'     What  river   lorn",  the   boundary  between  France  and 

Uadon  >     He.  —  What  lake  dees  the  Rhone  How  from  7     Ga.  —  What 

mountains  separate  France  fri  ni  .Spain  1     Ps.  —  From  Sardinia  ?    As. 

—  What  mountains  between  the  RIk  ne  and  the  Loire  ?     Cs. —  West 

of  the  •Loire'     Ac.— What   is  the    population   of  Paris?      t  Mar- 

Milles  ?       Lyons  ?         t  Bordeaux  ?       I)  Rouen  ?       Nantes  1      ||  Lille  I 

i;  Toulouse  ?  Strasburg  ?     Orleans  ?     •»  Toulon  ?   What  island  in  tho 

;   "Mediterranean  sea  belongs  to  France?     Ca.  —  How  long  and  wide  is 

j  it?    How  many  inhabitants  has  Bastia?    ttAjaccio?  Ilow  far  is  it  from 

I   France  to  Canada  ?     To  Nova  Scotia  ?     How  many  miles  in  extent  is 

Franco  from  north  to  soutli  ?     From  east  to  west  ? 


Madrid. 

SPAIN. 

1.  Spain  was  once  the  most  powctful  and  important  kinsdom 
in  Europe,  but  it  is  now  among  the  most  leublo  and  least 
influential. 

~'.  It  is  traversed  by  several  chains  of  mountains,  which 
cause  the  surface  of  the  country  to  be  greatly  diversified 
wiih  beautiful  and  romantic  scenery.  The  soil'is  generally 
fertile;  but  agriculture  is  much  neglected,  and,  owing  to  the 

Spain.  Q.  —  1.  What   was   Spain?      2.  By  what   is   it   traversed  7 

*  /.oi'rc,  Lvvor.  t  Mnraeitlea,  Mar-salzc'.         t  HorrFeaiix.Buor-d^ 

HJoHen,  Roo-ong".  \\  Lille,  l^\e.  IT  7'ok/ousc,  Too-looa'. 

•*  Toulon,  Ti!o-long'.       tl  Ajaccio,  Ajal'-sho. 


I  ' 


fiT- 


l^  *»^' 


I'  (.;:-  ^r 


ll 


I   •!,:>; 


i  /,    I 

!       5,1      II 


;  1 

r 


J 


I; 


1  <  i 
'wife,,  'Hi^k 


■nA 


Merino  SlRi'p. 


24fl  DESCRIPTIVR  GROCiRAl'HY. 

nnarc-liy  niul  civil  wars  wliic.-li  linvf  long  prcvailoil,  niamitiic- 

turcs  ami  coinmuivc  arc  reduced  to  a  dejilorablc  slate. 

;}.  Tho  exports  am  winrs, 
hrandy,  '•asins,  wool,  silk,  \,:\- 
rilla,  tVe.:  the  imports  an;  eliitf- 
ly  Uriii.'sii  nianufiicluroH  and  colo- 
nial prod'K'c.  Tlio  rearing  ot" 
Merino  !*  icep  is  nn  imp(jrl;nU 
hraneh  ol'  ii'dustry  iu  .Spain,  ainl 
the  fineness  of  the  wool  is  will 
known :  a   few  years   ago,  tlipi-o 

animals  were  estimated  nt  18  millions,  attended  by  16,000 

shepherds. 

4.  The  Roninn  Catholic  is  the  only  religion  tolerated  in  this  eoiiii. 
try.  The  clergy  were  formerly  very  rich  und  powerful,  nnd  possossi  il 
greot  iiiHuciiccj  lull  viirioiis  causes  have  of  lute  cniiihined  to  ditniiiisli 
their  iiiiportance.  Tliere  is  a  number  of  universities  in  Spain,  l)ut 
they  arc  far  behind  those  of  other  Kuropcan  countries,  and  seem  ratliir 
calculated  to  |>cr|)ctuato  error  than  to  introduce  the  lessons  of  truth : 
there  is  but  little  encouragement  for  general  education,  and  very  few 
of  the  lower  class  learn  to  read  and  write. 

5.  Gravity  of  manner,  with  great  pride  of  birth  and  rank,  distin- 
guish thJ  higher  class  of  Spaniards :  but  those  of  the  lower  order  are 
cheerful,  frugal,  good-hnmourcd,  and  courteous.  The  fcvourito  annisc 
mcnts  of  the  people  arc  music,  dancing,  and  bull-fights :  tlie  latter 
exhibitions  arc  generally  attended  by  thousands  of  both  sexes  and  of 
all  ranks,  and  arc  looked  upon  with  enthusiastic  delight. 

6.  Spain  formerly  possessed  immense  territories  in  North  and  Soutli 
America;  but  of  all  these  vast  possessions,  Cuba  and  Porto  Rico  aloiio 
remain  to  her.  The  other  colonies  consist  of  the  Canary  Is  ands  iji 
tlie  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  the  Philippine,  Caroline,  and  Ladrone  Islands 
in  the  Pacific, 

7.  Madrid,  the  capital  of  Spain,  has  neither  commerce  nor  manufac- 
tures, and  derives  its  importance  solely  from  being  the  scat  of  govern, 
inent.  It  contains  a  number  of  churches  and  convents,  and  several 
splendid  palaces.  It  is  a  iiandsomc  though  gloomy  city.  Barcelona 
nnd  Cadiz  are  the  chief  sea-ports.  Granada,  Valencia,  Cordova,  and 
Saragossa,  arc  among  the  principal  cities. 

8.  Gibraltar,  at  the  9outhern  extremity  of  Spain,  is  the  strongest 


What  is  said  of  the  so'l,  &c.  ?  3.  Exports  ?  Imports  ?  Merino  Sheep  ? 
4.  What  is  said  of  religion  ?  Universities  ?  Education  ?  5.  What 
is  said  of  the  higlicr class  ?  Lower  orders  ?  Amusements?  6.  What 
did  this  country  formerly  possess  ?  Of  *he  colonies  ?  7.  Dcserilie 
Madrid.    Bureelona,  &c.    8.  Gibraltar.     Oalearic  isles.    9.  AndorM. 


mmm. 


'.OCillAl'HY. 

vf  long  prcvniloil,  niamiilic- 
to  a  (k'i)lorablc  slutc. 
Tho  oxports  nrn  wines, 
Iv,  '•n.sins,  wool,  silN,  liii- 
(Vc:  till!  imports  an;  cliitf. 
itiili  maiuifacliircs  and  colo- 
liroil'K'c.  Tho  rearing  ot" 
no  i!^  icop  is  nn  impcjrtmU 
L'h  ol'  iiidustry  in  .Spain,  iind 
llncncss  of  the  wool  is  will 
n\ :  a  ibw  years  ago,  tlipi-o 
lillions,  attended  by  16,000 

religion  tolerated  in  tliis  couii. 
rich  und  po-^-eriul,  nnd  possossiil 
ive  cf  luti;  cniiihin^il  to  diiniiiisli 
LT  of  universities  in  Spain,  l)ut 
opcan  eountrics,  and  Rcern  ratliir 
o  introduce  the  lessons  of  truth : 

general  cducution,  and  very  lew 
rile. 

pride  of  birth  and  rank,  diHliii- 
but  those  of  the  lower  order  i\ro 
courteous.  The  favourite  aniiisc 
leing,  and  bull-figlits :  the  latter 

thousands  of  both  sexes  and  of 
nthusiastic  delight, 
ise  territories  in  North  and  Soutli 
sions,  Cuba  and  Porto  Rico  aloiio 
consist  of  the  Canary  Is  ands  in 
c,  Caroline,  and  Ludronc  Islands 

9  neither  commerce  nor  manufac- 

ly  from  being  the  scat  of  govern. 

rchcs  and  convents,  and  several 

tliough  gloomy  city.     Barcelona 

Oranuda,  Valencia,  Cordova,  and 

tics. 

cmity  of  Spain,  is  the  strongest 

jrts  ?  Imports  ?  Merino  Slieep  ? 
crsitirs  ?  Education  ?  .5.  What 
rders  ?  Amusements  ?  6.  What 
Of  *he  colonies  ?  7.  Dcsurilie 
ir.     Oalearic  isles.    9.  Andorr.i. 


PORTUGAL. 


S41 


forlification  in  the  world.  It  wi.s  captured  by  tho  English  In  1704, 
unil  lias  continued  in  their  |H)Hses»ion  ever  niiico. 

The  Halearic  Isles  enniprise  .Majorca,  Minorca,  Ivica.  and  somo 
smaller  islands:  tliey  art;  inlniliited  liy  a  iKiacealilu  and  simple  pe()|)l.'. 
Port  .Mahon,  in  Minorca,  is  olleii  resorted  to  by  I'niled  States'  slaps 
ol"  war. 

<).  Andorra.— This  little  republic,  with  a  teritory  of  190  squaro 
miles,  and  a  population  of  15,0*10  inhabitants,  occupies  a  valley  on  tlio 
southern  side  of  the  Pyrenees.  Besides  Andorra,  ihu  capital,  u  towa 
of  ^,000  inhabitants,  it  contains  five  small  villages. 


Map  No.  11.— What  bounds  Spain  on  tlie  north?  Fe.,  R.-By. — 
Soulh  !  M.-Sa.,  A..Un.  —  East  ?  M-Sa.  —  West  '  PI.—  Which  are 
the  chief  rivers  of  Spain  ?  Ho.,  Ts.,  Ga.,  Gr.,  Ko. -- Ilow  long  aro 
each  of  thcw  ?  Which  arc  the  chief  mnuiitains  ?  Ps.,  Cn.,  S.-Ma.,  .S.-Na. 
—  Which  separate  Franco  from  Spain  ?  Ps.— What  mountain  lies 
west  of  Barcelona  ?  Mt.  —  This  is  noted  for  its  singular  tbrm  and  tho 
monasteries  built  on  it.  What  islands  lie  cast  of  Spain  ?  Be.  —  VVhat 
strait  separates  Spain  from  Africa  ?  Gr.—  How  wide  is  it  ?  Wliat  is 
the  (Hjpulation  of  Madrid  ?  Barcelona?  Seville?  Granoda?  Vulen- 
cm  I    Cordova?     Cadiz?     Malaga?     Saragosaa  ? 


PORTUGAL. 

1.  This  kingdom,  like  Spain,  hos  declined  frora  its  former 
greatness.  Three  centuries  ago,  it  was  celebrated  for  the 
valour  of  its  soldiers,  and  the  skill  of  its  .sailors.  !t  took  a 
distinguished  lead  in  modern  discoveries,  and  was  for  a  time 
the  first  commercial  nation  in  PiUropc. 

2.  The  surface  of  the  country  is  agreeably  diversified  with 
mountains,  hills,  and  plains.  The  climate  is  mild,  pleasant, 
and  healthful ;  and  the  soil  is  rich  in  the  fruits  and  products 


'  Potliitral.  Q.  — 1.  What   is  said  of  Portugal?      3.  Tlie   surface? 

Climate  ?    Chief  staple*  7    3.  What  is  said  of  commerce  1    Manufkc 


948 


DESCRIPTIVE  GEOGHAPHY. 


I  .^'  V 


l^ 


!       i 


m 


.  u 


i.j^s0mmmm 


rdrtiisuc'so  runiiaiila. 


pei'iiliur  to  soulliori)  Europe. 
\\'ino,  salt,  oil,  jiud  wool,  arc 
llic  chief  staples, 

3.  'i'lin  commerce  of  I'or- 
tiigal,  wiiici),  (luring  the  time 
of  its  prosperity,  was  very  ex- 
tensive, is  now  inleriijr  to  that 
of  aliii.ist  every  other  mari- 
time nation  in  Eurojjc.  The 
manufactures  are  small  in 
amount ;  and  an  imperfect  knowledge  of  tiic  commonest  arts 
is  ohservablo  among  the  people. 

4.  Tlic  iiffric'ulture  is  in  a  very  backward  state ;  and  tew  of  the  im- 
provi'iiieiit!i  ooiiiiiion  in  other  countries  are  known  licrc.  Much  of  tliu 
produce  of  the  soil  is  carried  to  market  on  tlie  heads  of  female  peasants. 
•5.  Iiitrrature  and  science  are  greatly  circumscribed.  All  tlio  best 
foreign  works  are  prohibited,  and  every  thiriir  published  is  subjected  to 
a  rl^rjd  censorship.  The  religion  is  tlio  Roman  Catholic ;  no  other  is 
tolerated,  and  the  body  of  the  people  arc  greatly  under  the  influence  of 
the  til  rgy. 

fi.  KduciHion  is  in  a  low  state ;  the  monks,  who  are  generally  the 
teachers,  being  themselves  imi)erfectly  educated.  The  peasantry  arc 
held  by  the  nobles  in  a  state  little  short  of  bondage.  They  have  been 
usually  represented  a  'idolent,  cowardly,  and  rcvengelul ;  but,  on 
rnany  occasions,  durin,  ./le  late  war  with  France,  they  displayed  quali- 
ties not  unworthy  their  gallant  ancestors. 

7.  Lisbon,  the  capital,  is  u  place  of  considerable  commerce,  and  has 
one  of  the  finest  harbours  in  the  world.  It  was  destroyed  by  an  earth, 
quake  in  17i)5,  and  30,000  of  the  inhabitanU  perished.  It  is  an  ill-built 
and  dirty  place,  but  contains  some  handsome  public  buildings  and 
squares. 

8.  Oporto,  the  second  city  in  the  kingdom,  is  famous  for  its  port-wine, 
of  which  about  75,000  pipes  are  annually  exported.  St.  Ubes  is  noted 
for  its  salt-works,  at  which  about  100,000  tons  of  salt  are  made  every 
year.  C^oiinbra  is  celebrated  for  its  university,  which  contains  40 
professors,  and  about  800  students. 


MapNo.ll.  —  What  bounds  Portugal  on  tiio  north  and  east?  Sn. 
—  West  and  south?  A.-On.  — Which  are  the  principal  rivers ?  Ts., 
Do.,  (Ja.  — How  long  is  each  of  these?  What  ci;pc  forms  the  south- 
west pohit  of'  Portugal  ?  S.-Vt.  What  is  the  population  of  Lisbon  ? 
Oporto?     Coiuibra?     St.  Ubes  ?     Braga?     Elvus?     Evora' 


turcs  ?      4.   The  agriculture  7      5.    Of  literature,   &c.  ?      Religion  7 
C.  Education  7     7.  Describe  Lisbon.     8.  Oiwrto,  St.  Ubes,  &c. 


SOGUAPHY. 

X'liliur  to  soulhorn  Europe. 
I'ino,  salt,  oil,  and  wool,  uru 
ic  ciiic'f  stjipics, 
3.  'J'lin  coniincrcc  of  I'oc- 
tgnl,  wiiici),  liuring  the  time 
'  its  prosperity,  was  very  ex- 
nsivc,  is  now  iiilbriijr  to  tiiat 
aliiDst  every  other  muri- 
ne nation  in  Euroi)c.  The 
anufactures  are  small  in 
jdyc  of  the  commonest  arts 

ward  state  ;  and  tew  of  the  im- 
I  aro  known  here.  Much  of  tliu 
on  tlie  heads  of  fcnmle  peasants, 
ly  circumscribed.  AH  the  best 
I  thiriir  pubhbhed  is  subjected  to 
0  Roman  Catholic ;  iio  other  is 
c  greatly  under  the  influence  of 

monks,  who  arc  generally  tlio 
r  educated.  The  peasantry  aro 
t  of  bondage.  They  havu  been 
irdly,  and  rcvengetul ;  but,  on 
ith  France,  they  displayed  quali- 
rs. 

;on8iderable  commerce,  and  lias 

It  was  destroyed  by  an  earth. 

itants  perished.    It  is  an  ill-built 

andsome  public  buildings   and 

(lom,  is  famous  for  its  port-wine, 

lly  exported.      St.  Ubes  is  noted 

00  tons  of  salt  aro  made  every 

university,  which  contains  40 


il  on  tiio  north  and  east?    Sn. 

are  the  principal  rivers  ?     Ts., 

What  ci;pc  forms  the  south- 

t  is  the  population  of  Lisbon  ? 

:a  ?    Elvas  /    Evora  ? 

'  literature,   &c.  ?      Religion  7 
3.  Oiwrto,  St.  Ubes,  &c. 


GKKMANY. 


940 


IGO 


GERMANY. 

1.  GEnvAw  is  an  extensive  country,  situated  in  tiio  centre 
of  i''.uro])e.  It  once  contained  upwards  ol'  HOI)  separate 
divisions ;  but  now  comprises  the  Empire  of  Austria,  tlio 
kingdoms  of  i'russia,  Bavaria,  Saxony,  Hanover,  and  Wirtem- 
burg,  with  -"J  .smaller  staies  and  four  republicjs  or  free  cities. 

2.  These  Ibrm  the  Union  styled  the  (icrmanic  ('onlJ'dera- 
tion  ;  the  object  of  whicii  is  to  provi<le  (i)r  mutual  safety  and 
defence.  Each  state  is  indepciuh.'nt  within  its  own  territory, 
but  for  genera!  purposes  the  whole  is  governed  by  the  Diet  of 
Germany,  a  body  composed  of  plenipotentiaries  and  deputies 
from  the  different  states. 

3.  This  region  is  traversed  by  ncrous  rivers  and  exten- 
sive ranges  of  mountains.  Agriculture  is  carried  on  with 
great  diliuence,  and  mining  is  one  of  tlic  (;liief  smirces  of 
wealth.  The  inland  trade  is  very  considerable,  but  the  manu- 
factures, thougli  important  and  various,  are  not  so  flourishing 
as  formerly. 


Brown  European  Dear. 


4.  Germany  is  well  supplied  with  cattle,  horses,  hogs,  and  sheep :  of 
the  latter,  those  of  Saxony  and  other  districts  are  particularly  noted  for 
tlio  fineness  of  their  wool.  The  bear,  wolf,  and  wild  boar,  are  less 
common  than  formerly,  but  are  still  found  in  remote  districts  among 
the  forests  and  mounluins, 


Germany.  Q. —  1.  What  did  it  once  contain?  What  does  it  com- 
prise  .'  2.  What  do  these  form  ?  What  is  said  of  each  state  ?  Of  the 
Diet  ?  3.  By  what  is  this  region  traversed  ?  What  is  said  of  agri- 
culture ?  Mining  ?  Trade  ?  Manufactures  ?  4.  What  is  Germany 
well  supplied  Willi  7    What  is  said  of  sheep  ?    The  bear,  &c.    5.  Dc- 


WW^^Sfetesfe..: 


|[|^ 


!^      ii 


2r>() 


1)R.'^CJ]II1'TIVI2  GKOGllArHV. 


T).  'I'lu!  llcrnmns  nrt;  gcnorally  nn  lionoaf,  industrious  nml 
IHTsnvi-'rin;,'  riio; :  to  thfir  iiiufuuity  tlio  world  is  inilclited  Tor 
ll.c  iiiv'iilinn  ul"  |iriiiliiii.S  Wiitclics,  and  liiiMpuwd'T ;  tlicy  .'iif 
piissiduiitily  liiud  ol'  iimsir,  and  ilu'ir  luanii'd  nieu  are  dis- 
liiif^iiislicd  *l()r  tlicir  attaimm-iils  in  litcralurc  and  science. 

H.  The  pidilic  libraries  of  this  country  nro  ITjO  in  niniilKT, 
witii  "i  niilliuii  volumes,  and  there  nro  nf)t  less  than  1(>,UIH» 
aulhnrs,  producinjj  every  year  Ironi  'l,(lt)0  to  5,(l(t()  Ixioks. 
'I'lie  uuiver.silies  are  highly  celehrated,  and  much  resorted  to 
iVi.m  other  countries.  Seminaries,  styled  i,'ymnasia,  are  nu- 
merous, many  of  which  rank  as  distinguislied  schools  of 
learning. 

7.  Ill  tlu!  iiiranH  of  education,  llio  north  of  fJcrmnny  far  surpasses 
tlic- suiitli.  In  SuxDiiy,  Prussia,  Bavaria,  anil  Koiiie  iif  the  tinialler  di- 
visions of  till'  iKirtli,  scliools  are  numerous,  and  there  is  hardly_  any 
piTson  to  l)e  found  that  cannot  read  ;  wliih;  in  other  quarlerH  of  the 
country  the  lower  claBses  are  Htill  very  ignorant  and  averse  to  im- 
proveinent. 

8.  In  religion,  Germany  is  divided  between  the  Catholic  and  Protest- 
ant  churches :  the  former  includes  the  majority  of  the  people,  number, 
injr  20  fiiillions,  while  the  riotestimts  amount  to  aliout  Iti  millionn :  tho 
latter  comprise  Lutherans  and  C'alvinisls  priiici|ially  :  these  have  lately 
niiiled  in  many  places  into  one  church,  which  takes  the  name  of  the 
Kvaiigelical  Cliurch.  There  are  also  bouib  Moravians,  Mcnnonists, 
Jews,  &c. 


107 


EMPIRE  OF  AUSTRIA. 

1.  AusTHiA  is  one  of  tlic  most  important  states  in  Europe : 
it  comprises  about  one-third  of  Germany,  with  Hungary, 
Calicia,  Dalmatia,  and  the  kingdom  of  Lombardy  and  Venice 
in  Italy. 

2.  The  principal  part  of  the  inhabitants  arc  Roman  Catho- 
lics ;  but  ail  religions  arc  tolerated.    The  national  education  is 

scribe  tho  Germans.  What  did  they  invent  ?  What  is  said  of  music? 
Learned  men  ?  G.  Of  tlie  public  libraries,  &,c.  ?  Authors  7  Universi- 
ties  7  Si'Miinaries,  iVe.  ?  7.  What  is  said  of  education  7  8.  Of  rc- 
lifrion  ?  What  do  the  (Catholics  number?  Tho  Protestants?  Of  tlio 
Lutherans,  Calvinists,  ite. 

yli/d/Wu.  Q.  —  1.  What  is  Austria?  What  does  it  comprise? 
8.  What  is  Huid  of  the  inhabituiits  >    3.  Of  tlie  sea-coast  and  com- 


OGllAI'HY. 

nil  lioiiost,  indiisfrioiis  nml 
ly  lln!  worlil  is  iiulclited  |i)r 
,  iiiiil  i^iiii|)i)\vi!'T ;  tlicy  .•lie 
heir  Icanu'il  iiifii  nrc  dis- 
litcraliirc^  mnl  sciciuo. 
country  nrc  ITjO  in  nmiilMr, 
■  nro  not  less  tlian  1(),U()(» 
oni  4,<M)()  to  5,(l(t()  hooks, 
ratc'il,  and  niucli  irsortcd  to 
^,  styled  j^yninasia,  an;  nil- 
a  distinifuished  schools  of 


lortli  of  Ocrmnny  fur  surpasses 
la,  omi  Kiiiiie  of  the  tiiiinllcr  (il- 
crtnisi,  nml  tlicri.'  is  liurdly  any 
wliih;  ill  otliLT  (luarlcrs  of  tlio 
ry  ignorant   and  averse  to  ini- 

HWL'cn  tlio  Catholic  and  Protest- 
majority  of  the  |H'0[ile,  nunibrr- 
mount  to  aliout  Iti  niillionn  :  tlio 
Is  |irinci|ially  :  these  have  lately 
I,  which  takes  the  name  of  the 
some  Moravians,  Mcnnoniutn, 


aiSTRIA. 

iinportanl  states  in  Europe : 

Ciormany,  with  Ilungnry, 

)ni  of  Lonihardy  and  Venice 

habitants  are  Roman  Catho- 
I.    The  national  education  is 

nvent  ?     What  is  said  of  music  ? 

■ies,  &.C.  >     Authors  7     Univcrsi- 

snid  of  education  ?     8.  Of  rc- 

cr  ?     The  Protestants  ?     Of  tlio 

?      What    does    it    comprise  ? 
3.  Of  tlie  Bca-coaet  and  com- 


KMPHIK    OK    AISTRIA. 


251 


cxtrpmol)-  dcfKMcnt,  and  there  aro  ninny  restraints  upon  the 
liberty  of  llie  press  and  I'rcedoni  ol"  speech. 

;).  Ansln.'i  has  but  a  small  extent  of  sea-coast,  and  a  limit- 
ed eonimcrce.  It  has  no  loreij^n  colonics;  but  the  Duchies  of 
'riiscany,  I'arina,  and  Modena,  in  Italy,  are  dvpendc^it  states, 
(luld,  copper,  iron,  mercury,  and  salt,  abound;  the  salt-mines 
of  W'ielie/.ea  in  (lalicia,  liave  lieen  worked  lor  (lUO  years, 
but  still  appear  inexhaustible,  tlrnin  and  wine*  arc  the  chief 
])roduets  ol"  the  soil. 

4.  Tiic  I'iii]|)('r(ir  of  Austria  is  nbsohite  in  all  parts  of  iiis  dmninions, 
exr'jpt  in  limitary  and  Home  other  disiriets.  In  the  former  he  is  styleil 
kinfr  only,  and  liis  nnthorily  is  liniiti.'d  by  a  diet  or  assembly  of  tlio 
nobles  and  clergy.  The  inhabitants  bilonjj  to  sevcrul  distinrl  nations, 
comprising  Germans,  Poles,  Italian^,  Hungarians,  Jen-s,  Oypsies,  iVc. 

.I.  The  Austrian  army  is  large,  amounting  to  upwards  of  iiTO.OOO 
men,  and  though  res|)eetuble  for  its  discipline  has  not  generally  ranked 
higli  for  ellicieney.  The  Rmpiro  possesses  no  advantages  for  a  navy  ; 
yd  a  small  forcu  has  been  organi/eil  on  the  liulf  of  Vonico,  and  uu 
uruiud  flotilla  is  maintained  on  tlio  Dunubo. 


Siiuarc  of  Imperial  Talucn,  Vifiiiaa, 

C.  Vienna,  the  capital  of  the  Austrian  Empire,  is  one  of  the  finest 
cities  in  Euro|)c.  It  contains  a  number  of  palaces,  churches,  and  other 
public  buildings,  some  of  which  are  splendid  structures.  The  citizens 
are  described  as  a  good-natured,  lios|iitablo  ptojde,  much  devoted  to 
pleasure  and  luxurious  living. 

7.  Prague,  (Jratz,  Prcsbiirg,  nnd  roniburg,  are  all  places  of  some 
note.  Buda  nnd  Pest,  situated  on  opposite  sides  of  the  Danube,  ore 
joined  together  by  a  bridge  of  boats.     These  towns  united,  form  the 


nicrec  .'  Of  gold,  &.c.  ?  4.  Of  the  Em|)cror  7  Describe  the  inhab- 
itants.  5.  What  is  said  of  the  army  ?  Navy  7  6.  Describe  Vienna, 
7.  Prague,  &c.    ""  ' 


Trieste. 


II 


m 


m 


T-'-'iT' 


u 


1^  t0 


'J.VJ 


DESCHIFTIVF.    (IF.OCiKAHIY. 


ni()»t  iinpnrlnllt  rily  in  Hilinfiiry.  Piliril/in  in  nl«)  nil  tiiiportnnt 
tiiwn.  TricHtc  in  tlu'  cliii'l'Hra-iinrlof  Aiistri:i,  aiiil  ii  riitii.i(l<'i'alili'  triiilu 
i«  c-ir.i('d  oil  lirtwicii  thin  jilaii',  the  I'liitc d  Slati'H,  iiiul  iitlicr  ciiuntririt. 

Nii/i  \ii.  II.  —  WImt  iMi'inilH  AiiHlrii  on  the  north?  Ra.,  Sy.,  I'a., 
rd.  —  Soiilh  '  'I'y  —  f'tt"'  ^  '{!'•  —  ^^'<'»'  '  'i-Ve,  !y.,  Iln.— Wlmt  aro 
the  rlii(  I'divisioiH  of  Austrin  ?  lly.,Tl.,  |)ii.,<Jn.  —  ChifrrivcrK  7  Dc, 
'1'h.,  Dr.,  Sc.  —  llnw  Icmg  art-  Ihc  tlirrr  t'ltMl!  I'rincii'al  iiioiiiilaiiis  ^ 
Ah.,  Cm.  —  What  ia  tin;  |ii)|)iilaliiiii  of  Vienna  f  I'rufjui;  f  IVhI  f  Uudu  f 
'I'rifstf  7     l)cbicl/iii  /     rrcMhiiiff  ?     Drnnn  / 


V  ;  I 


ail  im.:M 


IkTlin. 

PRUSSIA. 

1.  Prissia  wns  crertcd  into  a  lungdom  in  tho  yrnr  1701, 
anil  from  n  small  and  weak  state  has  become;  one  of  the  most 
im|iortaiit  and  powcrfid  nations  of  Europe. 

U.  It  i\  in  general  a  level  country,  with  numerous  rivers, 
lakes,  nnol  marshes.  In  some  parts  the  soil  is  Ibrlile,  while 
in  others  there  arc  large  tracts  imlit  for  cultivation.  Grain 
and  cattle  arc  the  chief  productions. 

!J.  Prussia  has  hut  little  foreign  commerce,  hut  the  inland 
trade  is  considerable.  The  manufactures  aro  principally 
linens,  woollens,  and  articles  of  iron  and  steel. 

The  chief  part  of  the  pf,'opl(>  arc  of  tho  Protestant  faith, 
and  belong  to  the  Evangelical  or  Lutheran  Calvinistii;  Church  ; 
but  all  other  sects  are  tolerated,  and  are  on  an  equal  footing. 

4.  The  government  is  an  ab.solulc    uilitary  monarchy.     Tho  army  is 

Prussia.  Q.  — 1.  What  is  said  of  Prussia?  9.  What  is  it?  Its 
productions  7  3,  Commerce?  iManiifactures  ?  What  arc  the  chief 
part  of  tho  people  7    4.  What  is  said  of  tho  government  7    Army  ? 


■iimiip—wi'wi'i  m 


KillAHIY. 

lirct/in  i«  nl«>  nn  Iiiiportnnt 
Ktriii,  aiiil  II  riiiii.iil<'ralili'  triiilu 
!'()  StatcH,  iiiul  (jtlicr  cijiintritH. 

nn  tlio  north  7  Ra.,  Sy.,  I'.i., 
•Ml  (!..Ve,  ly,,  Bn.— Wlmt  aro 
l>;i.,  ( io.  —  <  'liifl'  rivcm  I  I  )c., 
tirNt !  I'rin('i|ial  iiiniiiiliiiiiH  I 
una  I  rrinjui;  I  I'lHl  I  lluilu  ! 
iiti  I 


in^'dom  in  thn  yonr  1701, 

IS  bccomu  one  of  the  most 

Europe. 

ry,  with  numerous  rivers, 

ts  the  soil  is  fertile,  while 

ifit  for  cultivation.     Griiin 

I. 

commerce,  hut  the  inland 

ufactures   nro   princijially 

n  and  st(<el. 

•e  of  the  Protestant  faith, 

heran  Calvinistic-  Church ; 

I  are  on  an  equal  footing, 

lary  nionarcliy.     Tho  army  is 

iissiii?  9.  What  is  it?  Its 
turt's  ?  Wlint  arc  the  chief 
of  tho  government  7    Army  ? 


HA  V. Mil  A. 


UUli 


fiiinoiiH  for  ils  diKciplinc,  niiil  nimiml  i.vcry  man  nm«t  Horvc  in  it  (or 
Ihri'c  vcir"  um  u  si/lihrr.  l)thi<MtJ>>M  In  nxiro  ((intrul,  and  icliuul*  niuro 
iiiuiirr'ouM  Ih  ri'  lli.in  in  any  conntry  in  Knroiic. 

.'■>.  'I  liiM  kiiij;<liini  cDuiiirlncH  two  ctiliri'  di'larheil  RirtinnM;  the  wcnt- 
rrn  |iiirt  it  M'liiilitl  nn  Ihi'  tinr  Rliinr,  and  i«  thr  mmillist  illvi-iun  of 
llir  liini;diiini  it  I'lll  iiidi  Ihi'  imihwuhI  )a  of  rriiHftia  in  iMl,'!.  'I'lir  i'ihI- 
trii  part  coiilaiiiH  vatiouH  pruVinciH,  some  ol'  whirh  onto  htlnn;;i.d  to 
roland. 

(I,  llrrlin,  tln!  capil  il  of  PrnsKiu,  Ih  a  linndHomo  city,  and  is  rcmark- 
iililr  for  ill  splendid  t  JiliccH,  itn  nuniirous  lilcniry  InHlilntlonn,  and  pnr- 
tidilarly  (iir  iU  nnlvi  fnity.  AlannllnUircH  of  printtd  cotton,  vMMiiltii, 
lliit'ii,  nIIU,  iiiid  porirluin,  aro  ciirrlt'd  on  to  sonic  cxtint. 

7.  Dant/.irk  and  Koni^Nlm'fj  iiri'  tliccliirf  Kcn-|«)rt«.  Magdebiirjt  and 
Slillhi  arc  hlronjily  lortlticd  l(HvnH.  Coloffno  and  Col.jcntz,  on  tlio 
Kliiiie,  arc  noted,  the  first  for  itH  Cologne  water,  und  the  other  lor  its 
winci. 

BAVARIA. 

8.  This  kingdom  is,  iio.xt  to  Austria  and  Prussia,  the  most 
important  state  in  ritimuny.  A  considerable  part  of  the 
country  is  covered  with  ibrests.  The  soil  is  not  very  lertili-, 
nnd  ajrriculture  is  in  an  luiimproved  state ;  vet  cattle,  tind 
hcK's,  arc  reared  in  considerable  numbers. 

!).  Wine,  hrandy,  and  brer,  are  made  to  some  extent ;  the  latter  Ik  the 
ronimon  drink  of'tlie  lowir  ordi  rs  of  the  people.  Kdueatlon  lian  been 
of  late  years  very  genrrally  diirused,  and  thu  iuslitutioni!  of  learning 
are  in  a  llouriiihing  condition. 

10.  Miniicli,  the  ca|)ltal,  ia  one  of  the  liandHomcHt  cities  in  Germany, 
nnd  Ih  noted  tor  itH  niilverHlty,  theatre,  library,  and  Hplendid  galleries 
of  Hcnlpture  and  palntlngH.  Nnremburg,  .Angsbiirg,  and  RallMbon,  aro 
important  places :  watches  and  trlobcs  were  invented  m  the  first  named 
city,  niul  il  has  been  long  famous  for  its  trade  in  children's  toyn. 


MnpXn.M. —  IIow  is  Trusfiia  bounded?  What  aro  tho  chief 
rivers  ?  Re.,  Va.,  Or.,  Ec.,  Wa.  —  How  long  arc  each  of  these  '  What 
is  the  population  of  Berlin  ?  Breslaw  ?  Cologne  ?  Konigsburg  ? 
Dantziek  7     Magdeburg  7     I'otsdam. 

How  il  Bavaria  liounded?  What  is  the  chief  nvcr?  Dc.  — Into 
what  sett  docs  it  flow  7  How  long  is  it  I  What  is  tho  population  of 
Munich  7     Nuremburg  ? 

Education  7  5.  What  does  this  kingdom  comprise?  G.  Describe 
Berlin.  7.  Dantziek,  and  tho  other  towns.  8.  What  is  said  of  Ba- 
varia f     Soil,  &.C.  7     9.  Wine,  &c,  7     Education  7     10.  Describe   Mu- 


1' 


.     il 


37^' 


r^'t 


r*T- 


1^   il^ 


i     \ 


l'\'^     '     I 


1 


Mhm 


!254 


de:sc'Uii>'iivi':  ciuucuAriiY. 


lOU 


IIANOVKR. 

1,  IFam)VKR,  fiiiriMTly  im  (.•Ifctornlf',  iKVfitnp  n  kin},'(Inin 
in  IHl,");  niid  was  uiidi  r  llio  CDiiirol  of  n  fjovcnutr-j.v'iu'nil, 
nppoiiitrd  liv  till'  l<iiiL;iir  I'lnnliinil.  <  >ii  llif  iicci'.ssioii  o('(|iu«'ii 
\ictiiria  tu  llir  ll'i;i>li  tliruiir,  luT  uiu.li.',  I'lnii'it  Augustus, 
liijcaiiii'  kin;^  ol"  I  liiiiovci'. 

a.  y\(;riiiiltuii!  iiiul  iiiiimiliiLliircH  nrc  not  viry  fli>iiiiHliiii)j  ;  lint  llio 
iiiiiuH  urr  iiii|iiirtiiiil,  iiml  i.\lcmii\tly  wruinjlit.  uuld,  ►ilvir,  iron,  Imd, 
uml  cMpticr,  till  nlioiiiul. 

.'I.  II, mover  is  the  e:i|iital  ol  llio  kinirdDiii,  and  derivrx  Uh  eliirf  iiii- 
|iorliiiire  I'nim  tliiil  eirciiiimtiuiee.  (M)ltiiiy:eii  in  eeleliiutLd  (lir  iln 
uiiiversily,  wliirli  is  liljiriilly  Hii|i|iiirt< d  liy  Die  ILindveriiiii  Kovernmuiil, 
aii'l  coiil.iiiis  tlllll  Ntiidiiits,  It:'  liliriiry,  nlisiervutury,  luid  botanic  gur- 
deii.t,  aru  uinuiiir  tliu  iiioHt  vuluublc  in  J'^uniiK.'. 

SAXory. 

4.  Tliis  kiiigilom  is  one  of  tlic  most  populous  tind  indus- 
trious ol'  the  Clrnunu  states.  ( 'Diiuiu'rco,  niaiiuliirttiros,  nnd 
iniiiiui.',  iiro  carrii'il  on  with  ^rvnl  industry.  Vast  (liH'ks  ol 
sliri'p  art)  raised,  tlio  wool  of  which  is  largely  exported,  and 
is  highly  esteemed  liir  its  fineness. 

5,  DreHdeii,  the  capital  of  this  Iiinndiim,  is  one  of  the  finrst  cities  in 
the  nortli  of  Cicriiiuiiy.  Its  [mhlic  lnjildiiijrK,  lihrarics,  and  nalliries  of 
piiiiitingi),  are  reinarkiilile.  Lripzic  is  liiiiioiiH  fur  ila  uiiiverHity  ;  nnd 
for  itH  jfreat  IliirH,  luld  twice  a  year,  at  wliich  vast  (]Uiintilies  of  books 
und  utlier  artieli's  are  uuld. 

WIRTEMBFRG. 

0.  This  state  was  erected  into  a  kinj^'dom  in  1^00.  It  is 
one  of  the  most  (ertilo  and  hest-cidlivated  parts  ol'  (lermimy, 
nnd  jiroduces  grain,  wine,  und  fruits  of  various  kinds. 

7.  Cherries  are  cxtcnHively  mined,  from  which  is  made  the  gtronj; 
liquor  called  liirchwas.^er.  (Iiise  and  Hiiail."  nre  reared  and  l.ittencd  ui 
Burprining  iiuiiiberB,  und  Kent  to  Vieniin  and  Italy.  .Stull(;nrd,  the  cap- 
ital,  is  u  well-built  city.  The  royal  liliinry  conlainH  2(IU,(lf)ll  vuhiineH, 
and  is  remarkable  for  its  eollcitlioii  of  bibles,  which  coinpiises  y,ii50 
copies,  in  G8  dilTerciit  lungunge!". 


Uannvtr.  Q. —  1.  What  is  paid  of  llaiiovor  ?  2.  Of  the  ngrinullurc, 
manufactures,  &,c.  f  3.  Describe  the  oiiiiital.  (Joltiiigcn.  4.  Uevcribo 
Saxony.      5.  Dresden.      Leiip/.ie.      6.  What    i;t   said  of  Wirtonibcrg? 


Oi.ltAl'IIY. 


idi'iitc,  Ijooiimo  n   kingdom 

irnl  of  11  f»(iv«;riutr-j»('m'riil, 

Oil  llic  acccssidii  ol'i|ii(«'ii 

r  iiiK.k',  llniL'st  AuguslUH, 

('  not  viry  fli>iiiiHliiii)j  ;  lint  llio 
ruu^lit.    (juld,  bilvir,  iiuii,  liud, 

U'flofii,  and  tlcrivi'n  itH  rliirf  iin- 
iiiltiii<;i'n  in  ('L'I>'liiutL(l  llir  itH 
liy  lilt  Ilanoviriiiii  (ruvrrtilliuiit, 
,  iiliHiTvalory,  iiiiiJ  botiiniu  gur- 
)urii|)u, 

ir. 

!  most  populous  nnd  indii!i- 

iiimcrcf,  inaiiurncttiroH,  nnd 

iiiiliislry.      Viist   (locks  nl 

L'li  is  largely  pxporled,  and 

om,  ii  ono  of  tho  flnmt  citicR  in 

(liii^'M,  lihriirics,  ami  niilliriiis  of 

tiiiiiniiH  tiir  ilH  niiivcrxlty ;  unci 

which  vuat  (lunntilits  of  books 


It  i 


1^ 


KRG. 

a  kingdom  in  1^00 
illivatcd  parts  of  (Icriimny, 
its  of  various  kinds. 

rom  which  is  made  tlir  strong 
jiiiiils  nrr  rciircd  and  liiUuncd  in 
and  Italy.  .Stullgnrd,  the  caji- 
iinry  cuntiiinH  2(IU,(lf)()  voluini'H, 
I'  biiilcB,  which  cominiscs  b^^M 


iinovor  ?  2.  Of  the  iigrinulture, 
ipital.  (iottini^cii.  4.  Dcvcribo 
VVhat   i;t   said  of  Wirtcnibcrg? 


TIIK    8MALI.KU    (iKH.MAN    HTATKS. 


255 


8.  The  smnllcrr  utiitos  of  (icriimny  nmonnt  to  UH  in  nuiH" 
l)i'r;  tliry  I'oiiiprisi- 7  j,'rnnd  diidiii  s,  l)  diu'liii-i,  I  i'lrc|iinil<', 
1  l.iiiil;^raMat(',  Id  principaiilii's,  1  JunKliip,  aiiil  i  iVcc  i;iiii's. 
Till'  pupulnlion  varifs  in  aiii'iiiiil  in  tlir  dilli'ii'iit  statfs  iVoni 
T'.'ii.tMMi  to  ■J,'i(IO  persons,  lipriniuM;  iin  iiggrcgato  of  ncurly 
(i,ll|MI,llllll. 

!•.  SoMK^  of  flirxf  slalcM  pnntnin  iiii|iMrlaiil  ciliiH  nnd  Ihwiin,  iiiioinr 
wlilrli  arc  ( 'arUriihi',  till'  iMjiilil,  ntid  iM:iiih>  ini,  llir  Urgent  |>lier  in 
lliiili  II ;  uIdii,  DarniNtadt  in  lleiiHi'-l>iiriiii«ladt,  nnd  .Mrntz,  or  Al  lynii'e, 
on  till*  Ithilie,  in  the  Nanic  xtiiti'.  'I'lir  latter  in  relehrated  an  the  plaeo 
wliere  |iriiiliiig  wnH  invented;  and  the  li(ie«e  where  F'uiwt  and  (jutleni- 
burg  made  tlieir  llrnt  iumtya  in  tliat  urt  in     ill  aliowii. 


—    jiaiiirt^n^r  "Zxir"-' 


M.nl?,. 

10.  Free  Citii-.s. — Tiio  frrr  citius  or(!(  rrnany  nn'  fTiuii- 
liurii,  Iinl)fc,  and  Frankfort.  Tlifse  nre  all  tliat  i(;in,iin  of 
tJK!  (iuiious  lianst'atic  Leaguf,  that  t)npn  comprised  H5  of  tho 
most  cfimmfnial  Fiiropcttn  cities,  nnd  ruk'd,  hy  their  ^veaiili 
and  firms,  n  great  part  of  iS'orlliei'n  Fm'ope. 

U.  Hamburg  in  the  most  conniiorcial  rity  in  fJc'  luiiy.  Il  is  llie 
real  of  extensive  inuniifuetiires;  and  the  »hi|iH  of  almost  all  ii:itii:ns 
vi'it  its  port.  I.iihee  nnd  nreinen  are  ini|iortant  eoinnieieiiil  towns. 
I'ranUliirt  is  tlie  cent  of  the  (Jerinnnic  Diit,  or  Congrri's,  of  the  (leriiian 
jiriiiceN.  It  it)  celebrated  for  its  loini-annual  fairs,  which  nttiaet  iiier- 
tliaiits  from  all  ]iarts  of  Euro|)c. 


Man  No.  11. —  IIow  is  Hanover  hounded  ?  What  rivers  flow  through 
it  ?  Ee.,  Ws.,  Eh.  —  How  long  arc  they  I  What  is  the  populutiuii  of 
Hanover  !     Gottingcn  ? 

How  is  Saxony  hounded?  V  ;  •  ser  tlows  through  it?  Ee. — 
How  long  is  it?     What  is  the  popiiiu  ijii  of  Dresden  I     I/cipii(  ? 

7.  What  is  extensively  raised  ?  8.  The  smaller  states  of  (Jermnny  ? 
9.  What  do  they  contain?  Dos^Hbu  MeiUz.  10.  Of  the  free  cities? 
11.  Hamburg,  «.c.  ?     Frank  kit  ? 


|A  Alt' 


25G 


DUSCIIIPTIVE  GEOGRAPHY. 


How  is  Wirtcmbcrg  bounded  ?  Wliiit  river  flowii  through  it?  Ho. 
—  How  long  is  it  ?     What  ia  the  population  of  Stuttgard  ?     Tim  ? 

What  is  tlie  population  of  Hamburg  ?  What  river  ia  it  on  ?  Ec  — 
Wliat  is  the  population  of  Urcnicn  ?  What  river  is  it  on  ?  Wr.  —  On 
what  river  is  Frankfort.'  Ans.  the  Mayne.  What  is  the  population 
of  Frankfort  7     Of  Lubec  ? 


170 


Berne, 


\i"^  ,!■; 


;!!' 


'   Mi 


U'l 


SWITZERLAND. 

1.  Switzerland  is  the  most  mountainous  country  in 
Europe.  It  is  I'emarkable  for  the  grandeur  of  its  natural 
features  and  scenery  ;  and  for  the  freedom  of  its  political  in- 
stitutions. 

2.  It  is  known  by  the  name  of  the  "  Helvetic  Republic;" 
and  is  composed  of  22  cantons,  each  of  which  is  ftn  inde- 
pendent state ;  but  for  national  security  they  are  united 
together,  and  governed  by  a  general  diet. 

.3.  Switzerland  is  traversed  by  the  Alps,  the  highest  moun- 
tains in  Europe.  Extensive  fields  of  ice,  called  glaciers, 
cover  the  summits  of  these  elevated  peaks ;  and  avalanches, 
composed  of  vast  bodies  of  snow,  sometimes  rush  from  tlieir 
lofly  sides  down  upon  the  valleys,  burying  travellers,  buildings, 
and  even  whole  villages,  in  one  common  ruin. 

4.  The  nature  of  the  country  presents  various  obstacles  to  its  culti- 
vation, but  they  have  been,  in  a  great  measure,  overcome  by  the  indus- 
try of  the  inhabitants ;  and  spots  apparently  doomed  to  eternal  sterility 
arc  crowned  witli  vegetation.  The  products  are  grain,  win*,  and 
various  kinds  of  fruit  j  but  pasturage  is  the  chief  object  of  the  farmer. 

5.  The  Swiss  are  an  honest,  brave,  and  hospitable  people,  ardently 


Switzerland.  Q.  —  1.  Describe  Switzerland.     2.  By  what  name  is  It 
known  ?      3.  Of  the  Alps,  &c.  ?    Avalanches  7    4.  What  iu  said  of 


->^**»!!aM6aWil«wi—i»gi«W 


lOGRAPHY. 

lit  river  flows  througli  it?     He. 
lulion  of  Stuttgard  7     Ultn  ? 
?     What  river  ia  it  on  ?    Ee.  — 
iVIiiit  river  is  it  on  ?    VVr.  —  On 
layne.     What  is  tlie  population 


.AND. 

it  mountainous  country  in 
the  grandeur  of  its  natural 
!  freedom  of  its  political  in- 

f  the  "  Helvetic  Republic;" 
each  of  which  is  ftn  inde- 
1  security  they  are   united 
ral  diet. 

the  Alps,  the  highest  moun- 
Ids  of  ice,  called  glaciers, 
ted  peaks ;  and  avalanches, 
,  sometimes  rush  from  tlieir 
burying  travellers,  buildings, 
ommon  ruin. 

Its  various  obstacles  to  its  culli- 
measure,  overcome  by  the  indus- 
cntly  doomed  to  eternal  sterility 
products  are  grain,  viin*,  and 
is  the  chief  object  of  the  farmer. 
and  hospitable  people,  ardently 

jerland.  2.  By  what  name  is  it 
donches  ?    4.  What  iu  sold  of 


SWITZERLAND. 


257 


attaclied  to  liberty,  and  to  their  native  country.  Education  is  general 
amongst  them ;  and  great  crimes  are  rare.  The  Protestants  and 
Cutholics  in  Switzerland  are  about  equal  in  numbers.  The  languages 
spoken  in  tliis  country  are  the  German,  French,  and  Italian. 

6.  Berne  is  usually  considered  the  capital  of  Switzerland ;  but 
Zurich  and  Lucerne  share  with  it  that  honour,  each  being  alti-rnatcly 
the  seat  of  government  for  two  years  at  a  time.  Geneva  is  beautiliilly 
situated  on  the  hike  of  the  same  name.  It  is  a  handsome  city,  and  is 
distinguished  for  its  literary  institutions,  and  for  its  extensive  nianuliic- 
tures  of  watches,  of  which  70,000  are  made  here  annually. 

7.  Among  the  quadrupeds  found  in  Switzerland  arc  the  Alpine 
spaniel  and  the  ibex.  The  former  is  one  of  the  largest  animals  of  its 
kind.  Several  of  them  are  kept  by  the  monks  of  Mount  St.  Bernard 
for  the  purpose  of  discovering  travellers  lost  in  crossing  tlie  mountains 


Alpino  Spaniel. 


Ibex. 


in  time  of  snow.  The  ibex  is  a  species  of  wild  goat,  and  dwells  among 
the  highest  precipices  of  the  Alps,  whither  they  are  often  followed  by 
tliose  who  hunt  them. 


Map  No.  II. — What  bounds  Switzerland  on  the  north?  Fc.,  Bn., 
Wg.  — South?  ly — East.'  Ba.,  Tl.  —  West  ?  Fe.  —  What  moun- 
tains  are  in  Switzerland  ?  As.  —  How  long  are  they  ?  What  lake  in 
the   south?      Ga.  —  In   the   north?     Lake   Constance. —  What    river 

flows  from  lake  Clonstance  ?     Re.  —  From  lake  Geneva  ?     Re How 

long  are  these  rivers  ?     What  is  the  population  of  Geneva  ?     Berne  ? 
Basle  ?    Zurich  ? 


cultivation?  Products?  5.  Describe  the  Swiss.  What  is  said  of 
education  ?  Languages  ?  6.  Describe  Berne,  &c.  Geneva.  7.  Whdt 
q'ladrupeds  are  found  in  Switzerland  7 

17 


m  i 


- 


,8    'il 


ii'Mt 


1^ 


3fi8 


DESO.IPTIVE    GEOGUAPHY. 
171  


ITALY. 

1.  Ttaia'  forms  a  great  peninsula,  bounded  on  the  east  by 
the  Gulf  of  Venice,  and  on  the  west  by  the  Mediterranean 
sea.  It  was  the  country  of  the  ancient  Romans,  and  is  filled 
with  the  remains  of  their  splendid  cities  and  buildings. 

2.  Though  in  a  state  of  dwiine,  Italy  is  one  of  the  rnost 
interesting  countries  in  tlie  world,  and  almost  every  spot  in  it 
lias  lM;en  the  scene  of  some  remarkable  event.  The  country 
's  noted  for  the  mildness  and  serenity  of  its  climate,  and  f^r 
the  beauty,  diversity,  and  romantic  character  of  its  scenery. 

;?.  The  soil  is  generally  fertile,  and  is  in  some  parts  well 
rultivalcd.  The  "chief  products  are  wheat,  corn,  rice,  oil, 
wine,  and  silk.  The  principal  fruits  are  oranges,  figs,  dates, 
and  almonds. 

4.  In  Italy  are  to  l>e  found  the  finest  specimens  of  archi- 
tecture in  Europe.  The  churches  are  costly  and  magnificent, 
and  the  dwellings  of  some  of  the  nobles  rival  the  palaces  of 
kings  and  (!m|M:rors. 

5.  The  Italians  are  highly  distinguished  for  their  ski) .  in  sculpture, 


Italy.  Q.  —  l.  What  docs  Italy  form?     2.  Whi 
is  it  noted  ?     3.  What  is  said  of  the  soil  ?     Prod 


What  li  it? 
ucls"  ?     4 


For  what 
Whot  aro 


KOGUAPHY. 


Y. 

sula,  bounded  on  the  east  by 
;  west  by  the  Mediterranean 
anfiont  Romans,  and  is  filled 
id  cities  and  buildings, 
lino,  Italy  is  one  of  the  most 
I,  and  almost  every  spot  in  it 
arkable  event.  The  country 
rcnity  of  its  climate,  and  fur 
itic  character  of  its  scenery. 
[■,  and  is  in  some  parts  well 
i  are  wheat,  corn,  rice,  oil, 
ruits  are  oranges,  figs,  dates, 

le  finest  specimens  of  an-hi- 
?s  are  costly  and  magnificent, 
16  nobles  rival  the  palaces  of 

uished  for  their  ski),  in  sculpture, 

rm  1  2.  What  li  it  ?  For  what 
!  Boi!  ?     Product?  ?     4.  Whnt  uro 


ll* 


BAKUIMIA. 


250 


painliiip,  arcliitccttirr,  and  iinisir;  l.iit  are  not  imidi  noted  at  present 
ibr  literature  or  seicncr,  'Day  are  naturally  a  lively  people,  with 
aetive  pissioiis  and  ardiiit  iiniijriiiiitions,  and  generally  have  expressive 
coiuitenanees  and  animated  sparkling  eyes. 

fi.  Tlio  prevailing  religion  is  the  Roman  Catholie :  its  priests  arc 
very  numerous,  and  much  attention  is  paid  to  religious  eeremonieH  and 
proccHsions.  Education  is  not  general  among  the  great  body  of  tiio 
people,  and  tlic  lower  classes  arc  in  consequence  very  ignorant. 


Italian  Cnstunio. 

7.  TIio  higher  ranks  wear  the  usual  European  dress ;  but  among  the 
lower  orders,  there  are  various  local  peeuliarilies  of  costume.  The 
tbod  oi'  the  Italians  is  generally  light ;  fruits  and  vegetables  are  more 
common  articles  of  diet  than  flesh,  and,  as  in  the  other  parts  of  the 
south  of  Europe,  oil  and  wine  are  much  used  by  all  classes  of  the 
people. 

8.  Italy  comprises  the  kingdoms  of  Sardinia  and  Naples,  the  king, 
dom  of  Lombardy  and  Venice,  the  Popedom,  the  Grand  Duchy  of 
Tuscany,  the  Duehies  of  Parma,  Modena,  and  Lucca,  the  Republic  of 
San  Marino,  and  the  Principality  of  Monaco. 

SARDINIA. 

9.  The  kingdom  of  Sardinia  embraces  the  north-west  sec- 
tion of  Italy,  together  with  the  large  island  of  Sardinia.  The 
continental  part  of  this  kingdom  is  fertile  and  well  cultivated. 


to  be  found  ?     5.  Describe  the  Italians. 
Education  ?     7.  Of  the   higher   ranks  ? 
Italy  comprise  ?    9.  Describe  Sardinia. 
nacQ. 


6.  What  is  said  of  religion  ? 

Food,  &,c.  ?     8.  What   does 

10.  Turin.    Genoa.    H.  Mo- 


,:  t.miiT 


1^  ttf' 


I  i 


'. 


il 

ll  i 


860 


DESCRIPTIVE  GEOOIIAI'HY. 


(JlMKlU. 

There  are  some  important  manufactures  of  silk,  and  the  com- 
merce of  Genoa  is  considerable. 

10.  Turin,  the  capital  of  the  kingdom,  is  tho  most  regularly  built  of 
all  the  Itiilian  cities,  with  broad,  straight,  and  clean  streets.  Genoa, 
surnamcd  the  Superb,  was  long  the  capital  of  a  powerful  republic,  and 
is  noted  for  being  the  birth-place  of  Columbus.  It  is  now  the  chief  sea- 
port  of  Sardinia.  Alessandria  and  Nice  are  cities  of  some  inipor- 
tance ;  Cagliari  is  the  chief  town  ol'  the  island  of  Sardinia. 

11.  Monaco.— The  principality  of  Monaco  is  a  small  independent 
state,  under  tliu  protection  of  Sardinia;  it  contains  a  population  of 
6,500.     Its  capital,  Monaco,  is  a  village  with  1,000  inhabitants. 


Map  No.  11.  —  What  bounds  Italy  on  the  north  ?  As.  —  South  and 
West  ?  M.-Sa.,  Fc.  —  East  ?  (i.-Vc.  —  Which  is  the  prmcipul  river  ? 
Po.  —  How  long  is  it  ?  What  gulf  south  of  Sardinia  ?  Ga.  —  What 
strait  between  Corsica  and  S.irdinia?  Bo.— How  long  and  wide  is 
Sardinia?  What  is  tho  population  of  Turin  ?  Genoa?  Caghari? 
Sassari  7 


172 


LOMBARDY  AND  VENICE. 

1.  The  kingdom  of  Lombardy  and  Venice,  called  the 
Lombnrdo- Venetian  kingdom,  is  situated  between  the  river 
Po  and  the  Alps.  It  belongs  to  Austria,  and  is  one  of  the 
most  fertile  and  best-cultivated  territories  in  Italy.  Agricul- 
ture, trade,  and  manufactures,  are  in  a  thriving  state ;  and 
science  and  the  arts  are  much  encouraged. 


Lombardy  and  Venice.  Q.  —  1.  How  is  tlii?  kingdom  situated  7    Of 


EOGUAPHV. 


icturcs  of  silk,  and  the  com- 


om,  is  the  most  regularly  built  of 
iglit,  Olid  clean  Btrctts.  Genoa, 
pital  of  a  powerful  republic,  and 
lutnbus.  It  is  now  the  chief  sea- 
Sice  arc  cities  of  some  impor- 
le  island  of  Sardinia. 

Monaco  is  a  small  independent 
liii :  it  contains  a  population  of 
ro  with  1,000  inliabitants. 

on  the  north  ?  As.  —  South  and 
—  Which  is  the  principal  river? 
;)Utli  of  Sardinia  ?  Ga.  —  What 
?  Bo. —  How  long  and  wide  is 
of  Turin  ?     Genoa  ?     Cagliari  ? 


^D  VENICE. 

rdy  and  Venice,  called  the 
!  situated  between  the  river 
i  Austria,  and  is  one  of  the 
crritories  in  Italy.  Agricul- 
are  in  a  thriving  state ;  and 
icouragcd. 

>w  is  tliip  kingdom  situated  7    Of 


TUSCANY,    THE    POPEDOM. 


2G1 


Milan  Cathedral. 


2.  Milan,  the  seal 
of  jrovcrmncnt,  is  a 
hiinHsomc  city.  lis 
puhiic  buildings  are 
imincrou"  and  splen- 
did. Tiic  cathedral  is 
the  Tincst  Hpccimcn  of 
Gothic  nrchitccljrc  in 
rxislcncc;  and  the  sta- 
tiios  witli  which  it  is 
iidorntd  arc  said  to 
anioiint  to  4000. 

.'!.  Venice,  the  cap- 
itiil  of  tlic  ancient  rc- 
piil)hc  of  that  name, 
was  long  the  chief  mnr- 
itime  city  in  the  south 
of  Europe.  It  is  one  of  the  most  remarkable  places  in  the  world,  being 
built  upon  a  number  of  small  islands,  which  arc  joined  together  by  SOU 
bridges.     Verona,  Padua,  and  Mantua,  arc  important  cities. 

4.  Pabma,  Modeva,  and  Lucca. — These  are  small  territories,  called 
diichios,  situated  south  of  Lombardy  and  Venice.  Parma  is  governed 
by  Maria  Louisa,  the  wile  of  the  late  emperor  of  France,  Napoleon 
Bonaparte.  Modena  is  under  the  government  of  a  duke  of  tlie  house 
of  Austria.  Lncca  is  iroverned  by  its  own  duke.  It  is  one  of  the  best 
cultivated  districts  in  Italy. 

TUSCANY. 

5.  The  grand  duchy  of  Tuscany  is  tlie  most  prosperous 
state  in  Italy.  Manufactures  of  silk,  soap,  and  Leghorn  bon- 
nets, arc  carried  on  to  a  considerable  extent.  The  latter 
employs  a  number  of  women  and  children. 

6.  Florenre,  tlm  capital,  surnamcd  the  Beautiful,  is  on':  of  the  hand- 
Borr-.cst  cities  in  Europe.  Its  palaces,  churches,  galleries,  and  libraries, 
arc  all  celebrated.  Leghorn  is  the  sea.port  of  Tuscany,  and  has  an 
extensive  commerce.  Pisa,  not  far  f-om  Florence,  is  noted  for  the 
Campanile,  or  leaning  tower,  which  is  190  feet  high,  ind  inclines  up- 
wards of  15  feet  from  the  perpendicular.     It  is  now  601  years  old. 

THE  POPEDOM. 

7.  The  territory  forming  tlie  Popedom,  called  also  the 
States  of  the  Church,  occupies  the  centre  of  Italy.    It  is  ruled 


Agriculture,  &c.    i2.  Describe  Milan.     3.  Venice.     4.  What  is  said  of 
fuxma  ?    Modena  and  Lucca  ?    5.  Describe  Tuscany.     6.  Florence, 


ill 


r^f 


TV 


V 


\^  Hi'' 


208 


»EbC!l2PTlVK  GBOGBAI'HY. 


M   M 


ijiiu.  I  ^-m^if^- 


by  the  I'opo,  who  is  tlio  lif-ad  of  tho  Ciitliolic  cliiircli.     This 
(lisision  of  Ituiy  is  less  pros|x'roiis  tliun  the  neij^hlMuiriug states. 

8.  Ronip,  the  capital  of  tin  sc  stntrs,  wns,  in  nncicnt  limos,  llie 
I  iri.'i'st  city  in  llii.'  world.  It  w.is  flO  miles  in  rirrumHrcnrc  ;  and  had 
a  p<)|)ul.ition  of  two  niillinn  inlialiitanls.  'I'lioiigli  now  innrli  dcravcd 
nnd  :i  great  iiart  of  it  in  ruins,  it  is  still  tlic  most  intcrtslinp  city  in 

!»  U  contains  a  vast  nnmber  of  rlmrrlus,  super!)  pularrp,  and  mng- 
nifinitil  remains  of  antifpiily.  i>\.  F'etir's,  llu-  larffc'sl  of  its  eliiirclus, 
and  Uic  larcesl  in  the  world!  was  111  years  in  biiildinu,  and  eost  a  sum 
equal  !o  160  millions  of  ilollars  at  the  present  il.iy.  Holojjna,  Ferrara, 
and  Ancona,  are,  aller  the  capital,  the  most  noted  towns. 

10.  1?»N  Marino. — This  little  republic  is  under  the  protection  of  tho 
Pope.  It  occupies  a  tract  of  40  sipiare  miles,  with  7000  •  diahitants; 
and  has  retained  its  independence  1300  years.  The  pui.;shmcnt  of 
deotli  hi'.i  never  been  inflicted  within  this  territory. 


Map  No.  11.  —  What  bounds  Lombardy  and  Venice  on  the  north? 
As.  — South?  R.-Po.  — East?  Aa.— West?  Sa.  — What  Rulf  on 
the  south-east  7  Ve.  —  What  is  the  population  of  Milan  ?  Venice  ? 
Padua?     Veronn?     Mantua? 

How  is  the  ix>pednm  bounded  ?  What  is  the  population  of  Rome  ? 
Bologna  7     Ancona  ? 

How  is  Tuscany  bounded  ?  What  small  island  west  of  Tuscany  ? 
Ea.  This  is  noted  for  the  residence  of  Napoleon  Ronn|>artc,  in  1814 
and  ItilS.  —  What  is  the  population  of  Florence  7     Leghorn  ? 

Leghorn,  &c.  7.  What  is  said  of  tho  popedom  ?  8.  Describe  Rome. 
9.  What  is  said  of  its  churches,  &c.  7  10.  Describe  the  republic  of 
San  Marino. 


BOGBAI'HY. 


■  tho  Ciitliolic  cluircli.  Tliis 
tliun  tilt!  neighlxmriiig  states. 

trs,  wnB,  in  nncicnt  limes,  llio 
iiilt'8  ill  (•irruiiircrciirc  ;  and  Jiud 
l».  'I'limifjii  now  imirli  dcruvcd 
'till  IIlc  most  intcrtsliiiff  city  in 

irr.lu's,  su|icr!)  puliirrp,  oiul  ning- 
tcrV,  till'  larffi'dt  of  its  fliiirclii'.s, 
f'cars  ill  liiiiUliiit.'.  mid  ciist  a  s^uin 
present  il.iy.  Holojrna,  Ferrara, 
most  noted  towns. 

lie  is  under  the  protection  of  tlio 
ire  miles,  with  7000  •  ilmliitants; 
300  years.  The  pUi.;8hmcnt  of 
lliis  territory. 

jardy  and  Venice  on  the  north  ? 
—West?  Sa.  —  What  Kulf  on 
population  of  Milan  .'     Venice  ? 

hat  is  the  population  of  Rome  ? 

small  island  west  of  Tuscany  ? 
of  Napoleon  Rona|>urtc,  in  1814 
f  Florence  ?     Leghorn  ? 

c  popedom  ?  8.  Describe  Rome. 
?    10.  Dcscritw  the  republic  of 


NAI'LF.S. 
—  17:i  — 


2G8 


NAPLES. 
1.  TiiK  kingdom  of  Naples,  or  of  the  Two  Sicilies,  is  tho 
most  omsiilcrable  in  Italy  for  extent  anil  population.    It  occu- 
pies the  southern  lialf  of  Italy,  together  with  the  island  of 
Siouy,  anu  rhc  Lipuri  Isles. 


il.  lidtli  parts  <i|' tliis  kirtj;iii)iii  linvc;  a  warm  diiimfc,  and 
a  luxuriant  soil.  'i]v  (t;.';-lii'(',  aluiwud,  (•(itlou-jilMiit,  and 
su;;ar-eanc,  all  llimii^li  with  ^rcit  e.xuberancu  ;  ytt  tin;  citie.s 
and  towns  arc  (illwl  with  Ixj^'i^arts,  and  persons  destitute  of 
cnipioyment. 

.3.  The  su|)ineness  of  the  government,  with  the  indolence 
of  the  people,  ])revent  nifriculture,  inanufaetures,  or  commerce, 
from  iK'ini;  diligently  pursued.  The  latter  is  chiefly  carried 
on  by  foreigners ;  for  no  Neapolitan  vessel  ever  ventures 
farther  than  the  Straits  of  Gibraltar. 


Porcupine. 


Qiiait. 


Naplts.  Q.  —  1.  What  do<!s   Naples  occupy?     2.  Of  the   climat 
•oil,  &.C.  ■      3.  (Joveriiiiicnt  ?    Commerce,  &,c.  J    4.  Wild  aniiuals 


ii-^SlS*. 


Wl1 


r 


I'tNilii 


204 


DESCRIPTIVE  GEOGKAPHY. 


4.  1  li('  principnl  wild  aiiiiiiuls  found  in  Ilaly  arc  the  wolf  nntl  wild 
iHjiir.  'I'lic'se,  llioiigli  rurc,  arc  HtiU  ocwiHion.iIly  gcon  in  tlic  mountains 
iiiiil  torisis  of  lliia  kinjrdoin;  and  the  |)orcii).inc  is  met  with  in  the 
Koulheru  diHtricts.  UiidH  in  «"  nt  Viiri.ly  iiihiihit  nil  Hfctions  of  the 
prniiisulu;  and  iminrnsi;  flocks  of  <iuiiils  (wsb  fr,).ii  Sicily  to  the  nioro 
iiorthirn  regions  of  Kuropc,  durinjr  the  Hpring  of  every  year. 

5.  Sicily  is  the  largest  and  inoHt  fertile  island  in  the  Mcditerraiicnii 
M'a.  It  is^  noted  lor  containing  Mount  I'Una,  the  most  active  vol- 
c  mo  in  Kuroiie.  Smoke  U  eonlinually  iNouing  from  it,  and  it  Imii 
thrown  out  llaineB,  at  intervals,  for  more  than  aO(IU  years. 

(J.  xNajilcs,  the  capital  of  this  kingdom,  is  the  most  populous  city  in 
Italy.  It  is  bituatcd  on  a  buy  of  the  Bunie  name,  near  the  base  of 
Mount  VcanviuH,  and  suriMsscs  every  city  in  Europe  for  the  beauty  of 
Its  Hituation  and  tippearancc.  Naples  is  remarkable  for  tlio  number  of 
its  nobles  and  lazznroni,  or  vagabonds. 

7.  Turanto,  Bari,  Cava,  Foggio,  und  Salerno,  trc  all  conRi.lcralilf 
towns.  Pulermo  is  the  chief  city  of  Sicily.  It  has  a  nniversily,  and 
conaiderable  commerce.  Catania,  Messina,  Trapani,  and  Syracuse,  are 
among  the  chief  towns. 

^  8.  TiiK  Ionian  RKfuBi.ir.— This  repuMie  comprises  tlie  islands  of 
Corfu,  Cephaloni'i,  Zante,  St.  Mmira,  I'a.\ii,  Ithnca,  and  Cerigo.  It  is 
under  the  protection  of  (Jrtat  Britain,  whose  Fovcroign  apimints  the 
lord  high  commissioner,  or  head  of  the  governmiiit. 

9.  The  inhabitants  arc  chiefly  Greeks  and  Italiiins.  They  arc  an 
industrious,  enterprising  [H-ople,  and  carry  on  a  considerable  comtncrco 
in  wine,  olive-oil,  and  currants.  The  population  ol'  the  inlands  ainounl» 
to  1!I:.',000.  The  largest  •  .  u  is  Ziinte,  with  1H,000  inhabitants  ;  but 
Corfu,  on  the  'sland  of  tl.i   Name  name,  is   the  capital.      Poimlatiun 

10.  Malta.— Malta  is  a  smaf  but  celebrated  island  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean pea,  lying  south  of  Sicily,  containinjj  80,(W0  inhabitants;  und 
is  noted  for  the  strength  of  its  (ortiticiilions.  It  formerly  belonged  (o 
tlie  knights  of  St.  John,  a  rich  and  powerful  military  order  j  but  is  now 
in  the  possession  of  Great  Britain.  La  Vulelta,  the  capital  utid  port. 
has  a  population  of  32,000. 


aS^ 


Map  N:.  n.  —  how  is  Naples  bounded?  What  strait  separates  it 
from  I  urkey  ?  Ou.—  What  gulf  is  there  in  the  south  ?  To. ~  What 
nionntaius  extend  through  it?    As.  — What  mountain  near  Naples ^ 

Vs.- In  Sicily?      Ea.— What  islands  lie  north  of  Sicily?      Li 

What  cape  in  Sicily?  Po.  — What  is  the  population  of  the  city  of 
Naples?     Palermo?     Messina  7     Catania?     Taranto'     Bari  7     Syro- 

5.  What  is  said  of  Sicily  ?  Mount  Etna  ?  Stromboli  ?  6.  Describe 
Naples.  7.  Taranto,  \.c.  Palermo,  and  the  other  towns.  8.  What 
does  the  Ionian  republic  comprise,  iVc.  ?  9.  Uescribo  the  inhabitantu. 
Commerce,  &.C.    Population.    10.  Wiiat  is  said  of  Malm? 


Bwriiiniapii 


SKOGUAPHY. 

id  in  Italy  are  the  woir  one!  wild 
cusion.illy  seen  in  tlie  iiiountuiiis 
!■  porciijiinc  is  nicl  with  in  die 
irii.ly  iiihahit  all  Hfctiong  of  the 
lils  pii8H  fi-Jiii  Siuily  to  the  nmro 
0  Hpring  of  every  year. 

rtilu  island  in  the  Mtditcrraiicnii 
lunl  Ktna,  the  mo»t  iiclive  vol. 
ally  iN(<niM(r  from  it,  and  it  Ims 
re  than  aO(IU  years. 

oin,  is  tho  inoHt  popiiloiu  city  in 
I!  Biinie  name,  near  the  base  of 
city  in  E\iropc  for  tlie  beauty  of 
is  reninrkable  for  the  number  of 

id  Salerno,  arc  nil  conRiileralile 
Weily.  It  haH  a  nniverKily,  and 
isina,  Trupani,  and  Syracuse,  arc 

puMie  comprises  the  islands  of 
'axil,  Illini-a,  and  C'trigo.  h  in 
,  whose  Foveroign  ap|>oints  the 
!  guverninciil. 

^ks  and  Ttaliann.  They  are  on 
rry  on  a  consirfiTulilc  eointncrco 
opiihition  olllie  itlands  amount:* 
le,  with  IH,000  inhabitants  ;  hut 
lie,  is   the  capital.      Poimlutiun 

•lebratcd  island  in  the  Medilcr- 
lining  80,WM  inhabitants;  and 
itions.  It  formerly  belonged  to 
eriiil  military  order  ;  hut  is  now 
lU  Vulelta,  the  capital  and  port, 

dcd?  What  strait  scparatrs  it 
ere  in  the  south  .'  ']'«.  —  What 
What  mountain  near  Naples  ? 

B  lie  north  of  Sicily  ?      Li 

s  the  population  of  the  city  of 
nia?     Taranto'     Bari  7     Syra- 

Ina  7  Stromboli  ?  6.  Describe 
ind  the  other  towns.  8.  What 
'  9.  Descriho  the  inliabitanti). 
It  is  Baid  of  Malta  ? 


Giii;i;tK. 


806 


ruse?  IIiiw  long  and  widi'  Ih  Sicily  7  What  i.<laiid  lies  south  of 
Sicily/  I\Ia.  —  On  what  C'  -t  do  the  Ionian  isles  lie.'  Ty.  (Je. — 
Which  is  the  largest  isl  ,,l  !  Cu.  —  Which  is  the  most  northern? 
Cu.  —  The  most  southern  I    Co. 


GREECE. 

1.  Greece  ia  ono  of  the  most  cc'Iclimtcd  rottntrics  in  tlio 
world.  Two  thonsntid  yoiirs  tigo,  it  cxri^jipd  ail  otjici's  in 
civiiizntion,  learning,  and  tho  arts.  It  was  for  nearly  Tuiir 
centuries  subject  to  Turiush  l)ondni.50 ;  but  has  lately,  nl\cr  a 
bloody  und  protracted  warfare,  become  independent. 

'*  Modern  Greece  eonipri.ses  a  portion  of  tlio  southern 
part  of  the  ancient  coimtry  of  the  same  name,  together  with 
a  nunilxjr  of  islands  in  tlie  Archipelago,  of  which  Negropont 
IS  the  chief. 

3.  The  interior  of  the  country  is  finely  diversified  with 
ruggf>H  mountains,  and  lieautiful  nnd  fertile  valleys.  The 
climate  is  mild  and  pleasant ;  and  the  soil,  though  badly 
cultivated,  produces  to  some  extent,  cotton,  oil,  wine,  silk,  tSic., 
with  fruits  of  various  kinds. 


Greece.  Q.— 

to  oppression  7 


■  1.  What  is  said  of  Greece  7 
2.  Describe  Modern  Greece. 


How  long  was  it  subject 
3.  The  interior.    What 


if. 


vT'i^r 


lil'  1^ 


2UU 


DKSeilU'TIVK    GEOORAI'IIV. 


4.  Tlic  Ororku  uro  on  octivo,  vijforou*  race  of  (icnplr,  and  nrc  irrn. 
crilly  <li»tin(;iiiHlic(l  for  i)rr«i.iml  Uiixity.  In  llicir  lok-  cnt.Ht  vvitli  the 
Turku,  tiny  (li-iiluy.d  ii  (•..iirajjc  und  hriivory  not  Mnwnrlli\  'li,  ir  IkthIc 
nniThtors,  Tin.  rni|iliivincnt  i.l' liri'-NliipM  wiis  witli  lliciu  i  fiivmirili' 
niiKle  of  wiirlhri-,  hy  wliicli  thry  diHlruycd  Himic  of  tlic  liirg<«t  n  khiU 
uf  ttiL'ir  vni-iiiiiH. 

5.  The  great  body  of  tlio  people  of  Greece  arc  destitute  of  idiicolion 
Olid  kiiowK'djfr  ;  liiit  Kicy  ure  nn.ximis  for  iniprnvniiint,  and  iirc  canrtr 
to  nxv  I'rmii  the  dvirriidalidn  cohwipRnt  upon  their  lori)?  |H)lilirnl  Bervj. 
tndc.  CoiiKidtruldt!  cjicrtionfi  nn;  iiiiikin^  to  intr«idii<;e  ncIumiIsi  uiid 
collcKtM  ainongNt  them,  and  to  diMHtininalc  karninif,  good  morals,  lunl 
nlijfion. 

(i.  The  government  chosen  (lir  tliiH  country  by  the  ^reot  Fnropcan 

wcrH,  JH  11  Jiniikd  irwiniiriHiy  :  the  aelected  sovcreijrn  ih  Otho,  son  of 

iiiiMs  Chnrlc*  of  Duvurin.     lie  Itcnrn  the  title  of  king  of  (Jrccee.    'I'lm 

ndiniiii»liuti(in  of  the  initloniil  aflnirs  linH  not  an  yet  realized  the  ci- 

IHetutinna  of  the  ftiend.i  of  (Jreciun  liberty. 

7.  AlheiiK,  the  cnpital  of  Modern  (ireecc,  wa*  one  of  the  most  ccle- 
bnited  cities  of  nntiijuity,  and  the  birlh-phico  of  Iht^  moat  renowned 
orntorK,  pliilo«oplicr»,  and  urtistn  of  ancient  tinien.  It  is  now  reduced 
to  a  town  of  nioflcrate  dinicnsionB,  whoso  meunly-bnilt  houseg  contrast 
•itrangcly  vviUi  the  remaining  rcIicK  of  its  iincient  splenduur. 

8.  Tripolizza,  Nafwli,  and  Nnvarino,  are  among  the  chief  town*  of 
Crecce.  The  liiMt  ia  celchruted  for  the  desfniclion  ol  the  Turkish 
nuval  power  by  the  combined  Heels  of  Kngland,  France,  and  RuHniii. 
op  the  yoih  Ol  tuber,  lH->8;— an  event  whicli  secured  the  independence 
of  tJreece. 


L 


9.  llydru  and  Spezzia,  two  small  islands  on  the  const  of  the  Morci 
were  famous  for  their  commereo  before  the  Revolution;  and  their  me,- 
chant-ships  formed,  during  the  war,  nearly  (he  whole  of  the  Greek 
iiaval  force. 


11. 
mer- 


'  -**IB<i»iSBWB*» 


Map  Nn.  11.  — What  bounds  Oreoec  on  the  north?     Ty. South 

and  west?  M.  .Sa.  — Rust .'  Ao.  —  What  (wninsuln  forms  tho  soulli. 
cm  part  of  C;reeco.'  Ma.  ~  It  is  united  to  the  northern  part  of  the 
kingdom  by  the  Isthmus  of  Corinlh.  What  is  the  southern  ca»L  of 
fireeee?  Mn.  —  What  island  south  of  the  Morea  ?  Co.  — What 
inlands  west  of  Greece  .'  Ca.,  Ze.  —  What  islands  east?  Nt.,  Mo., 
No.  —  What  island  south  of  Milo  I  Vu.  —  How  long  is  it  ?  To  what 
power  does  it  belong  >     Kt.  —  Wliat  is  the  population  of  Athens  ? 

docs  it  produce  ?  4.  Describe  tho  Greeks.  What  did  they  display  ? 
Employ  in  war?  5.  What  is  said  of  the  great  body  of  the  people? 
6.  The  government  ?  7.  Descril)e  Athens.  8.  Tripolizza.  For  what 
u  Novarino  celebrated  ?    9.  For  whut  were  Hydra  and  Spczzia  famous  ? 


lEOORAI'lIV. 

on*  raco  of  (irnplr,  and  are  prn. 
y.  In  llicir  lo(f  cnnli'Ht  witli  the 
iriivrry  iKit  iinwnrlli>  iln  ir  lurme 
llips  WII8  witli  lliftu  ,1  fiiVdiirili; 
j)t(l  Hiitiic  of  Ihc  liirgcHt  n  siiiN 

Orccco  are  dcntitulo  of  I'ducatimi 
for  imprnvcmcnl,  and  arc  cajrrr 
It  upon  their  Umg  |M)litirii|  nervi. 
ikintf  ''*  intr<><iii<:c  Nchoolti  and 
inalc  karninjir,  good  murals,  mid 

1  country  by  the  ;;rpnt  Fnropcan 
li'ctcd  sovcri'ijfn  in  Otho,  sun  of 
III!  titlu  of  king  of  (Jrccn-.  'I'lm 
liaH  not  an  yet  realized  the  ci- 
KTly. 

fTcc,  wai  oii«  of  the  most  ccle. 
lli-placo  of  ihv  moat  renowned 
iriont  tiinen.  It  Is  now  rcdncud 
>so  nieunly-built  hoiinca  contrast 
ita  niK'itnt  uplenduur. 

are  among  fho  eliief  town*  of 
the  destriiclion  ol'  the  Turkish 
f  Knglaiid,  Franec,  and  Runniii, 
which  sccur<'d  (ho  independence 

lands  on  tho  coatt  of  the  Morra, 
i  the  Revolution  ;  and  their  mer- 
nearly  (ho  whole  of  the  Greek 


^  on  the  north?  Ty.  — South 
'hat  (MiiinBiila  Ibrms  tho  aoulh. 
led  to  the  northern  part  of  the 
What  Ih  the  Routhern  ca>>;:  of 

of   tho    Morea  ?      Co What 

^Vhat  islands  eaBt  ?  N(.,  Mo., 
1.  —  How  long  ia  it  ?  To  what 
the  populition  of  Athens  ? 

I'ks.  What  did  they  display  ? 
the  great  body  of  the  people  ? 
ens.  8.  Tripolizza.  For  what 
cru  Hydra  and  Spczzia  fanioua  ? 


TUHKBY, 


867 


17S 


TUUKKV. 

1  TcHKr.v,  (If  tin;  dtlndmn  «'ii>j)ir(',  r()(nprisos  two  great 
ilivisimis,  Turkf\v  in  lOKrop;  (in<l    I'lirkny  in  Asin.     It  wns 

oiK'i'  II  pciwt'rlul  ami  iiitliiciilial  slate;  Ixit  lias  within  tlio  last 
liiiiiilnil  \i'ai's  {rri'utly  (Icciiiicd  in  8lrt.iii;tli  ami  iiii|i()rtanci.'. 

2.  Its  territory  has  Ixt-n  of  lulo  nutt-h  dimiiiislicd.  Grcoco 
has  iKM'omo  iiii|i'|ic[iilcnt  ;  while  T'^ypt,  Syria,  tho  fine  islands 
oC  ("vpnis  and  Candia,  witli  the  whole  of  the  western  part  of 
Araliia,  ha\e  Dillen  iin  >  thi-  hands  vl'  Mahoinot  A!i,  the 
Tiiclia  of  I'-t-'Vpt. 

3.  Tho  govfrnrn<!nt  is  thoroiijjhly  despotic.  Tho  Sultan, 
nrtirand  Si^iU'ir,  is  mnsidered  as  rcifiriinij  hy  divine  com- 
iiiission ;  and  as  iinitin;^  in  himself  uil  the  powers  of  tho 
state.  He  is  sometimes  prulanely  ealird  l|-e  »luidow  of  (lud, 
hnjther  to  the  Min  and  moon,  und  refuije  M'  the  world. 

'1.  The  eourt  is  railed  tho  Ottoman  Porto,  or  Sublime 
Porte,  and  the  Divan  is  the  great  council  of  the  nation.     It 


Graiiil  Sifnior. 


(iruiiil  Viiicr. 


Muf\i. 


is   composed  of  tlie  Grand  Vizier,  tho  Mufti,  the  Capidan 
Pacha,  tho  Reis  MfTendi,  and  the  other  principal  otTiccrs  of 

state. 


Turkey.  Q. —  1.  What  does  Turkey  comprise  ?    W  n  waa  It  once? 
2.  What  is  said  of  its  territory  7     H.  The  govii.u    nt?     4,  What  is 


:  If 


■  -^'W 


1^  ilf' 


I  M 


Ml 


t  '1 


itmKtm 


808 


UKSLUii'Tivn  «;i;o(;i{Ai'iiy. 


n.  Tlio  TurU»  nrr  uriiv..  anil  pmIuIc  in  tliiir  moiinrrM,  hut  ijjnoriinl 
and  iHifrilcil:  nnd  ho  iiidnlcnt,  lliai  ncilliiri);  Hli.irl  oC  llic  RlrnriKi'Ml  .n. 
Citi'iiiml  will  roiHc  IIhiii  Ii>  univily.  'I'liry  arc  t.ni|)rriili;  in  liolh 
cnliiin  iinri  drinluni;.  Turk  nnd  wirir  nrn  i)rciliil.itid  liy  llic  Kiinn. 
C.'otVrr-  IN  Ihr  |iriii('i|iul  Ipcmtiik"'  !  tlidiiyli  iirdoiit  hiurilrt  iind  ii|iiiun  iin 
uit'd  to  Home  extent, 

fi.  In  reli(ri,)(i  they  nre  titricl  MnhoniodanH.  Thoy  eiill  IIiobc  who  <l<i 
not  believe  their  rreed  iiilidelH,  nnil  llirinerly  cHti  iined  it  hiwiiil  In  n . 
dure  lo  Hiihjeetion  nil  who  relimed  to  lie  eoimrted  to  their  (iiilli. 
Si'inUin(r  the  |ii|K',  liniii(riiiir  (or  honrn  croxn-leifijed  ii|iiiii  n  eiiBhion  nr 
•ofli,  und  halhiiijr,  nre  the  |iiinei|iiil  DeLiipntioim  id'  the  better  iIiihh. 

7.  Im|mrtaiit  elmnceH  have  lately  taken  plaei!  in  the  cilmraeler  nnd 
oliey  of  the  'riirki»li  [."iverniiitnl.  The  prewenl  Siiltnii  lian  orxanizi  il 
iin  army  and  navy  niter  thoHe  of  the  other  KiiroiKaii  nalinriH;  nnd  in 

rndeavourinjf  to  introduce  their  arts  und  neiences  into  bin  iinpire. 

8.  The 'I'lirkn,  or,  nil  they  rail  theniselveH,  Oxniaiili!!,  nre  the  riilirii; 
rnco  in  tliiii  empire;  but  they  roiiMlitule  leHs  than  oiie.liall'  of  the  popi?. 
lulion,  'J'he  rest  of  the  inliahitantH  eon?<iKl  of  (;nek!<,  Alh.iniaiH, 
ArineniuiiB,  TureoniniiH,  Arabs,  KiirdH,  Jewn,  and  (iypsien.  'I'here  U 
no  heredilnry  nobility  in  'I'urkey  ;  the  only  ditrerence  of  rniik  beiiiL' 
that  of  ollicc.  ^ 


t 


17() 


CoiiritaiitMinjili!. 

Tl'RKEY  IN  EUROPE. 

1.  Turkey  in  Europe  is  the  smallest  of  ihc  two  gront 
divisions  of  the  Ottotnun  Emjiirc.     Its  surface  is  mountnin- 

tho  court  called?      ri.  Describe  the  Turks.     Of  eating-,  &c.  ?    4. Of 

religion?    Principal  occupations  .'    7.  Important  chanircH  ?    Army  and 

navy?     8.  Of  the  Turks,  and  the  other  inhabitants?    Of  nobility,  iStc.  ? 

Turkey  in  Europe.  Q.  —  1.  VVIiat  is  Turkey  ii.  Eurt.po  ?    S.  Wliut 


»mmmimm 


iJKOCUAI'llV. 

iliitc  in  tiii'ir  inonnrrM,  liiit  ijrrioriinl 
niitlilri|r  Hliiirt  of  llic  HtroiiifcNt  i%. 
ily.  'I'Imv  arc  trrii|)rriili}  in  IkjIIi 
vinr  nr<!  prciliiliitcd  liy  Ilic  Kiirni. 
ji>iif;li  iir(li.'iit  K|iirit<4  iinil  <i|iiiun  iirv 

i(Mno<lani<.     Tlicy  roll  IIiohc  wIid  ilu 

liirincrly  cHtdTiicd  it  law  I'lil  Id  r. . 

il   lo   lie    ronvirird   l<i  llii'ir    (ailli. 

iifH  croxN-lc'iji'iil  ii|iiin  a  (iiHliion  nr 

ic'LiipationB  III'  till)  better  rIaMH, 

V  taken  place  in  the  c:linriii  ler  and 

'I'lic  prenenl  Snlliiii  lian  nrjjanizid 

lie  oilier  l')iir(i|«'aii  rmliniiH;  ami  in 

anil  driencen  into  liin  einpire. 

cniselveH,  Oxniaiili!!,  nre  tlio  niliiit; 
tule  li'HH  than  oiie.liall'  of  llie  popii. 
iitK  riiti?*ii>l  111'  (tnekn,  Alli.miiiiH, 
iiIh,  JewH,  iinil  (iypsieH.  Tliere  'n 
tlio  only  (litreicnce  of  rank   beini; 


IIIKiplM. 

•t 

i  EUROPE. 

he  smallest  of  ihc  two  jrrrnt 
re.     its  surfaco  is   niountniii. 

Turks.  Of  eating-,  &e.  ?  4,, Of 
r.  Iniportiint  elianifes  ?  Army  and 
lier  inhabitants?  Of  nobility,  iVc.  ? 
t  is  Turkey  ii.  Einfipo  ?    S.  Wliut 


tl';!Ki;y  in  eliiopk. 


200 


oiH,  niiil,   througlioiit   most  of  itu  extent,   iiitcrspcrseil  \vill» 
iH'aiitifiii  ami  fertile  valiuyn. 

'-'.  Ill  Ni.il  iiiiil  I'iiiiiriti',  this  ciiiinlry  is  lii^'hly  liivonrcil ;  iind 
uiiili'i-  a  iilxriil  ^(ivcriiiiiciit  it  wmilil  dunhlliss  hcnmn'  0110 
of  the  iiio.s*  lldiirishin;;  coiintrii's  uf  I'liiruiM'.  Tlic  proilucts 
lire  corn,  w'noiit,  rife,  eottun,  silk,  wine,  oil,  iVuilb,  vVe. 

3.  The  operations  of  njjriciilture  and  maiiiiliictiireH  are  hut 
nei{lijr(,'iilly  (ondiieteil.  'I'lie  eommeree  is  rjiiclly  carrifd  on 
hy  liireignei'H,  and  is  mostly  confmi'd  to  the  port  of  Con- 
•staiitinoplo.  'I'he  iiihind  tradi;  is  eonsiderahle,  and  is  in  tho 
hands  of  (Jreeks,  .lews,  Armenian.s,  &e. 

4.  Till)  liorHes  and  ciittlo  of  thin  rr((ion  urn  ({cnerally  largo  nnd  fine; 

Tho  Wulluchiun  nhecp  an 


tliu  furinor  arc  i'roiii  thu  Arabian  Ntuck. 


Wallucliiaii  i<li>ji'|i. 


IVIicaii. 


reniarUahlo  for  the  singularity  of  llicir  horns  and  wool :  the  latter  is 
lonjf  and  Htraiglit,  but  rather  coarHC.  The  birds,  particularly  the  water- 
fowl, aro  numeroiis,  and  of  various  kinds,  among  which  tho  pelican 
ni  I  tlainingo  are  conspiciiouH. 

5.Tlie  proviiicoB  of  Wnllaeliia,  Moldavia,  and  Servia,  usually  inclu- 
dec  in  European  Turkey,  ate  governed  hy  their  own  princes,  and  iiro 
in  uU  respects  independent,  except  that  they  pay  a  fixed  tribute  to  tho 
Porte.  The  jieoplc  of  these  provinces  are  inueli  oppressed  by  their 
ruUra.     They  beloiiff  mostly  to  the  Greek  church. 

6,  Constantinople  is  the  capital  of  tho  Ottoman  Empire,  and  the 
third  city  in  Europe  in  population.  Its  situation  is  beautiful,  and  its 
harbour  extensive  and  commodious.  It  presents  a  handsome  appear- 
ance at  a  distance,  but  is  found  on  examination  to  consist  of  narrow, 
crooked  streets,  with  low,  gloomy-looking  houses,  built  of  wood. 

is  said  of  its  surface  7  Soil  and  climate  ?  Products  ?  3,  Of  agricul- 
ture, &,c.  ?  C;ommcrce  ?  4.  Horses  and  cattle  ?  Wallachian  sheep, 
iSiC.  ?    5.  What  IS  said  of  Wallachia,  &c.  ?     6.  Describe  ConstantU 


I' 


dmi' 


f 

\\i■^ 

t 

(I 


'4-    !    '  '* 


270 


DESCRIPTIVE  GEOGRAPHY. 


7.  Fires  occur  so  oflcn,  that  it  is  said  Constantinople  is  entirely 
rebuilt  every  fiileen  years.  The  Mosques,  or  Malioinedan  places  of 
worship,  are  numerous,  and  some  of  them  are  superb  structures.  The 
mosque  of  St.  Sophia,  once  a  christian  church,  is  accounted  the  finest 
in  the  world.  The  Mosques  of  Sultan  Aehmet  and  of  Suleyman  are 
large  and  splendid,  but  are  not  ni:r     d  by  the  same  classic  tuste. 

8.  Adrianople  is  the  second  city  in  £uro|)ean  Turkey.  It  was  long 
the  residence  of  the  Sultans.  Bucharest,  the  capital  of  Wullachio,  is 
a  large  dirty  city,  built  in  a  swamp :  tlie  streets,  instead  of  being  paved 
in  the  usual  way,  are  covered  with  planks.  Belgrade,  Widin,  Silistria, 
and  Shunila,  are  all  strongly-fortified  towns.  Serajevo,  Saloniea, 
Sophia,  and  Joannina,  are  all  places  of  some  note. 

Map  No.  11.  —  What  bounds  Turkey  on  tho  north  ?  Aa.  —  South  7 
Gc.,  Ao.,  S.-Mtt.  —  East  7  B.-Sa.  —  West  7  G.-Vc.  —  Which  is  the 
chief  river  7  Do.  —  How  long  is  it  ?  Into  what  sea  does  it  flow  7 
Bk.  —  Point  out  the  principal  mountains.  Bn.  —  How  long  are  they  ? 
What  strait  between  the  Archipelago  and  the  sea  of  Marmora  7  Ds. — 
VVhat  chunncl  leads  into  the  Black  sea  7  Ce.  —  What  is  the  popula- 
tion of  Constantinople?  Adrianople?  Bucharest?  Serajevo?  Sa- 
loniea? Sophia?  Joannina?  Ibraila?  Shumla?  Seres?  La- 
rissa  7 


177 


ASIA. 

1.  Asia  is  the  largest  and  most  populous  of  the  great 
divisions  of  the  globe.  It  has  been  the  seat  of  some  of  the 
most  powerful  empires  of  ancient  times,  and  the  theatre  of 
many  of  the  most  interesting  events  recorded  in  history. 

2.  It  was  here  our  first  parents  were  created,  and  from 
this  quarter  the  descendants  of  Noah  peopled  the  world  after 
the  flood.  It  was  also  the  birth-place  of  our  Saviour,  the 
scene  of  his  miracles  and  death,  and  the  field  on  which  the 
apostles  first  published  salvation  to  man. 

3.  The  vast  expanse  of  Asia  stretching  through  almost 
80  degrees  of  latitude,  presents  every  variety  of  soil  and  cli- 
mate. Its  large  rivers  are  inferior  only  to  the  great  streams 
of  the  Western  Continent,  and  its  mountain  chains  are 
among  the  most  extensive  in  the  world,  and  attain  to  a  greater 
height  than  those  of  any  other  region. 

nople.     7.  What  is   said   of  fires  7     8.  Describe  Adrianople.     Bucha- 
rest, &c. 

A»ia.0—1.  Wiia!  is  Asia?  Of  what  has  it  been  the  seat? 
2.  What  is  said  of  our  first  parents  ?    Our  Saviour  ?     3.  Of  the  wii 

M. 


.---'•jivt-raim'iiit^ijiBaumvmsi^i^imvm 


;eography. 

j  said  Constantinople  is  entirely 
iKques,  or  Maiioinodan  placcB  of 
them  are  superb  structures.  The 
n  church,  is  accounted  the  finest 
in  Achmet  and  of  Suleyinan  ore 
(I  by  the  same  classic  taste. 
£uro|>ean  Turkey.  It  was  long 
arest,  the  capital  of  Wallachia,  is 
tlie  streets,  instead  of  beiiijnr  paved 
onks.  Belgrade,  Widin,  Silistria, 
ficd  towns.  Scrajevo,  Sulonicu, 
if  some  note. 

ley  on  the  north  ?  Aa.  —  South  7 
West?  G.-Vc.  — Which  is  the 
?  Into  what  sea  does  it  flow  7 
lins.  Bn.  —  How  long  arc  they  ? 
and  the  sea  of  Marmora  ?  Ds.  — 
sea  7  Ce.  —  What  is  the  popula- 
e  ?  Bucharest  7  Serajcvo  7  Sa- 
iraila  7     Shumla  7      Seres  7    La- 


A. 

most  populous  of  the  great 
been  the  seat  of  some  of  the 
nt  times,  and  the  theatre  of 
ents  recorded  in  history. 
3nts  were  created,  and  from 
Noah  peopled  the  world  after 
•th-place  of  our  Saviour,  the 
h,  and  the  field  on  which  the 
to  man. 

I  stretching  through  almost 
every  variety  of  soil  and  cli- 
ior  only  to  the  great  streams 
id  its  mountain  chains  are 
world,  and  attain  to  a  greater 
•egion. 

8.  Describe  Adrianoplc.    Bucha- 

Of  what  has  it  been  the  seat? 
?    Our  Saviour  ?     3.  Of  the  loii 


ASIA. 


271 


Asia. 

4.  Asia  is  distinguished  for  the  great  variety  of  its  rich 
productions.  It  supplies  the  other  parts  of  the  world  with 
tea,  with  some  of  the  finest  spices  and  perfumes,  and  also 
with  silk,  diamonds,  and  precious  stones  of  various  kinds. 

5.  The  institutions,  manners  and  customs  of  the  people 
are  the  same  at  the  present,  as  in  the  earliest  times ;  and  no 
ailvance  appears  to  have  been  made  for  a  long  period  in  arts, 
sciences,  or  learning. 

6.  In  disposition  and  temper,  the  people  are  grave,  scrirus,  and 
recluse.  The  women  are  generally  kept  in  ignorance,  a.:**  are  not 
taught  reading  or  writing ;  they  ore  also,  in  many  parts  of  Asia, 
reeiirded  almost  as  slaves,  live  in  strict  retirement,  and  do  not  go  abroad 
without  being  closely  veiled. 

7.  The  governments  of  Asia  are  generally  despotic,  and  their  ad- 
ministration  is  frequently  arbitrary  and  tyrannical.  Robt)ery  is  often 
practised  as  a  regular  trade,  even  by  chiefs  and  princes,  and  as  a  call- 
ing that  they  consider  honourable  and  honest. 

8.  Agrieulturo  is  pursued  in  many  parts  of  Asia,  with  great  indus- 
try and  care,  but  not  with  the  same  skill  as  in  Europe.  Many  of  thn 
manufactures,  though  conducted  with  the  most  simple  tools  and 
machinery,  are  not  surpassed  in  richness  and  beauty  by  those  of  any 
other  part  of  the  world. 

and  climate?  Rivers  7  Mountains?  4.  For  what  is  Asia  distinguish- 
ed 7  5.  Of  the  institutions,  manners,  &.c.  7  6.  Disposition,  &c  7  Of 
the  women  7  V.  Whaf  is  said  of  the  governments  ?  Robbery  ?  8. 
Agriculture  7      Manufactures  7      9.  Commerce  ?      Foreign  Trade  7 


fea 


mt? 


i'^  *if' 


\     H 


'I  yrrm 


\  I' 


:      i  (  !i 


272 


DESCRIPTIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


9.  A  lucrative  commerce  has  been  carried  on  in  this  quarter,  from 
the  earliest  times.  The  internal  trade  by  caravans,  though  not  so  im. 
portant  as  that  by  sea,  is  yet  very  considerable.  The  foreign  trade, 
particularly  that  with  China  and  India,  is  chiefly  in  the  hands  of  the 
English  and  Americans,  and  is  extensive  and  valuable. 

10.  Some  of  the  most  remarkable  animals  of  Asia,  are  the  Elephant, 
one-horned  Rhinoceros,  Tiger,  Leopard,  and  Musk  Deer.  The  Horse, 
Camel,  Ass,  Sheep,  and  Goat,  are  supposed  to  have  had  their  origin  in 
this  quarter,  and  with  the  Peacock,  common  Fowl,  and  Flieasant,  have 
been  spread  from  hence  over  other  parts  of  the  world.  Gigantic  Cranes, 
as  tall  as  a  man,  and  the  Cassowary,  similar  to  the  Ostrich,  with  an 
infinite  number  of  birds  of  brilliant  and  varied  plumage,  abound. 


Musk  Deer 


Tiger. 


11.  Crocodiles,  different  however  from  those  of  Africa,  are  found  in 
nil  the  large  rivers  of  the  south  ;  and  Serpents  exist  in  great  variety, 
from  the  gigantic  Python  and  Anaconda,  measuring  from  12  to  20  feet 
in  length,  to  a  species  of  otily  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  whose  venom 
causes  the  person  bitten  by  it  to  fall  into  a  deadly  sleep. 

12.  Asia  comprises  a  Jupiter  variety  of  different  races  of  men,  than 
any  other  quarter  of  tfi>**orld.  The  chief  part  of  the  inhabitants  are 
Pagans,  whose  modes  of  worship  embrace  various  forme  of  idolatry 
Brahmins,  Buddhistfl,  worshippers  of  the  Grand  Lama,  of  Confucius, 
and  of  spirits  or  genii,  are  the  most  prevalent :  they  number  probably 
360  millions;  Mahometans,  80  millions;  Christians,  Jews, &c.,  10  mil- 
lions :  total,  450  millions. 

13.  Though  nearly  the  whole  of  this  vast  multitude  is  involved  ii, 
heathen  darkness,  yet  the  exertions  of  Christian  missionaries  and  the 
distribution  of  the  Scriptures  in  various  Asiatic  languages,  will  no  doubt 
in  time  enlighten  the  nations,  and  lead  to  the  spiritual  redemption  of 
this  great  continent. 

10.  Describe  the  animals.      Birds.      11.  Crocodiles,  &o.     12.  What 
does  Asia  comprise  ?     What  is  said  of  the  inhabitants  ?     How  many  J 
idolaters  are  there  7    Mahomedanj,  &.C.  7     13.  What  is  said  of  the  mis- 
sionaries, &.C.  igSs**.'-  ~'  - 


GEOGRAPHY. 

in  carried  on  in  this  quarter,  from 
ide  by  caravans,  though  not  so  im. 
considerable.  The  foreign  trade, 
iidia,  is  chiefly  in  the  hands  of  the 
nsive  and  valuable. 
!  animals  of  Asia,  arc  the  Elephant, 
lard,  and  Musk  Deer.  The  Horse, 
ipposed  to  have  had  their  origin  in 
common  Fowl,  and  Flieasant,  have 
arts  of  the  world.  Gigantic  Cranes, 
nry,  similar  to  the  Ostrich,  with  an 
t  and  varied  plumage,  abound. 


Tiger. 

•  from  those  of  Africa,  are  found  in 
md  Serpents  exist  in  great  variety, 
conda,  measuring  from  12  to  20  feet 

inch  and  a  half  long,  whose  venom 
11  into  a  deadly  sleep, 
riety  of  different  races  of  men,  than 
^he  chief  part  of  the  inhabitants  are 

embrace  various  forms  of  idolatry 
I  of  the  Grand  Lama,  of  Confucius, 
it  prevalent :  they  number  probably 
tlions;  Christians,  Jews,  &.C.,  10  mil- 

f  this  vast  multitude  is  involved  in 
IS  of  Christian  missionaries  and  the 
rious  Asiatic  languages,  will  no  doubt 
il  lead  to  the  spiritual  redemption  of 


Is.  11.  Crocodiles,  &c.  12.  What 
lid  of  the  inhabitants  ?  How  many 
,  Slc.  7     13.  What  is  said  of  the  mis- 


ASIA. 


273 


178 


How  is  Asia  bounded  ?     Which  i.s  the  largest  cily  nnd  river  ? 


Siberia  . 
Tartary 
Turkey 
Arabia  . 
Persia   . 


Douiided  .' — Capital  ? 

Hounded  '—Capital  ? 

Bounded  ? — Capital  ? 

Hounded  ? — Capital  ? 

Bounded  ? — Cupital  ? 
Afghanistan  Bounded  ? — Capital  ? 
Bcl<«)chistan  Bounded  ? — Cupital  ? 
Ilindoostan  Bounded  ? — Capital  ? 
Wliere  is  the  sea  of  Kara  ? 
Japan?  Yellow  Sea?  Eastern  S. 
Dead  S.  ?  Mediterranean  S.  ?  Black  S.  ?  Caspian  S, 
Where   is  the   Gulf  of  Obe  ?     G.  of  the  Lena? 


Birmah   Bounded  ? — Cupital  ? 

Sianj   Bounded  ? — Capital  ? 

Anam    Bounded  ? — Capital  ? 

China    Bounded  ?— Capital  ? 

Chinese  Em.. .  Bounded  .' — Cupital  ? 

'i'hibet Bounded  '! — Capital  .' 

Corea Bounded  ? — Capital  7 

Japan Bounded  ? — Capital  ? 

Kanitschatka  ?     Ochotsk  ?     Jesso? 

?    China  S.?   Arabian  S.?    RcdS.? 

?     Sea  of  Aral  7 

G.  of  Anadir  7 


Tonquin  7   Siam  7    Martaban  7    Manar  7     Cambay  7  Cutch  7   Orinua  1 
Persian  Gulf?     Bay  of  Bengal  V 

Where  is  Bhering's  Strait  7  Strait  of  Matsmay  ?  Corca  7  Formo- 
sa ?     Malacca  ?     Babehnandel  > 

Where  is  Capo  Cevero  Vostochnoi  ?  C.  Chalagskoi  7  East  Cape  7 
Cape  St.  Thadeus  7  C.  Canilwdia?  C.Romania?  C.  Comorin?  C. 
Kas-al-Gat  ?    C.  Isolette  ? 

Where  is  the  Obe  River  7  The  Ycnesei  7  Lena  7  Amoor  ? 
Hoang-Ho7  Yang-tse-kiang  7  Cambodia  7  Mcinani  ?  Salwcn  7 
Irrawady  ?  Burranipooter  ?  Ganges  7  Godavery  7  Ncrbuddah  7 
Indus?  Euphrates?  Don?  Volga?  Ural?  Amoo?  Sihon  7 
Cashgar  ? 

Where  are  the  Islands  of  Nova  Zembla  7  Kotelnoi  1. 7  New  Siberia  7 
LiaghofF  I.  ?  Bherings  Is.  7  Aleutian  Is.  7  Kurile  Is.  ?  Tchuntar  Is.  7 
Scghalien?  Jesso?  Niphon  7  Sikoke?  JKjusiu  7  Loochoo  Is.  7 
Formosa  7  Hainan  ?  Pulo  Pinang  1. 7  Andaman  Is.  7  Nicobar  Is.  7 
Ceylon  7     Laccadivc  Is.  7     Maldive  h.  7     Cyprus  7 

Where  is  Balcash  Lake  7  Zaizan  Nor  7  Altyn  L. 7  Baikal? 
Poyang  L.  7    Touting  L.  7     Koko  Nor  7     I,.  Zurrah  7 

Where  are  the  Ural  Mour\tains?  l-i  leAItay?  Great  Altay  7 
Taurus  Mts.  7  Mt.  Sinai  7  Ramleah  I  Mt,  Ararat  7  Caucasus  7 
Elborz?  Hindoo  Koo?  Ghaut?  Beloor?  Thsoung-ling 7  Thian- 
chan?     Kuen-lun?    Feling?     Meling? 

Where  is  the  Peninsula  of  Kan:t8chatka  7  Corea  7  Malacca  7 
Hindoostan?  Arabia?  What  two  seas  form  tUo  western  part  of 
Turkey  into  a  peninsula  7  W!  ■'  seas  and  gulf  form  Arabia  into  a 
peninsula  7    Where  is  the  isthmus  of  Suez  ?    Of  Kraw  7 

Where  is  the  Desert  of  Cobi  7  Of  Akhaf  7  Great  Suit  Desert  7 
Great  Sandy  Desert? 

In  what  latitude  is  Asia?     In  what  longitude?    In  which  Zone  is 
the  northern  part  ?    The  centre  7    Southern  7 
18 


274 


DESCRIPTIVE  GEOGRAPHY. 


179 


1^  *¥' 


iJ  . 


ASIATIC  RUSSIA. 

1.  Asiatic  Russia  is  an  immense  region  stretching  fror', 
the  Ural  Mountains  to  tlie  Pacific  Ocean.  It  comprises 
Siberia,  the  coimtries  situated  between  tiie  Ural  and  the  Volga 
rivers,  and  the  Caspian  and  Black  Seas ;  the  last  of  which 
is  called  Caucasian  Russia. 

SIBERIA. 

2.  SiHEHiA  contains  nearly  a  third  part  of  Asia,  and  is 
mostly  a  cold,  dreary  region,  occupied  by  wide  and  extensive 
plains  called  stcpiies.  Some  of  its  southern  districts  are 
however  rich  and  fertile. 

a,  Siberia  serves  as  a  place  of  banishment  for  convicts  and 
prisoners  of  state.  Some  of  tliese  have  been  men  of  superior 
talents,  and  have  been  banished  only  for  their  virtues  and 
adherence  to  liberal  principles. 

4.  The  Ural  and  Altny  Mountains  contain  numerous  mines,  which 
furnish  gold,  silver,  platina,  and  different  kinds  of  precious  stones. 
Fiir-hcaring  animals  abound  in  Siberia,  the  skins  of  whiclj  form  one 
of  the  chief  articles  of  its  trade. 

Its  original  inhabitants  aie  composed  of  various  ignorant  and  bar- 
barous tribes,  who  live  by  hunting  and  fishing. 

5.  Tobolsk  is  the  capital  of  Siberia:  all  the  commerce  of  tlie  country 
passes  through  this  city,  and  large  caravans  of  merchants  trade  be- 
tween it  and  Khokan  in  Tartary.  Irkoutsk,  Tomsk,  Yakoulsk,  and 
Oohotsk,  are  the  next  important  towns.  Kiachta  is  the  only  place  at 
which  the  trade  with  China  is  permitted. 

6.  Tht!  country  lying  between  the  Volga  and  Ural  rivers  con- 
tains  the  cities  of  Astrachan  and  Orenburg:  the  former  derives  its  chief 
wealth  from  its  sturgeon  fisheries ;  it  has  also  an  extensive  trade  with 
tlic  interior  of  Russia.  Orenburg  carries  on  a  great  trade  by  caravans 
with  Kiiokan,  Bucharia,  Khiva,  and  other  Tartar  cities. 

CAUCASIAN  RUSSIA. 

7.  This  country  lies  between  the  Black  and  Caspian  Seas, 
and  on  both  sides  of  the  Caucasian  Mountains.  It  is  a  rough 
and  rugged  region,  but  certains  many  fertile  districts,  peo- 

Asiatic  Russia.  Q.  —  1.  What  is  Asiatic  Russia?  2.  Describe  Si- 
beria, 3.  What  is  said  of  convicts,  &c,  ?  4.  What  is  said  of  the  Ural 
ord  Altay  mountains  ?  5.  Describe  Tobolsk,  &.c.  6.  Astrachan,  &c. 
7.  Caucasian  Russia.     Describe  the  country.     8.  The  Circassians. 


!ij*J.''-: 


EOGRAPHY. 


USSIA. 

lense  region  stretching  fror'. 
cific  Ocean.  It  comprises 
ween  tlie  Ural  and  the  Volga 
.ck  Seas ;  the  last  of  which 

[A. 

third  part  ol'  Asia,  and  is 
'upied  by  wide  and  extensive 
f  its   southern  districts  are 

banishment  for  convicts  and 
e  have  been  men  of  superior 
I  only  for  their  virtues   and 

contain  numerous  mines,  which 
Fercnt  kinds  of  precious  slones. 
ia,  the  sliins  of  whiclj  form  one 

sed  of  various  ignorant  and  bar- 

i  fishing. 

:  all  the  commerce  of  the  country 

caravans  of  niercliants  trade  be- 

Irkoutsk,  Tomsk,  Yakoulsk,  and 

IIS.     Kiachta  is  the  only  place  at 

,ed. 

Volga  and  Ural  rivers  con- 
)urg :  the  former  derives  its  chief 
has  also  an  extensive  trade  with 
rics  on  a  great  trade  by  caravans 
ther  Tartar  cities. 

RUSSIA. 

the  Black  and  Caspian  Seas, 
in  Mountains.  It  is  a  rough 
s  many  fertile  districts,  peo- 

Asiatic  Russia? 

tc,  ?     4.  What  i?  said  of  the  Ural 


ASIATIC    RUSSIA. 


975 


tribes  arc  in  Siberia  ? 
population  of  Tobolsk  .' 


CircassianH. 

plod  by  various  races  who  arc  almost  wholly  engaged  in  war 
and  plunderitig. 

8.  'I'lio'Clrciissians  inhabit  the  northern,  and  the  Georginns  tlic  south- 
frn  side  of  the  mountains;  'ho  former  niniiitain  uhiiost  continual 
war  with  the  Russians,  who  liavc  long  endeavoured  to  conquer  thcni, 
but  hitherto  inclTectually. 

!l.  The  men  nie  celebrated  for  their  activity  and  valour,  and  tJiC 
women  for  their  beauty  and  elegance  of  form  ;  many  of  the  latter  are 
8uld  by  their  parents  as  slaves  to  traders,  who  carr_y  them  to  Turkey, 
Persia,  and  other  countries  wlicre  they  are  purciiascd  by  the  wealthy 
classes. 

10.  Teflis  is  the  capital  of  Georgia  ;  it  has  a  strong  castle,  and  is  tlie 
resilience  of  the  Russian  governor.  Derbeut  and  Kisliar,  both  on  tlio 
Caspian  Sea,  are  towns  of  some  importiincc. 


Map  No.  19.  —  What  bounds  Siberia  on  the  north  ?  A. -On.  —  South  ? 
A.-Ms. —  Kast?  S.-Ka.  —  What  great  rivers  ilow  into  tlic  Arctic 
Ocean?  Oe.,  Ye.,  La.  —  How  long  is  cnch  of  these  ?  Which  is  the 
most  northern  cape  of  Sibcvia  ?  C.-Vi.-  -  Eastern  ?  Et.  —  Southern  ? 
La.  —  What  strait  between  Siberia  and  North  America?  Bs.  —  Ilow 
wide  is  it?  What  lakes  are  in  Sibei  a  ?  Bl.,  Ty-  —  How  lonjr  aro 
What  peninsula  lies  east  of  the  ."ca  of  Ochotsk  '  Iva.  —  Wliat 


Ss.,  Os.,  Ts.,  Bs.,  Vs.,  Ks.,  Ti.  — What  is  the 
Irkoutsk  ?     Tomsk  ?     Barnaule  ?     Omsk  ? 


Tobolsk,  &c.     6.  Astrachan,  &c. 
country.     8.  The  Circassians. 


fl.  For  wliat   are   the   men  celebrated? 
Tcfli«,  &c. 


The  women  ?    10.  Describe 


mi>'Wi 


■■  -Mfe^^"]  -^>'i?C£J;=^'¥^i 


r 


,,  j^Wfnrr- 


1^  ilf' 


I 


i  'lit?  ! 


1 


276 


DE9CU1PT1VE    GEOGRAl'HY. 


What  rivers  flow  into  the  Caspian  Sen  7  Va.,  I'l.,  Kr,  —  How  lone 
arc  the  two  first  ?  Wliat  inonutainH  Kcpiirato  Circussia  and  Georgia  ' 
Cs.  —  What  cminlrii'H  hound  (ioorgia  on  tlie  south?  Ty.,  Pa.  — What 
13  the  population  of  Orenburg  !     Astrnchan  ?     Dcrbcnt  t    Teflis  ? 


180 


TURKEY  IN  ASIA. 

1.  Turkey  in  Asia  extends  over  some  of  the  finest  regions 
of  that  continent.  It  contnined  in  nncicnt  times  u  number  of 
[wpulous,  flourishing,  and  important  states;  hut  ignorance, 
.superstition,  and  barbarism,  now  cover  the  hind;  and  few 
traces  of  its  former  civilization  remain,  except  ruins. 

2.  The  islands  of  f!'c  Archipelago,  once  celebrated  for  their  vrcallh 
and  prosperity,  arc  now  reduced  to  a  more  complete  slate  of  barbari.'iiu 
than  even  dio  continent.  'I'lie  principal  of  those,  still  under  the  con- 
trol of  the  Turks,  are  Rhode?,  Sanios,  Scio,  and  Mctclin. 

3.  Hmyrnn  is  the  chief  emporium  of  Asiatic  Turkey.  Carpets,  rairs 
for  paner,  opium,  fig.",  &c.,  are  the  chief  exports.  About  2,000  Eii- 
ropean's,  principally  French,  reside  licrc,  and  form  a  iocicty  among 
themselves. 

4.  Trebisondc,  on  the  Ulack  Sea;  Brusa,  F.rzcrum,  and  Diarbikir, 
in  the  interior  ;  Bagdad,  on  thu  Tigris  ;  and  Uusporah,  on  the  Euphra- 
tea,  arc  all  important  cities.  On  the  west  bank  of  the  Euphrates  arc 
the  vast,  but  shapeless,  ruins  of  Babylon,  the  most  s|)lendid  city  of  an. 
cient  times ;  whose  walls,  towers,  and  gale",  were  esteemed  one  ot  tlic 
wonders  of  the  world. 


5.  Syria  formed,  un;i 
--f  the  Turkish  Empire, 
uler  of  Egypt ;    having 


^■BWBftfcijSRW^^^BBW^''****-'-' ' 


SYRIA. 

latel'  one  of  the  chief  divisions 
It  is  now  under  the  control  of  the 
b(;en  conquered  by  liim   from  the 


Sultan,  his  former  master,  in  the  war  of  183 

6.  No  country  was  anciently  more  celebrated  than  Syria.  In  the 
south  was  the  country  of  the  Israelites,  and  the  birth-place  of  the 
Christian  religion.  Tlic  cities  of  Tyre  and  Sidon  were  renowned  Inr 
their  commerce ;  and  Damascus  and  Antioch  were  famous  ii>r  their 
wealth  and  population. 

7.  Damascus,  the  capital  of  Syria,  is  one  of  the  oldest  places  in  the 
world ;  and  is  known  to  have  existed  in  the  days  of  Abralmni.  It  is 
the  most  flourishing  citv  in  Syria,  and  carries  on  an  extensive  trade. 
Aleppo  was  tlie  fmesl  ci'.y  in  Syriii.  In  1822,  it  was  nearly  all  destroy- 
ed  by  an  earthquake ;  but  is  now  slowly  reviving.  Tri|)oli  and  Bcyrout, 
on  tlie  Mediterranean,  are  places  possessing  some  trade. 


JEOGRAl'lIY. 

Sen  7  Va.,  I'l.,  Kr,  —  How  lone 
K(.'p!irnto  C'ircussia  and  Georffi'i  ' 
on  tliu  south  ?     Ty.,  Va.  —  VVliut 


rnclian  ? 


ly- 

Dcrbciit  I 


Teflis  ? 


N  ASIA. 

aver  some  of  the  finest  rcj^inns 
in  niifient  times  u  numijei'  of 
ji-tant  states ;  Ijiit  ignorance, 
i\v  cover  the  kind ;  and  few 
remain,  except  ruins. 
,  once  celcbrntcd  for  their  wealth 
more  complete  state  of  barbarism 
ipal  of  tliose,  still  under  the  con- 
i,  Scio,  and  Mctdin. 
of  Asiatic  Turlicy.  Carpets,  raifs 
cliie'f  exports.  About  2,000  Eii. 
licrc,  and  form  a  iocicty  among 

;  Briisa,  Erzcrum,  and  Diarbi  kir, 
is  ;  and  Dnsporah,  on  the  Euphra- 
10  west  bunk  of  the  Euphrates  aro 
ylon,  the  most  splendid  city  of  an- 
id  gale",  were  esteemed  one  of  tlio 


lA. 

1\ .  one  of  the  cliicf  divisions 
now  under  the  control  of  the 
conquered  by  him   from  the 

le  war  of  1832. 

re  celebrated  than  Syria.  In  the 
iclites,  and  the  birth-place  of  the 
I'yre  and  Sidon  were  renowned  for 
nd  Antioch  were  famoua  liir  their 

I,  is  one  of  the  oldest  places  in  the 
ted  in  the  days  of  Abraham.  It  is 
and  carries  on  an  extensive  trade. 
In  1822,  it  was  nearly  all  distroy- 
K\y  reviving.  Tripoli  and  Ucyrout, 
Bsessing  some  trade. 


PALESTINE. 


277 


Christ  and  liia  Disciples  nil  Uie  Mount  uf  Olives. 
PALESTINE. 

8.  Palestine,  or  the  Holy  Land,  occupie.s  the  southern 
part  of  Syria.  It  is  the  most  celebrated  country  in  the  world ; 
and  remarkable  for  being  the  scene  of  most  of  the  events 
recorded  in  the  sacred  scriptures. 

9.  The  surface  is  greatly  diversified  witli  mountains  and  valleys. 
or  tlie  former,  Lebanon  iias  been  long  noted  for  its  tall  cedars  ;  Fisguh, 
fur  the  view  it  gave  Moses  of  the  Promised  Land ;  Tabor,  for  the 
transfiguration  of  Christ ;  and  the  Mount  of  Olives,  for  being  the  scene 
of  the  ascension  of  the  Saviour  to  heaven. 

10.  Jerusalem,  the  once  famous  capital  of  the  Jewish  nr.tion,  whcro 
Diivid  and  Solomon  'jigned,  and  wl'ieh  was  so  often  the  resort  of 
Clirist  and  his  disciples,  is  now  a  gloomy,  mean  town,  owing  its  cliief 
.support  to  the  veneration  in  which  it  is  liilil  by  Christians,  Jews,  and 
Maiioinedans,  \  "i''''  still  nrocures  it  the  visits  of  many  pious  pilgrims, 

11.  IJethlchem,  sit  m  lonth  of  .Tciusalem,  is  remarkable  for  being 
the  birth. pluce  of  our  Saviour.  Nazareth,  where  he  resided  until  ho 
coinnieii  ed  his  ministry,  is,  next  to  Jerusalem,  the  most  holy  place  in 
Palestin?.    Gaza,  Jopna,  and  Acre,  are  the  principal  towns  an  the  coast. 

Map  No.  12.  —  How  is  Turkey  bounded  !  What  r'.ver  flows  into  the 
Persian  Gulf ?     Es.  —  What  flows  into  the  Euphrates?     Ts. — How 

Tarkfy,S;r.  Q. —  1.  Describe  Turkey  in  Asia.  2.  The  islands  of 
tlio  Archipelago.  .3.  Smyrna.  4.  Trehisondc,  &c.  5.  What  did 
Syria  form?  (i.  What  is  said  of  the  -"orntry  ?  7.  Damascus?  8. 
Describe  Palestine.  The  surface.  Mountains,  i&c.  Jerusalem,  Beth 
Ichcm.    Nazarolh,  &c. 


sjiai^^iiga^is^P»«®^*aK^«^ 


ifinvm 


fT^ 


1^  i¥' 


fS^: 


'■n^ 


27S 


I)r,.-'(  Ull'TlVK  r.KCXiUAfHY. 


long  arc  llii'sc  riviis  ?  What  iiioiintaiiis  lio  iinrth  nf  the  Mfditrrranrnn 
Sua  .'  'I's.  —  \\l\w  higli  «r''  liny  '  Wliiit  inniiiitaiiiiK  in  llir  iiorlli-ctiHl  ' 
At.  —  What  is  tlic  population  fit' Smyrna  ?  V.ntrwnl  Ilruna  /  Trc. 
hisonric  .'     Hussorali  /      Diarhikir  .'     Aloiul  ?     Jiajriind  ? 

How  is  Syria  hiiUMclcd  ?  Whit  is  tlio  poiuilation  of  Piinin.«cns? 
Ak'ppo? 

.)/«/)  Nit.  13.  —  What  ecu  bonn'is  Palrstiuo  on  the  west  ?  Mn. — 
What  river  Hows  into  llic  Dead  Sea?  Jii.  —  How  long  is  it?  How 
long  is  tiie  Dead  Seu  ? 


IHl 


Dciloiiiiis  attacking  a  Caravan. 

ARABIA. 

1.  AnARt.v  is  n  large  pen'nsula,  con.sisting  of  vast  sandy 
deserts,  intfrsiicrscd  with  fertile  spof.s  like  islands  in  the 
ocean  ;  these,  when  cultivated,  yield  various  fruits  and  other 
products  in  great  perfection. 

2.  Arabia  comprises  several  distinct  states,  of  which  tlie 
principal  are  Mecca,  or  the  ITcdjaz  ;  Ncdsjed,  or  the  territory 
of  the  Wiihabees ;  and  the  Imun;ats  of  Yemen  and  Oinoii, 
Nearly  the  whole  of  the  west  coast  of  Arabia  lias  been  con- 
quered by  the  Pacha  of  Egypt ;  and  its  chief  towns  are 
garrisoned  by  his  troops. 

3.  The  inhabitants  are  principally  Arabians,  witli  f.onio  Jewiiih  and 

Arabia.  Q.  —  1.  What  is  said   of  Arabia,  &.c. '     2.  Describe   the 


iKOCiKAfllY. 

lins  lie  iinrtli  rif  tlio  Mfditrrranpan 
iVli:it  iiwiiiiitaiiiiK  in  the  iioitli-ciiNt  ! 
yriKi  '     llr/iriim  ?     Ilruna  /    Trr. 
Alosul  '     iiafrilnil  ? 
is  llio  pojiulalioii  of  Piiiiin.«riis  ? 

Palrsliiic  on  llio  west  ?     Mn.  — 
■J.  ?    Jn.  —  How  long  is  it  ?     How 


iig  a  Carnvaii. 

IIA. 

ula,  coDKisting  of  vnst  sandy 
lie  spots  like  islands  in  the 
yield  various  fruits  and  other 

distinct  states,  of  which  tiie 
jaz  ;  Ncdsjed,  or  the  territory 
uieats  of  Yemen  and  Oinoii, 
oasl  of  Arabia  lias  been  con- 
it  ;   and  its  chief  towns   arc 

r  Arabians,  with  f,onio  Jewiiih  niiri 
'  Arabia,  &.C. '     2.  DcBcribc   the 


AHARIA. 


21ili 


Hindoo  merclmnln  in  lliu  towns.  Th«  puop^u  of  the  desert,  calk'd 
ItedoiiiiiH,  h\r  in  tcntH,  and  lead  a  4vaiu:crinff  lift',  keeping  larjro  ImdH 
of  horHDH  ami  cunielH.  'I'Uny  iiru  lujspilablf  unil  conrtLouH  to  tliDso  who 
trust  and  visit  llicm  ;  but  oilon  attack  and  rob  tliu  caravans  that  pass 
tlirougli  thiir  country. 

4.  'i'lic  Arabs  arc  of  a  brown  conipli'xion,  Ibin  r.nd  spare  in  iicrson,  but 
vicforoUM  and  active,  Tboy  are  extremely  Icniperate,  generally  conteiit- 
iiig  tlicn)Belvc8  at  meals  with  a  few  dtttcH  or  a  piece  of  Jmrd  bread,  and 
a  little  oil  or  milk. 

,'},  The  horsca  of  this  country  arc  the  finest  in  'lie  world,  and  rcle- 
bralcd  for  lliiir  «willne».s  and  beauty.  The  nio»l  '.  >  ful  animal  in  llio 
c.Tiiiel  :  it  will  travel  tiir  Bcveral  days  without  water,  carrying  a  burllicn 
of  tjllO  or  701)  pouiidK.  C'otfec,  dates,  senna  leaves,  indigo,  iiid  [icails, 
are  the  principal  jirodiicts  of  Arabia.  The  lust  are  obtained  on  thu 
coast  of  the  Persian  Oiilf. 

6.  Mecca,  the  bittb-ptuce  of  Maliomcd,  is  the  !ioly  city  of  IMahoni- 
cdans,  which  every  one  of  that  ncct  is  expected  to  visit  onco  in  his  life- 
time. It  is  supported  entirely  by  the  pilgrims  who  resort  thither  every 
year.     Their  number  in  1831  wu.t  estimated  at  120,000. 

7.  Medina  is  celebrated  as  containing  tlie  tomb  of  Mahomed,  around 
wbieli  300  silver  lamps  arc  kept  constantly  burning.  Jidda  is  the  port 
of  Mecca,  and  Yambo  that  of  Medina.  Sana,  the  capital  of  Yemen,  is 
one  of  the  chief  citicin  of  Arabia  ;  and  in  situated  in  tlie  midst  of  the 
most  fortilc  district  in  that  country. 

8.  Mp<  '  1  is  tlic  chief  iitaport  in  the  Red  Sea;  and  is  the  scut  of  the 
colTee  trade.  Makulla  tind  Kesliin  arc  small  towns,  jiosflcssing  a  limited 
siiaro  of  commerce.  Muscat  is  the  ea|)ital  of  Omon,  and  a  rrcnernl 
depot  for  tlin  mcrchajidisc  of  India  ond  Persia.  It  carries  on  an  ex- 
tensive commerce,  both  by  sea,  nnd  with  the  interior  by  caravans. 

9.  The  Imam,  or  chief,  of  Omon  has  a  navy,  comprising  several 
largo  ships  of  war;  and  his  Mibjects  are  the  best  native  sailors  in  the 
cast.  Hesides  his  territory  in  Arabia,  he  |x)sses3ea  scvciai  largo  islands 
on  the  coast  of  Africa,  and  in  the  Persian  Gulf. 


Map  No.  12. — What  boirnds  Arabia  on  tl.-e  north?  Ty.,  Sa, — 
South  ?  A..Sa.  -  Eapt .'  P.-Of.  G.-Os.  —  We.'t  ?  R.-Sa,  —  What 
isthmus  joins  Arabia  t:>  Africu  ?  Sz.  —  What  mountains  are  in  Arabia? 
Si.,  Rh.  —  What  Jeser  ties  lict  A'cen  Yemen  and  Omon  ?  Af  —  What 
race  inhabits  it?  Bs.  — What  divisions  of  Arabia  lie  on  the  Red  Sea? 
Hz.,  Yn.— What  on  the  Arabian  Sea?  Ht.,  On.  — On  the  Per.-ian 
Gulf?  La.  —  Mow  long  is  the  Red  S^ju ?  The  Persian  Gulf.'  What 
is  the  population  of  Muscat  ?  Suua  ?  '  Mocha  ?  IMccca  ?  Medina  ? 
Jidda  ?     Yambo  ? 

Arabian  states.  3.  The  inhabitants.  The  Bedouins.  4.  The  Arabs, 
&c.  5.  Describe  the  horses.  Camels.  Principal  products.  C.  De- 
Boribe  Mecca.  7.  Medina,  8  Mocha.  Muscat,  &c,  9.  What  is  said, 
of  the  Inuuu  1 


-Mpite>y^ss^ffifM^^^^Jt^"»****-'^'^^^^^ 


ii 


fT^'i^ll 


1^  iit' 


i        '  *       ;    (■] 


;  '^ 


'I 


880 


tESCBU'TIVE  fiKOGHAPHY. 


Telioran. 

PERSIA. 

1.  Persia  was,  in  early  times,  ono  of  the  most  powerfi'l 
cmi>ire3  in  Asia ;  but  its  ancipiil  j<|)len(lour  is  abridjjed,  and  it 
presents  scarcely  a  shadow  of  its  (brmcr  greatness. 

2.  Its  mountains  and  desorts  arc  peopled  by  hordes  of 
robbers,  who  plunder  the  fertile  and  cultivated  Inicfs.  Agri- 
culture is  discouraged  by  their  incursions;  and  places  fc-- 
nierly  well  settled,  arc  now,  in  a  measure,  deserted. 

3.  Silk  is  tlic  staple  produce  of  tliis  country.  Other  productions  are 
wlicut,  rice,  cotton,  tobacco,  rhubarb,  assala'tida,  &c.  Tlio  Persians 
manulhcture  beautiful  carpets,  shawls,  silk,  tiijH;stry,  arms,  porcelain, 
&c.  The  foreign  commerce  is  inconsiderable,  and  is  now  in  the  hands 
of  Europeans. 

4.  The  |)eoi)Ie  of  Persia  are  the  most  Irarned  and  polite  of  the  East- 
cm  nations.  They  are  lively  and  fond  of  show ;  skillid  in  the  use  of 
flattery  and  compliment;  but  are  accused  of  dissimulation  and  insin- 
cerity. 

5.  Teheran,  the  capital  of  Persia,  is  a  modcrn-built  city,  inhabited 
by  the  kin<r,  his  court,  and  army,  only  during  Ihn  winter  months. 
The  population,  in  consequence,  fluctuates  from  111,000  to  60,000. 

C.  Ispahan,  the  ancient  capital,  ranked  once  among  the  most  splendid 
cities  in  the  east.  Though  a  great  part  of  it  is  in  ruins,  it  is  still  a 
place  of  importance,  witli  an  extensive  trade,  and  considerable  inanu- 


Pertia.  Q.  —  1.  What  is  said  of  Persia  ?  2.  Mountains,  &c.  ? 
3.  Silk,  &.C.  1  Foreign  commerce  ?  4,  Describe  the  people.  5.  Tehe- 
Iftii.    6.  Ispahan.    Sliiraz,  &c.    7.  The  country  between  Persia,  &c. 


iOGUAPIIY. 


*■»" 


1,  one  of  fho  most  poweru'l 
i|)len(iour  is  abridjjed,  and  it 

former  greatness. 

are  peopled  by  hordes  of 
nd  rullivatod  fniefs.  A^ri- 
neursions;  and  places  lb-' 
neasure,  deserted. 

muntry.     Other  productiotiH  are 

assala'tida,  &c.     Tlio  Persian!) 

silk,  tii(H!stry,  arms,  porcelain, 

lerablo,  and  is  now  in  the  hands 

Irarned  and  polite  of  the  East. 

of  show  ;  skilli'J  in  the  use  of 

iscd  of  dissimulation  and  insin- 

a  modcrn-built  city,  inhabited 
nly  dnrinjr  the  winter   months, 
tea  from  10,000  to  60,000. 
id  oiicc  among  the  most  splendid 
rt  of  it  is  in  ruins,  it  is  still  a 

trade,  and  considerable  inanu- 

Persia  ?      2.  Mountains,   Sic.  ? 

Describe  the  people.    5.  Tehc- 

.0  country  between  Persia,  &c. 


AKtaiAMSTAN,  HKI.OOCHIST AV. 


281 


fai'tnrcs.     Sliirn/  Ih  celebrated  fur  its  ileli^'litlul  climate,  and  liriiutitiil 

envintiiH.     i{(\.iliil  ih  tlie  i  liicf  |Hirt  mi  the  ('iiK|iiaii  Sen,  :nid  lliisliire  on 

the  iVrsiaii  (iiilt'.  Tubrec/,  Mushiil,  Yczd,  liallru'h,  and  Kcriuun,  aro 
iiniKirtant  cities. 

AFOirANLSTAN. 

7.  The  coiintry  lying  I  •  iwcen  Persia  and  Ilindoostnn  was 
oni'c  a  psirt  of  the  I'ersi:>i  fiirc.     It  is  now  divided  into  the 

111  md  Hoioochislaii. 


separate  ti^rritones  ■  ! 

H.  The  inhaliitiint- 
|ilc  in  their  manners,  m. 
in  every  town   and  villa^; 
tribes.  ?a  Ih"*.  a  hmited  di 


t  hoKl  and  warlike  ravn,  *im- 

■^pitality.     There  are  bcIhhpIs 

ncanipments   of  the   pastoral 

.>)ii  is  very  (jenerally  diH'used. 

y   Cabul,  the  capital  of    .viglianistan,  enjoys  a  delightful  cliinnlu  ; 

anil  is  surrounded  by  a  fertile,  wtU.c  iillivated  country.     The  next  im- 

portant  l>A^nH  are  Peshawur  and  ('jndalmr. 

Herat  is  a.  very  ancient  city.  It  is  the  capital  of  a  small  independent 
sl.te;  and  is  uUo  important  on  account  of  its  manufactures  and  cum- 
inercc. 

BEIX)()CHISTA.V. 

10.  Hkloociiistan  is  divided  among  a  number  of  smull 
iiuli:|)eii'l''nt  tribes,  of  wliom  the  Hcloocheos  are  the  chief. 
They  air  mostly  of  warlike  hfibits,  and  ollon  makd  piimder- 
ing  ineursions  upon  each  other. 

11.  The  Ilrahoos,  unlike  the  other  tribes,  an  peaceal.li',  mild,  and 
ndiistrious.     They  follow  a  pastoral    life;   and  live  in  little  villutjcs 

uii;;>n|r  the  mountains. 

This  co,:ntry  has  but  few  towns.  Kclat,  the  principal,  is  the  resi- 
dence of  a  chief,  or  Khan,  to  whom  some  of  tlio  tril>es  are  subject. 

Map  No.  12.  —  IIow  is  Persia  boun(l((i  What  river  separates  it 
from 'I'artary '.'  Ak.  —  From  Tiirlrey ''  Ts.,  Ks. —  What  sea  on  the 
north?  Cn.  —  Ciulfo.)  the  south?  Pn.  —  What  mountains  extend 
across  Persia?  Ez. —  What  dcH ;rt  south  of  the  Elborz  Mountains? 
G.-St — What  is  the  )  opuliition  of  Teheran?  Ispahan?  Tabrcez ? 
Reslid  !     Meshid  ?     V'e  d  ?     Shiraz  ?     Kerman  ' 

What  bounds  Afghani  itan  on  the  north  ?  H.-K.-Mm.  --  South  ?  IJii. 
—  East?  l.-Rr.  —  West?  Pa.— What  lake  in  the  vest  ?  '/.h. — 
What  river  flows  into  it?  Hd. —  What  is  the  po;iulmion  of  CubuW 
Candahar  ?     Herat  ?     Peshawur  ? 

What  bounds  Deloochistan  on  the  north  "^  An.  —  South  ?  A.-Sn.  — 
East?  l.-Rr.—  Wesl?  Pa.  — What  is  the  population  of  Kelat? 
tJundava  ? 


8.  Describe  the  Affrhans.     9.  Cab\il. 
tan.    11.  The  Bruhoos,  &c. 


Herat.    10.  Describe  Beloochia- 


,^^3ig«^jS^SIi;@i^5<^,ii^v^*^^?««safefet-  -««s&.*'^' 


"f- 


f-^iffj^l 


1^  ti*' 


il!  Hi 


;  ;> 


I  :    i 

m  .1* 


■ll/l? 


i     !*!,! 


2H'i 


ni-.:^(  nii'TiVK  fji:ounAi'Hv. 


Turlur  C'lirinuii. 

TAUTAUY. 

1.  Taktary  coiiipnlionds  all  the  central  part  of  Asia, 
Rtrctching  from  the  Caspiiui  Sra  to  the  Pacific  Ocean.  lis 
yreat  divisions  are  Independent  Tartary.and  (.'liinese  Tartnry. 

2.  Independent  'J'artary  comprises  a  number  of  small  states 
prolessirijf  tlic  MiiliomcJan  fa.tli,  and  f,'overned  by  princes 
cidlod  Khans,  ('hinesn  Tartary  is  under  tiie  control  of  the 
Cliineso  <j;nvernm(!nt,  and  has  for  the  most  port  adopted  the 
worship  of  the  Grand  Lama. 

3.  Tho  inliiiliiliiiits  of  this  frrctil  region  comprise  RcvcrnI  distinct 
raLcs.  'I'liosi!  rfsident  in  Indrpondcnt  'I'lirlary  and  I-iltlr  Biicliaria  aro 
similar  to  tlio  'I'lirkH.  The  ptoplc  of  Sooiifjaria  or  tliu  Kulmucks,  and 
th()a(^  of  Monprolia  liallud  MoiikuIs,  are  the  true  Tartars.  Tlio  Mant- 
cdioos  or  |i(.o|)le  of  Mantchooria,  now  the  ruling  race  in  China,  differ  in 
some  rcsjieclH  from  all  the  others. 

INDEPExVDENT  TARTARY  OR  TURKISTAN. 

4.  Indkpkndent  Tartahy  extends  eastward  from  the 
f^aspian  Sea,  and  comprises  the  Kirf/uis  country  and  Turco- 
mania,  with  the  states  of  Khokan,  Khiva,  Great  Bucharia, 
and  Koondooz. 


TnrUny.  Q.—  l.  What  does  Tartary  comprehend ?  2.  What  docs 
Independent  Tartary  comprise  7  Chinese  Tartary?  3.  What  is  laid 
of  the  mlmbitunts  ?    4.  Describe  Independent  Tartary.    5.  Its  states. 


ff^l'ikiitiPr'S!*''"  '''"inn  v' ,i'niHiiim!iv««Bi!»»iw>i» 


fJKOOnAI'HY. 


H3 


^^^^^&^,. 


->fi^£:^ 


rAUY. 

nil  tlic  cenfrni  part  of  Asin, 
!r(i  lo  the  rnciCic  Ow;nn.     Ila 

Turtary,  and  (.'liiiiosc  Tartnry. 
prises  a  number  of  small  states 
i.th,  and  f^ovorncd  by  princes 
•y  i.s  under  tiio  control  of  the 
lor  the  most  port  adopted  the 

.  rcjjion  comprise  Bcvcrnl  distinct 
■lit  'J'lirtary  and  I-ittir  niicliaria  aro 
at'  Soongaria  or  tliu  Kulinucks,  and 
nre  the  true  Turtars.  Tlio  Mant- 
V  the  ruling  race  in  China,  differ  in 

ARY  OR  TURKISTAN. 

'  extends  eastward  from  the 
10  Kir<juis  country  and  Turco- 
kan,  Khiva,  Great  Bucharia, 


tary  comprehend  ?  2.  What  docs 
linese  Turtary  ?  3.  What  is  aaid 
idependont  Turtary.    5.  Ita  states. 


"  "m'^'^^iitij^'  ^y  lasj-h-^s.i'j-ii---'"' ' 


^.ii.jjjyjiii.i,"')!iv_fti..;;;^Bi^"j'A,gt!?M*,_y' 


V^^ 
.^..%% 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


^ 
^ 


v-^*^ 

**.<• 


f/. 


^ 


^6 


1.0 


I.I 


.25 


L^|2.8     12.5 

■  so   ■^"     ■^B 

WUU 

Mm 

1.4   11.6 


'  1 


1.    ' 


^4\ 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


[v 


73  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)872-4503 


-»- 


W^.r 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICIVIH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


m 


Sin, 
Its 
my- 
ites 
ces 
thu 
the 

net 
are 
md 
nt. 
■  in 


he 

:o- 
ia, 


id 

31. 


sin, 
Its 

Ues 
ces 
thu 
the 

net 


are 


TARTARY. 


288 


5.  Tlio  four  last  iiro  nil  fertile  dintriits,  iiiliabittd  by  an  iiuliistrii.us 
pcopli',  wlio  are  cliietly  engaged  in  ugiieulture  and  trade.  The UsbeeUa 
lire  the  predominant  raec,  lieuee  this  country  is  sonietinies  culled 
Vsbeck  Tartary. 

().  An  extensive  coniiuerce  is  carried  on  between  these  statrs  and 
IVrsia,  Ilindoostan,  China,  and  Russia.  The  caravans  proceed  in  largo 
bodies,  and  are  well  nrined  ;  consisting  sometimes  of  several  thousand 
men,  horses,  and  camels. 

7.  The  principal  cities  are  Bucharia,  Kliokan,  Tashkent,  Khiva,  and 
Samarcand.  Uuclmria,  the  capital  of  the  territory  of  the  same  name, 
contains  numerous  mosques  and  colleges.  It  is  the  chief  scat  ot 
Mahomedan  learning  in  this  quarter,  and  is  visited  by  a  great  number 
of  students.  Khiva  is  rather  a  fixed  encampment,  than  a  regular 
town ;  it  is  the  principal  slave-market  in  Tartary.  Samurcand,  onco 
the  most  renowned  city  in  Asia,  is  now  nearly  all  in  ruins. 

8.  The  KiRGUis  and  Turcomans  raice  large  numbcrt*  of  horses  and 
camels,  and  wander  about  from  place  to  place.  The  Turcomans  often 
carry  away  the  inhabitants  from  the  frontier  Persian  villages,  and  sell 
them  for  slaves  in  the  markets  of  Khiva  and  Bucharia. 

CHINESE  TARTARY. 

9.  Chinese  Taiitahy  comprises  Little  Bucharia,  Soon- 
garia,  Mongolia,  and  Maiitchooria.  The  chief  part  of  this 
region  is  an  extensive  elevated  plain,  bounded  by  ranges  of 
some  of  the  most  lofty  mountains  in  Asia. 

10.  The  whole  territory,  except  that  part  of  it  occupied  by  the  Great 
Desert  of  Cobi,  appears  to  be  better  suited  to  grazing  than  agriculture, 
and  is  inhabited  principally  by  various  roving  tribes,  who  live  in  tents, 
and  raise  great  numbers  of  horses. 

11.  LiTi'i^E  BucHAiiu  and  Socngaria  are  the  best-settled  and  most 
fertile  divisions  of  this  territory  :  they  contain  several  populous  cities, 
of  which  Goulja,  Yarkand,  and  Cashgar,  apficar  to  be  the  chief. 

12.  Mantchooria  is  watered  by  the  great  river  Amoor;  it  contains 
several  cities  and  towns,  and  a  stationary  population  in  some  parts. 
CMiin  Yang  is  said  to  be  the  chief  city  in  that  district  of  it  adjoining  to 
China. 

Map  No.  12.  —  How  is  Independent  Tartary  bounded?  What  sea 
on  the  west  !  Cn.  —  In  the  centre  ?  Al.  —  How  long  nro  these  .' 
What  rivers  ilow  into  the  Caspian  sea?  Ul.,  Ak. —  Into  the  ss :i  oi 
Aral !    Sn    Ao.  —  How  long  are  those  rivers  ?     What  mountain^:'  are 


6.  What  is  said  of  commerce  ?  7.  Describe  the  cities,  &c.  8.  Tho 
Kirguis  and  Turcomans.  9.  What  is  said  of  Chinese  Tartary  ?  10. 
For  what  is  it  suited  ;  11.  Describo  Little  Bucharia  and  Soongaria. 
12.  Manlchooria. 


'':''M 


i^'^'^^^^^^-"" 


'^irm 


i^iit' 


i   \; 


284 


DESCRIPTIVE  GFOGRAP'y. 


in   till!   coiinlry?     II.-Ko.,  tlr,  T,..Ay.  —  Wliat   is   the   population   of 
Tashkent?     Uucliiiria  ?     Kliokun  .'     .Sani:ircantl  ? 

How  is  Chinese;  Turtary  bounded  .'  What  arc  its  chief  mountains? 
L.-Ay.,  Br.,  Tpr.,  Tm.,  (i.-Ay.,  Kn.  — IIow  high  arc  tho  three  last? 
Which  are  the  principal  lakes  ?     Bli.,  55r.,  Lr.  —  The  principal  rivcia  ? 

Cr.,  Ill,,  Sa.,  Ar.,  Si.,  Ui.  — What   great  desert   in  the  south/     Ci 

IIow  long  is  it  7     What  is  tho  population  of  Goulja  7     Cashgar  ?     Yar. 
kund  ? 


184 


INDIA. 

1.  India  has  been  always  celebrated  for  its  great  fertility, 
and  the  profusion  of  its  rich  and  valuable  products.  It  com- 
prises  two  large  peninsulas,  situated  between  the  seas  of 
Arabia  and  China.  The  western  division  is  called  Hindoos- 
tan,  and  the  othe         "n-India,  or  Farllior  India. 

2.  Both  the  |  jlas  of  India  are  remarkable  for  the 
number  and  size  c  ...ir  rivers,  whose  wafers  and  inundations, 
united  with  tho  heat  of  the  climate,  make  thcni  the  most 
productive  countries  on  earth.  The  term  East  Indies  is  also 
used  vwry  frequently  for  the  whole  of  south-eastern  Asia  and 
Chinu. 

3.  The  elephant  here  attains  his  greatest  bulk  and  perfection;  and 
has  been  rendered  useful  to  man  from  the  earliest  times.     White  elo- 

India.  Q.  —  1.  For  what  has  India  been  celebrated  ?  2.  What  b 
said  of  the  peninsulas  ?    3.  Tiio  elephant  ?     White  elephant  ? 


i  H«iMiks»:;jiBi3.1giiii|fei 


GFOGRAr»'V. 

Ay.  — Wlmt  is  tlic  population  of 
.'     .Saniiircaiid  ? 

J.'  Wlmt  arc  its  chief  inountiiiiis? 
—  How  high  arc  the  three  lust  ? 
111.,  i5r.,  Lr.  —  The  principal  rivcra  ? 
grcut  desert  in  the  south/  V'l. — 
ilation  of  Gouija  7     Cashgar  ?     Yiir. 


84. 


)IA. 

3clebratef)  for  its  great  fertility, 
1(1  vulunblc  products.  It  com- 
situnted  between  the  seas  of 
3rn  division  is  called  Hindoos- 
or  Farther  India. 
India  are  remarkable  for  the 
whose  waters  and  inundations, 
limatc,  make  tlicni  the  most 
The  term  East  Indies  is  also 
lole  of  south-eastern  Asia  and 

greatest  bulk  nnd  perfection  ;  and 
roni  the  earliest  times.     White  ele- 

dia  hcen  celebrated?    2.  What  ia 
phaut  ?     White  elephant  ? 


INDIA. 


285 


lilinnt.'^,  tl'.oii|,fh  Fomtlinics  met  with,  are  rare.  In  nirmali  and  Siam 
llifV  arc  hilit'vcd  to  contain  the  Hpirit  of  some  departed  monarch,  and, 
lis  siifli,  have  the  title  of  a  king ;  and  when  taken  abroad,  the  people 
lire  obliged  to  prostrate  themselves  as  before  their  aciual  sovereign. 

HINDOOSTAN. 

4.  IIiNDOosTAN  is  ono  of  th(!  most  remarkable  countries 
in  the  en.st.  Its  singular  customs,  and  rich  i)roducts,  have 
sittraclcd  the  attention  of  the  surrounding  nations  from  the 
earliest  period  of  history. 

").  The  climate  of  the  chief  part  of  Hindoostan  is  that  of 
the  torrid  zone,  which  among  the  mountains  is  rendered  tem- 
perate by  elevation.  With  the  exception  of  a  few  desert, 
f.andy  tracks,  the  soil  of  this  country  is  generally  very  fertile. 

G.Thcagricidture  is  imi)erfcct,  though  the  produce  is  abun- 
dant. Ilice  is  tlK-  chief  article  of  food,  but  other  grains  ?.re 
cultivated.  CoUon,  silk,  sugar,  opium,  tobacco,  and  indigo, 
are  all  extensively  produced ;  also,  coffee,  pepper;  cinna- 
mon, &c. 

7.  The  cotton  manufactures  have  been  long  celebrated  for  their  fine- 
ness and  beauty.  Silk  is  an  important  manufacture;  and  the  shawls 
of  Cashmere  are  unrivalled.  The  Hindoos  excel  in  working  gold  and 
silver;  and  in  cutting,  polishing,  and  setting  precious  stones. 

8.  The  inland  trade  of  Hindoostan  is  carried  on  by  Banians,  or 
llmdoo  merchants,  Armenians,  and  Parsces.  The  foreign  commerce 
is  in  the  hands  of  the  English,  Americans,  &,c.  This  country  produces 
the  finest  diamonds  in  'he  world ;  for,  though  those  of  Brazil  are  of 
greater  size,  the  diamonds  of  Golconda  are  superior  in  hardness  and 
brilliancy.     Gold,  iron,  tin,  and  zinc,  are  among  the  minerals. 

9.  The  Hindoos  are  in  complexion  almost  black,  with  long  hair,  straight 
limbs,  and  pleasing  countenances.  They  are  an  indolent  and  spiritless 
race,  excessively  superstitious ;  and  are  described  as  being  nearly  des- 
titute of  moral  honesty. 

10.  They  are  divided  into  four  castes,  or  classes  ; — 1.  The  Bramins 
or  priests.  2.  The  Rajah-pootras,  or  soldiers.  3.  Vaisyas,  or  merchants 
and  farmers.  4.  The  Sudras,  or  labourers.  These  castes  never  inter- 
marry, and  do  not  even  eat  or  drink  together ;  and  every  succeeding 
generation  must  belong  to  the  same  class  as  their  parents. 

11.  The  religion  of  the  Hindoos  is  a  degrading  systcrn  of  paganism. 
Bramah  is  the  supreme  deity,  and  there  are  many  millions  of  interior 
divinities.     They  also  worship  the  Kiver  Ganges,  the  cow,  ajw,  and 

4.  What  is  said  of  Hindoostan  ?  .">.  The  climate  ?  G.  Agriculture  ? 
7.  Cotton  manufactures,  &e.  ?  8.  Inland  trade  ?  Foreign  commerce  I 
IC  dianinnrls  ?     9.  IVfcribp  the  Hindoos.     10.  How  are  they  divided  ? 


280 


DESCRIl'TIVE  GEOGRAPHY. 


i^^if' 


i  I 


:•  I' 


:i:?; 


other  aniinnlii.     TIutc  nri;  likewise  in  HinilooNtan  a  number  ofMuhoin- 
cdanH,  witli  some  CliriHliuiis,  buth  native  and  Euiopcnn,  unci  Jcwh. 

Ix!.  The  eiiicf  purt  of  Hindooslan  in  under  the  cnntrol  uf  the  Hritisli 
E;ist  India  company.  Their  territory  contuin't  a  populiition  ofiibout  K) 
millions  ;.llie  tributary  states  US  millions,  total  of  the  company's  territory 
1«3  millioiiH.  To  this  nnist  be  added  one  million  Cor  the  lslan<l  of 
Ceylon,  which  is  ii  colony  belcn/jing  to  the  crown.  Total  of  JJritisJi 
India,  121  niillionB.  Of  this  jrrcnt  multitude,  the  Enropean.s  do  ni.l, 
probably,  e.xeeed  .5(MHH(  individuals.  Tho  independent  states  eontuin 
ubout  1()  million  inhabitants. 

13.  Great  efforts  are  r.ovi  makin(r  by  various  missionary  societies  for 
introduein;;  Cliristinnity  into  India.  Many  of  the  natives  have  re- 
nounced their  fal.sc  gods  ;  and  some  of  them  have  even  become  mis- 
Rionurics. 

185  


ViL'W  in  L'ulciitla. 


14.  Calcutta,  tho  capital  of  Rritisli  India,  is  the  largest  city  in  Hin- 
doostan.  It  is  situated  obout  100  miles  from  the  sea,  on  the  Hoogly 
branch  of  the  Ganges;  and,  pr()i)erly,  comprises  two  divisions.  Chou. 
riiigec,  tho  part  inhabited  by  the  English,  is  a  city  of  palaces ;  while 
the  liluck  Town,  inhabited  by  the  Hindoos,  is  an  assemblage  of 
thatched  mud  hutR. 

1.5.  Rombiiy,  tho  capital  of  Western  Rritisli  India,  is  noted  for  its  com- 
merce and  ship-building.  Madras,  the  capital  of  Southern  Rritisli 
India,  is  situated  on  a  Hat  sandy  shore,  and  bus  no  harbour.  It  presents 
a  fine  appearance  from  the  sea;  and  many  of  its  public  buildings  are 
handsome  structures. 

Sural  is  next  to  Calcutta  in  population.  It  is  noted  for  its  mnnufao- 
turcs  of  silks,  brocades,  and  fine  cotton  stufl's.  Hcnares  is  veiiora'.^d  ly 
the  Hindoos  as  a  most  holy  city,  and  crowds  of  pilgrims  visit  it  from 
oil  parts  of  the  country. 

16.  Ceylon  is  a  beautiful  fertile  island,  belonging   to  the    British 

11.  Of  religion?  12.  What  is  said  of  the  Rritii-b  Ea  t  India  Com- 
pany 7  13.  Of  missionary  societies?  14.  IXseribe  Calcutta.  15, 
Bombay.   Madras.    Surnt.    Pei>arcs.    16.  Ceylon.   The  Coralline  Isles. 


nknlh 


'^"^^ 


!  GEOGRAPHY. 

in  IlindooNtan  a  number  ofMuliom. 
lalivc  and  Eiiiopenn,  and  Jcwh. 
n  in  under  the  control  of  tin;  Driti!^]! 
>ry  contain'*  a  population  of  about  H.) 
lions,  total  of  the  company's  territory 
iddcd  one  million  for  tho  l!<lan<l  of 
ng  to  till-  crown.  Total  of  Ihitisli 
at  niultitudi',  tlic  Enropcans  do  ni.l, 
a.     Tho  independent  states  contain 

[T  by  various  missionary  societies  for 
a.  Many  of  the  nalivea  have  re- 
me  of  them  have  even  become  mis- 


L'alcalla. 

sli  India,  is  the  largest  city  in  Ilin- 
miles  from  the  sea,  on  the  Uoogly 
ly,  comprises  two  divisions.  Chou- 
'English,  is  a  city  of  palaces ;  while 
ic    Hindoos,   is   an   assemblage  of 

rn  Dritish  India,  is  noted  for  its  com- 
i,  the  capital  of  Southern  British 
)rc,  and  bus  no  harbour.  It  presents 
nd  many  of  its  public  buildings  are 

lation.  It  is  noted  for  its  mnnufhc 
tton  stufts.  Benares  is  venrra'id  I  y 
id  crowds  of  pilgrims  visit  it  from 

!  island,  belonging   to  the    British 

d  of  the  Britii-h  Ka  t  India  Com- 
es ?  14.  Describe  Calcutta.  15. 
:.    16.  Ceylon.    Tiic  Coralline  Isles. 


INDIA. 


287 
It  is  noted  for 


crown,  and  independent  of  the  East  India  company, 
producing  the  linest  eimmmon  in  the  world. 

Tho  Coralline  Isles  comprise  the  Lnecadivc  and  Maldivc  groups. 
Thiy  lie  wist  and  south-west  from  Ilindoostan.  Though  numerous, 
they  are  small  in  extent;  and  produce  cocoa-nuts  in  eonsiderublo 
abundance. 

Miip  No.  12. —  How  is  Ilindoostan  bounded  ?  VVIiat  rivers  flow  into 
the  Arabian  Sea  ?  Is,,  Nh.  —  Into  the  Hay  of  Bengal  !  (is.,  Br,  (Jy., 
K,i.  —  How  long  arc  all  these  rivers?  What  mountains  are  in  tho 
nnrlh-east .'  Mb.  —  In  the  south-west  ?  (U.  —  How  long  aiul  high  uro 
the  first?  What  island  lies  south  of  Ilindoostan  ?  Cii.  —  How  long 
mid  wide  is  it?  What  gidf  separates  it  from  Ilindoostan?  Mr. — 
What  islands  lie  west  and  south-west  from  Ilindoostan  ?  I.e.,  Me.  - 
What  are  they  called  ?  Cc.-Is.  —  What  is  the  population  of  Calcutta  I 
Surat  ?  Delhi  ?  I.ueknow  ?  Patna  ?  Madras  7  Bombay  ?  Benares  I 
D.ieca,  and  the  other  large  cities  ?  What  is  the  south-east  coast  of 
Ilindoostan  culled  ?     CI.  —  Tlio  south-west  7     Mr. 


Birman  Temples  and  War-Boals. 

CHIN-INDIA. 

1,  CniN-IxDiA,  or  Farther  India,  is  .situated  between  Hiii- 
doostan  and  China.  It  comprises  the  empires  of  Birmah  and 
Anam,  the  kingdom  of  Siam,  the  British  territories,  and  the 
petty  states  of  Malacca.  It  is  a  well-watered,  fertile  region, 
and  is  prolific  in  various  tropical  products. 


Chin-India.  Q,  —  1.  Describe  Chin-India.    S.  The  inhabitants.    The 


^  "3iIfl<r>:Si-.^hf'- 


■Sfiii 


I  <i 


lifrrff^'^' 


l^l#' 


i.'. 


ft 


b; 


I  ) 


iMk 


288 


DESCRIPTIVE  OEOGRAI'HY. 


li.  Nonrly  nil  tlic  iiiliiiliifants  of  this  roj^ion  profess  (In; 
religion  of  MuiMlia,  orCiiindama.  Great  ntluiition  is  paiil  hy 
tlioni  to  tliu  hiiilclitiM;  ol'  costly  temples,  which  uie  very  gaud- 
ily oniaiiiented  vvitli  gilding,  painting,  and  varnishing.  Tiic 
war-boats  of  these  nations,  especially  of  the  Hirinana,  an' 
often  100  feet  long,  luit  very  narrow.  They  carry  from  8(( 
to  100  men,  with  a  small  cannon  ai  the  prow. 

3.  Tlio  jfoVLTiiiiifnts  of  i'hin-Iiulia  arc  coinplotcly  despotic.  Tin; 
nol)les  tiliow  tlio  most  protbund  sulniiissiori  lo  llicir  kovcrciRn,  lyiiic 
prostnitu  on  their  I'aees,  and  crecpiriff  on  the  jrrouiid  hetbrc  liiin  j  and 
every  malu  suliject  above  SiO  yours  ot'  age,  exceptiiifr  the  priests  and 
public  officers,  must  serve  tiic  government  tluee  years,  eillier  us  a  sol. 
dier  or  a  labourer. 

4.  In  all  these  countries,  the  morals  of  the  prnple  arc  in  n  low  elate; 
nnd  the  wonirn,  in  general,  are  little  better  than  slaves,  being  obliged 
to  pcrlbrui  the  principal  part  of  the  hard  labour ;  and,  in  Anam,  they 
likewise  conduct  uU  the  operations  of  buying  and  selling. 


5.  Population  and  Extent  of  Chin-India. 


Square  Mile*.    Inliabiuiits. 

Anam nso.ono  i  J0,0(l0,()00  j 

Birmall 3.'i4.UO()      S.OOU.IMM) ! 

einm lt)4,()0U      3,H0O,00l 


Square  Milei.    Inhabitauth 


Britisti  territories  ...  77,0(10 

Malacca   ■  5.5.000 

Total,    U'.'O.ODO 


i.nofl.noo 

•.'iHi.noi 

'jo.nou.iMO 


186  

BIRMAH. 

6.  The  Birman  Empire  was  founded  about  eighty  vears 
ago,  and  for  n  considerable  [leriod  was  the  moat  important 
power  in  this  quarter.  The  Birmans  are  a  military  people, 
and  their  armies  were,  until  their  late  contest  with  the  East 
India  Company,  thought  to  be  very  efficient. 

7.  Ava,  a!)out  500  miles  from  the  sea,  has  been  the  capital  since  1821 
Tho  former  metropolis,  Umerapoora,  though  but  lately  a  splendid  city, 
is  already  much  decayed. 

Rangoon,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Irrawaddy  river,  is  the  ehief  sen- 
port  of  the  empire. 


temples.  War-boats.  3.  What  is  said  of  the  governments  7  Nobles  ? 
Male  subjects  7  4.  Morals,  &,c.  7  Of  the  women  7  5.  How  many 
inhabitants  has  Chin-India?  What  is  its  extent  in  square  miles? 
Which  is  the  largest  division  ?     The  most  populous  7 

Birmah,  Q.  —  6.    When     was    the     Birman    Empire    founded  7' 
What  is  said  of  the  Birmans  7     7.  Describe  Ava.    Umerapoora,  &c. 


;  GEOGllAI'HV. 

ts  of  this  rof^ion  pro(bss  tin; 
III.  Great  ntlL'iition  is  pniil  hy 
!(.'in|)lns,  wliicli  me  vt.Ty  giiiul- 
liiitin!^,  nntl  variiisliing.  Tin' 
specially  of  the  l^irinans,  urr 
larrow.  Tlicy  carry  Iroin  80 
oil  til  tlic  prow. 

(lia  arc  coinplotcly  despotic.  Tin: 
liniissioii  lo  llu  ir  knvcrcidn,  lyiiii; 
Iff  oil  the  jrr'iuiul  holbrc  liiin  j  and 
of  ugf,  fxcf|>tiiif;  (lie  prifsts  iind 
rnmciit  tliite  yciirN,  titlitr  us  a  mol- 
lis of  the  proplc  nrc  in  n  low  state; 
c  better  tliun  slaves,  lieing  obliged 
c  hard  labour  ;  iiiid,  in  Anam,  tlicy 
if  buying  and  Hulling, 

tlent  of  Chin.India. 

Kqiun:  Milei.    IntutlUDt^ 
Brilisti  territories  .■■  77,000      l.non.lKX) 

Malacca 55.000        '.'iHl.noi 

Total,    U'.'O.OIHl    aO.HOO.IloO 

16  

I  AH. 

9  founded  about  eiglity  vears 
eriod  was  the  moat  important 
irmans  are  a  military  people, 
leir  late  contest  with  the  East 
icry  efficient. 

BCD,  has  been  the  capital  since  \&2i. 
though  but  lately  a  splendid  city, 

Irrawaddy  river,  is  the  ehief  sen- 


aid  of  the  governments  7    Nobles  ? 
Of  the  women  ?     5.  How  many 
it  is  its  extent   in  square  miles? 
most  populous  ? 

the     Birman    Empire    founded  7' 
Describe  Ava.    Umerapoora,  &c. 


INDIA. 
ANAM. 


289 


8.  Tin;  empire  of  Anam  is  of  recent  orijjin,  and  dates 
only  froiii  llu;  In'jiiiniiini;  of  the  present  (cntiiry.  It  ('(jni. 
jiilses  Ton(|iiin,  Cochin-China,  and  Cambodia,  with  part  of 
Laos. 

f).  The  late  Emperor  Caung  .''Imnjr,  organized  his  army  and  navy, 
constructed  (ortreHses,  and  established  nniiorics  at>er  the  Kiir(i|j(  an 
manner;  he  thus  ucquirid  a  Ibrmidable  military  foree,  and  was  eiiiihlnl 
to  add  to  his  original  possessions  the  inipottunt  territories  of  Toii(|iiiii 
and  Cumbodiu. 

lf».  Hue,  (he  capital,  is  an  immense  fortification,  built  in  Ihn  Kurope;m 
Etylo ;  lOO.OUO  men  were  employed  on  the  works  during  tlic  period  of 
their  construction,  and  1,'J(I0  cannon  were  mounted  on  the  walls. 
Saigon,  in  Cainbndia,  is  the  chief  sea-port  of  the  empire  :  it  contains  u 
royal  arsenal,  and  carries  on  an  extensive  commerce. 

SUM. 

11.  Siam  is  a  considerable  kingdom,  situated  between 
Birmah  and  Anam ;  its  territory,  watered  by  the  iMeinam 
river,  is  frrtilo  and  liiohiy  prolific  in  various  tropical  pro- 
ductions. The  people  arc  mild  and  courteous,  but  cunning 
and  avaricious. 

12.  Unnkok,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  the  river  Meinam,  and  may  bo 
reg.irded  JRilost  •fts  a  city  Hoating  on  the  water ;  many  of  the  hfiuses 
are  built^on  ral>s  moored  in  the  river,  and  can  be  easily  moved  from 
place  to  place ;  these  are  inhabited  chiutly  by  Chinese,  who  constitute 
a  large  portion  of  the  population. 


BRITI.SH  POSSESSIONfe. 

13.  Tt|p  British  possessions  in  Chin-India,  comprise  a  strip 
of  territoi^  'ying  south  of  the  Burrampooter  river,  and  an- 
other south  of  the  Sahven  ;  these  were  both  acquired  at  the 
close  of  the  late  war  with  Birmah. 

14.  Arracan  and  Amherst  are  the  chief  towns  :  to  these  may  be 
added  the  town  and  territory  of  Malacca,  Pulo  Pinang,  or  Prince  of 
Wales  Island,  and  the  city  of  Singapore ;  the  latter  was  founded  in 
1820,  and  declared  a  free  port.  It  has  in  consequence  acquire<i  an 
extensive  commerce.     Its  population  has  doubled  in  amount  since  18U3. 


8.  What  is  said  of  Anam  ?    9.  The   Emperor  ?     10.  Describe  ITno. 
Saigon.     11.  What  is  said  of  Siam?     12.  fionkok?    13.  Describe  tho 
19 


■TJSEplSiuisasyw^ 


u 


200 


DESCRIPTIVE  GEOGRAI'HY. 


1^*1*' 


Orang  Outnng. 


MALACCA, 

!!>.  Tlio  peninsula  of  Malnrrn  is 
orciii)ic(|  hy  n  numlxT  of  smull  indi;- 
pf'iuUiiit  stntes,  of  wliicli  biil  littlo  is 
known.  Thu  inhnbitants,  chiflly 
Miiliomefliins,  arc  called  Muliiys, 
and  arc  by  turna  merchants,  pirates, 
and  robberH. 

16.  The  well-known  Orangf  Outanj;  ii 
found  in  Muliicca.  Tlio  fabluii  lonf;  pro- 
palpated  of  lliin  giffftntic  Ape,  walking 
erect  like  n  man,  wugine  war  witli  clubs. 
Sto,  arc  nil  now  cxploaed.  Its  natural 
conformation  proven,  in  agreement  with 
itfi  habits,  thut  it  is  only  adapted  liir 
climbing  trees  and  living  among  the 
branches. 


•■-  i: 

1    :           11 

!     ,     : ; 
'i       •'  ,' 

•i              ■      i 

'    ■  '  i 

Map  No.  13.  —  How  is  Dirmah  bonndcd  ?  Siam  bounded  ?  Annm 
bounded  !  IMnliiuca  bounded  ?  VVhiit  rivers  flow  into  the  Gulf  of 
Murtabiin?  ly.,  Sn.  —  Into  the  Gulf  of  Siam  ?  Mn. — China  sea? 
Ca.  —  How  loni;  arc  ull  these  rivers  7  What  isthmus  connects  Malacca 
with  Siorii  ?  Kw.  —  What  strait  separates  it  from  Sumatra?  Ma. — 
Which  is  the  SDutli  c:ipe  of  Birtnah  ?  Ns.  —  OfMalacc*?  Ra.  —  Of 
Cambodia  !  Ca.  —  Wliat  is  the  population  of  Bunkok  7  Ava  ?  Hue  7 
Saigon  ?  Umcrapoora  7  Arracan  ?  Singapore  7  What  islands  lie 
west  of  Siam  ?    An.  Nr. 

187  

CHINESE  EMPIRE. 

1.  TnK  Chinese  empire  contains  the  greatest  number  of 
inhabitants  subject  to  any  one  government  in  the  world.  It 
embraces  China,  Chinese  Tartary,  Corea,  and  Thibet.  The 
population  of  the  whole  is  supposed  to  be  230  millions.  ,Thc 
great  mass  of  the  people  are  Chinese  ;  but  the  ruling  race,  to 
which  the  Emperor  belongs,  is  the  Mantchoo,  by  Whom  China 
was  conquered,  in  1644. 

British  Possessions.     14.  Arracan,  &c.     15.  Malacca.     Andaman  and 
Nicobar  islands.     16.  What  is  said  of  the  Ornnff  Outang  7 
China.  Q.  —  1.  What  docs  the  Chinese  empire  contain  ?    Wh»t  It 


GEOGRAPHY. 


CCA, 


Tlin  peninsula  of  Malnrrn  is 
i('(l  by  ft  numlHT  of  smull  indo 
nt  stntt's,  of  wliicli  but  littlo  is 
1.  Tho  inhnbitnnts,  chidly 
meflims,  arc  called  Mulavs, 
re  by  turns  nicrchatits,  pirates, 
abborw. 

The  well-known  Orangf  Outanjf  ii 
in  Mttliicca.  Tho  fabluR  lonjr  pro. 
(I  of  IhiH  gigantic  Ape,  wiilkhig 
ike  n  man,  wugine  war  with  clubfi, 
c  nil  now  cxploaed.  Its  natiirol 
nation  proven,  in  ngrecnicnt  with 
liits,  thut  it  is  only  adapted  for 
^g  trees  and  living  among  Iho 
ca. 


landed  7  Siam  bounded  ?  Annm 
hut  riverB  How  into  tho  Gulf  of 
ilf  of  Sinm  ?  Mn. — China  Bea  ? 
}  VVIiut  isthinus  connccta  Malacca 
pnnitus  it  from  Sumatra  ?  Ma.  — 
•  Ns.  — Of  Malacca  7  Ra.  — Of 
Illation  of  Bunkok  7  Ava  ?  Hue  7 
Singapore?     What   islandB  lie 


EMPIRE. 

itains  tlie  greatest  number  of 
government  in  the  world.  It 
ary,  Corea,  and  Thibet.  The 
osed  to  be  830  millions.  ,Thc 
linese  ;  but  the  ruling  rare,  to 
he  Mantchoo,  by  Whom  China 


iic.    15.  Malacca.    Andaman  and 

af  the  Orang  Outang  7 

ilne»e  empire  contain?    What  it 


CHINA. 


201 


Group  of  Chinese. 
CHINA. 

2.  CniNA  comprises  a  territory  about  three-fourths  tho 
size  of  the  United  States.  It  is  noted  for  the  great  antiquity 
of  its  government ;  the  singularity  of  its  nianners  and  cus- 
toms; and  for  its  jealous  and  reserved  policy  towards  other 
nations. 

3.  The  soil  and  climate,  fi'om  the  great  extent  of  country, 
are  extremely  various.  The  former  is  cultivated  willi  the 
greatest  care,  in  every  part :  even  the  mountains  and  rocks 
are  made  to  yield  some  u.seful  product. 

4.  ManufacUircs  are  numerous ;  and  many  of  them  have  been  car- 
ried, by  the  Chinese,  to  a  state  of  considerable  perfection.  Foreign 
commerce  is  carried  on  at  Canton,  cliiefly  with  the  English  and  Anier- 
icunB,  in  tea,  silks,  cotton,  and  china-ware. 

5.  The  export  of  tea  alone  to  (Jreat  Britain  and  the  United  States  is 
about  (!0  millions  of  pounds,  annually.  The  inland  trade  of  China,  by 
means  of  the  numerous  rivers  and  canals,  is  very  extensive.  The 
Grand,  or  Imperial  cunal  is  the  largest  in  llie  world,  being  600  miles 
in  length.  It  i.s  said  to  have  employed  30,000  racn  upwards  of  40 
years  in  its  construction. 

6.  The  great  wall  which  bounds  China  on  the  north  is,  probably,  tho 
greatest  work  ever  accomplished  by  ni  in.     It  is  1,500  miles  in  length, 
2t  feet  in  height,  and  of  such  ''  '  ..    .     ■     . 
ride  abreast  upon  it, 
tho  Tartars. 


thickness,  that  six  horsemen  can  easily 
It  was  hmll  '3,000  years  ago,  as  a  dcicucu  against 


said  of  the  people  7  2.  What  docs  China  comprise  ?  For  what  is  it 
noted  ?  3.  What  is  said  of  the  soil  ?  4.  Manufactures  ?  Foreign 
commerce?    S.  Export  of  tea?    The  Grand  cunal?    6.  The  great 


,SSe«5iiiSHjp53r_ 


29S 


DKSciiiPTivE  oi;o(iu.\riiv. 


I^ir 


I  1 


1: 


Hi! 


'■jg!!ilBilA#« 


7.  Tlio  cliii^f  hoiiuly  oC  tlm  woiiu'ii,  in  lliin  cnuiitry,  in  llioil)(lit  to  Im 
lliu  iiiimllin"<ri  ol'  Ihiii-  fiM  t,  wliicli  arc  liiiiiiid  iiii  Ircmi  intiniry  in  order 
to  priviiit  llicir  ({iiiwiiiKto  tlir  iiiitiinil  ^iz«'.  I'liu  »lirH  a  of  ii  Cliiiifio 
laily  unv  ulioiit  limr  iiicliis  in  l>  ii;;tli,  iiiiil  two  in  liroAillii. 

H.  Till'  |irim'i|uil  IIkmI  omiI  id  rii  r  ;  1ml  llic  pooro  cIiibkck  I'lil  riitK, 
mice,  iiud  |iii|iiiii'M  i  iind  ollcn  kuIUt  I'roiii  Cuuiiiir.  Soii|W  niudc  ol' 
cdllilti  bi^d^'-o(•^lH,  i(iii.>liiir,  and  olliir  gununy  iiul>slanot»,  uru  unionj,' 
tliu  liixiirii  H  ol'  tlie  riili. 

!l.  I.cirninff  ih  hiitldy  olrciricd  in  Cliinii.  Tli.y  li.ivo  many  boiiliM, 
on  viirioUM  HnhjriitM,  jil  uri'  V(  ry  di  I'm  ii  tit  in  Iriir  lilcriiluri-  and  miiiict;. 
Tilt!  MiuidariiiH,  or  gma  ollicirK,  iniiiloyid  in  llir  iidininiMlratioti  ot'lliu 
Covornnicnl,  owe  llii  ir  rank  and  litlu  tiilirtly  to  tlitir  »kill  in  lullcm. 


Cliiiit'iH.'  Militiiry. 

10.  Tlio  army  of  China  is  Baid  lo  amount  to  HOO.flOO  men ;  Iml, 
compared  with  fciiropoan  soldicrc,  their  appcnranee  is  most  nuniihtary. 
Their  paper  lithnclB,  wadded  jfownB,  quilted  pellii  oatu,  and  eliuimy 
Batin  b<x)tH,  present  nothing  of  llic  aH|H'et  of  war,  'J'herc  are  a  few 
Binall  armed  vessclx  to  HupproHs  Hinuj^^ling  uitd  piracy,  but  notliiii);  that 
can  be  called  a  navy. 

11.  The  Chinese  are,  in  many  respects,  a  civilized  people,  and  are 
distinguished  for  order,  industry,  and  r(  gulaiity  ;  but  their  treatment  of 
females,  exposing  of  infants,  and  (;<^^neral  disregard  of  truth,  are  eir- 
cumstances  which  lower  them  in  the  scale  of  nations,  and  rank  them 
below  the  least  civilized  of  any  of  the  Christian  eommunilies. 

13.  The  reliyion  of  Fo  and  lludillia  is  profissed  by  the  chief  part 
of  the  people;  but  the  leiirned  men  worship  the  spirit  of  their  (rrcat 
philosopher,  Confucius.  There  are  also  some  Maliomedans  and  Roman 
Catholics  in  Oiinu.  The  (roverninent  is  despotic,  ond  is  conducted 
with  greol  form  and  ceremony.  The  liniperor  is  styled  the  Son  of 
Heaven  ;  and  when  he  goes  abroad,  the  houses  and  shops  must  he  shut, 
and  all  that  he  meets  must  prostrate  themselveH  on  the  ground. 

wall  ?     7.  What  is  said  of  the  women  ?     8.  The  fiwd  7     9.  I,carning  ? 
10.  Tho  army?     11.  Chinese?     12.  Reliffion  ?     13.  Describe  Pckin. 


iKOiiUAl'IIV. 

,  ill  lliiit  ('(iiiiitry,  Ih  tlinii)(lit  tn  iin 
:  ImiiiikI  III)  Iriiiii  jiitiiiiiy  in  iinlcr 
ml  -i/l^      i'lit:  hIm"  »  ul'  u  Cliiiiuao 

nil  two  in  lircnillii. 

1  lull  llic  poori  I  cliiHitcii  I'll!  ratK, 

rniiii    f'uiiiiiir.     Siiii|M   iiiudi'   of 

r  KUiiiiny  aulolancii,  aru  uniDiijr 

Chiiiii.  Tliry  li.ivo  niuny  himks, 
irtlt  ill  trilr  litiriltliri'  lliul  Hcllliri.'. 

Iiiyi'il  ill  llir  luliiiiniHlnitiiiii  ot'lliu 
uiilirvly  to  tlitir  akill  in  littcm. 


■!•--  '---'m: 


ilitiiry. 

to  amount  to  fiOO.OOO  men ;  liiit, 
:ir  appcnraiicc^  Is  must  imniililiiry. 
»,  <|uilt('(l  iHltiinatn,  anil  I'liiiiiHy 
iH|H'i  t  of  war.  'J'hiTc  ure  a  few 
y^liiig  uad  piracy,  but  notliin|r  tlmt 

spc'Cts,  n  civilized  people,  and  are 
regularity  ;  liut  tlieir  treutiiient  ot' 
iitral  disregurd  of  truth,  are  eir- 
c  Heiilu  ol'  nations,  and  rank  tliuin 
a  ChriHtian  euninninities. 

Iia  in  profiuaed  hy  the  cliief  part 
worship  the  spirit  of  their  great 
Iso  some  Mulioinedans  anil  Roman 
.•lit  is  despotic,  and  is  conducted 
'lie  Emperor  in  styled  the  Son  of 
he  hoUNea  and  sliopsi  must  hti  shut, 
tliciiisclvuH  on  the  ground. 

n?  a  The  food  7  9.  Learning? 
,  Religion?     13.  Describe  Pekin. 


Tiiiiir.i 


2orj 


\X  I'ekiii,  the  rnpitwl  of  (  hiiia,  is  one  of  the  largest  (itiin  In  tho 
\tiirlil.  It  eont.iiiiH  two  disliiii't  |i>w  iiH,  ilii'  t  him  »e  iinil  Tartar,  of 
wlileli  the  loriiur  is  the  liiiixt  i  li'tiarit  iiiiil  pnpiiliHis  ;  hut  ihi'  hitter  \a 
iiilnriied  liy  the  iiii|M'rial  paliiii'  ami  giinliiiM,  'I'lie  shopH  are  very 
iiUiiM  riiiiH,  and  priiieipally  only  oiii'  slury  hi^jh:  they  an'  iiiiiiriKil  with 
Iliii^H,  Varnish,  paintings,  and  lanliins,  'I'lie  sin  its  are  immensely 
eriivMJdl,  li)r  the  ChiiK >i'  spend  iiiiieh  ol'  llii  ir  lime  in  Ihe  ii|h  ii  air. 

I  I.  Nankin,  the  aneient  i  apll  il,  is  iiiiieli  larger  than  I'l  kin  ;  Init  it 
i<<  now  greatly  decayed,  and  Is  iioti  d  li<r  its  jKircelain  tower,  and  iti 
III  iiiiilai  lures  of  nankeen. 

('anion  is  the  only  port  nt  which  Knropeans  are  nllowed  to  trade  and 
ri'sltje.  IIk  eoinmena'  is  very  great,  ami  it  is  said  that  .'ilMIII  vesvi  Is  nro 
olten  sc  III  lying  hetiire  thi'  eily  at  onec.  i^hanghae  is,  next  to  Canton, 
the  greati  si  comiiiereial  city  of  I'liina.  'I'lenlhin  is  llie  port  of  I'ekin, 
and  n  gnat  emporiimi  liir  siill;  ils  inhahilaiils  have  mure  reseinhluncu 
Id  I'liinipeans,  than  tln)«e  of  any  other  piirt  of  the  empire.  Hooteliow, 
llaiiutehow,  K Ingtrching,  and  Voutehaiig,  are  all  populous  cities,  ulitl 
ititualtd  in  the  midst  of  rich  and  firtilu  districts. 


IKH 


TIIIDKT. 

I.  TiiiiiKT  is  u  (MiM  cicvntcil  ri\oi(m,  biiiiniU'd  Iiy  rangps 
of  the  liij^ln'st  niiuinlains  on  tin-  j^iolio  ;  and  hoihc  of  llio 
liifgf'st  rivers  on  llio  eastern  continent  tnke  their  rise  witiiin 
ils  territory.  'J'his  country,  too(!tiior  with  Uootmi  ami  Little 
Titibet,  all  lielono  to  t.'liina. 

!J.  The  soil  is  sterile,  and  V(  gelation  is  scanty  ;  hut  the  people  imssess 
large  herds  of  cattle.  The  musk  deer,  hroad.lailed  sheep,  and  shawl 
goal,  are  some  of  the  chief  animals  of  this  country  ;  the  luUer  fiirnishcH 
the  fine  wool,  of  which  the  valuahlc  shawla  of  t'ashinerc  are  made. 

'X  Thibet  is  the  chief  seat  of  the  religion  of  Iluddha,  called  Fo  in 
China,  and  Shamaism  in  Tartary.  'J'he  (irand  I.aiim  is  the  head  of 
this  system,  and  is  considered  as  the  Creator  hiinsclf,  dwelling  in  a 
liiimun  loriii ;  and  when  hv.  dies,  Ihe  divine  spirit  is  -opposed  to  pass 
into  another  body,  know  n  by  certain  signs  to  the  prii  sis  oiily. 

4.  Lassa  is  the  religions  capital  of  Central  Asia,  and  the  rcsidcnco 
of  the  Chinese  governor.  Not  far  from  the  city,  is  the  temple  or  palaoo 
of  the  (irand  I/ania  ;  it  is  said  to  contain  ti-n  thousand  rooms:  thu 
towers  and  obelisks  of  the  building  arc  covered  with  gold  and  silver, 
and  there  are  innumerable  images  of  Huddha  of  gold,  silver,  and  other 
metals. 

The  shops.     14.  Nankin.     Canton.      The   other   principal   cities  of 
China. 

TMhft.  Q.— 1.  What  is  Thibet  7  3.  Wliat  is  said  of  the  soil  7 
Of  cattle  ?  3.  Of  religion  7  The  Grand  Lama  7  4.  Describe  Lasaa. 
•;.  I'cshoo  Lomboo, 


■■^KS^:tt»®W*a«tS**a»>ISS»S-C23 


If 


TOTO 


m 


i^»i^' 


i 


I  li 


=-il 


»- 1 


It 


294 


DESCRIPTIVE  GEOGRAPHY. 


Pal'ici)  of  'l'e:j|iuo  Loiiituo. 


5.  Teshoo  Lornboo  is  the  sent  of  an  inferior  Lama,  who  resides  in  a 
large  monastery,  compostd  of  400  houscH,  encompassed  by  a  higii  wail, 
Jigagungar  is  the  most  populuus  city  in  Tliibet. 


Map  No.  12.  —  How  is  Cliina  bounded?  What  sea  lies  between 
China  and  Corca  ?  Yw.  —  VVliat  rivers  flow  into  the  Eastern  sea  ? 
Il.-do.,  Yg.,  H  -Kg. —  How  long  are  tlicy  ?  VVliat  islands  lie  east  of 
Cliina?  liO.,  Fa.  —  What  islands  south  ?  Hn.  —  How  lonij  are  For- 
mosa and  Hainan?  What  mountains  arc  in  China?  Pg.,  Mg. — 
What  lakes  ?  Tg.,  Pg.,  K.-Nr.  —  What  is  the  population  of  Pe kin  ? 
Canton  ?  Teentsin  ?  Sootchow  ?  Hangtehow  ?  Kingleching  !  Nun- 
kin  ?     Voutchang  ? 

How  is  Thibet  bounded  ?  What  rivers  take  their  rise  in  it  ?  Br., 
ly.,  Ca.,  Yg.  —  How  long  are  all  tliese  ?  What  mountains  are  on  the 
north?  Kn. —  The  south-west  ?  Uh. —  How  high  are  these  ?  What 
mountain  west  of  Lassa  ?  Ce.  —  How  high  is  it  ?  What  river 
runs  through  Little  Thibet  ?  Is.  —  What  is  the  population  of  Jigaguii- 
gar  ?     Of  Lassa  ? 

189  


COREA. 

1.  CcREA  is  a  large  peninsula,  situated  between  China  and 
Japan.  The  people  have  no  intercourse  with  any  nation,  ex- 
cept the  Chinese  and  Japanese,  and  are  consecjuently  but 
little  known. 

2.  This  kingdom  is  ruled  by  a  sovereign,  who  pays  homage  and 
tribute  to  China.  The  arts,  learning,  and  written  language  of  that 
country  are  in  use  in  Corca  ;  hut  the  spoken  language  is  entirely  differ- 
ent. Kingkitao,  the  capital,  is  situated  nearly  in  the  centre  of  the 
country. 


Corea  and  Japan.  Q.  —  1.  What  is  Corea  ?     2.  What  is  said  of  the 
Bovereign?     Arts,  learning,  ..Vc. ?     Kingkitao?     3.  What  doe*  Japan 


GJEOGRAPHY. 


mo  l.oiiilijo. 

n  inferior  Lama,  who  rcBidcs  in  a 
>uscH,  encompassed  by  a  higii  wail. 
f  in  Tliibet. 

lundcd  ?  What  sea  lies  between 
ivcrs  flow  into  the  Eastern  sea  ? 
e  tliey  .'  VVliat  islands  lie  east  of 
)Uth  ?  Iln.  —  How  lonij  are  For- 
iiins  arc  in  Cliina  ?  Pg'.,  Mg. — 
k'hat  is  the  population  oF  Pe kin  ? 
langtchow  ?  Kinglcching  ?  Nun- 
rivers  take  their  rise  in  it  ?  Br., 
;se  ?  What  mountains  are  on  the 
Ih.  —  How  hiffh  are  these  ?  What 
How  high  is  it  ?  What  river 
Wiiat  is  the  population  of  Jigagun- 


EA. 

a,  situated  between  China  and 
tcrcoursc  with  any  nation,  ex- 
e,  and  are  consecjuently  but 

sovereign,  who  pays  homage  and 
ng,  and  written  language  of  that 
spoken  language  is  entirely  differ- 
jated  nearly  in  the  centre  of  the 


s  Corea  ?     2.  What  is  said  of  the 
liingkitao?     3.  What  doe*  Japan 


EMPIRE    OF   JAPAN. 
EMPIRE  OF  JAPAN. 


a95 


3.  TiiK  empire  of  Japan  comprises  the  islands  of  Niphon, 
Kiiisiu,  ami  Sikoke,  willi  llie  southenimost  of  tlie  Kurile  islands. 
The  [K^oplo,  like  IIr!  Cliinese,  are  very  jealous  of  l:j,iropeans  ; 
so  that  our  Knowledge  of  tiie  country  is  rallicr  limited. 

4.  Tiio  agriculture  is  in  a  highly  improved  state.  Hice, 
wliviit,  sugar,  cotton,  and  tobacco,  are  extensively  cultivated, 
and  the  ti-a-plant  grows  wild  in  the  hedges.  The  mnnufac- 
turcs  are  numt;rous,  ;uid  inchuk:  silk,  cotton,  porcelain,  and 
lackered  or  Japan  ware,  in  which,  and  the  working  of  metals, 
the  .Japanese  excel.  (Jold,  silver,  and  copjier,  are  the  princi- 
pal  minerals  Ibtind  in  this  country- 

5.  Jiip^ui  is  one  of  tlio  most  civilized  nations  in  Eastoni  Asia.  The 
pcopli'  pay  great  attention  to  tin;  eduoalion  of  tlniir  childn d,  and  (eniaks 
iire  instructed  with  the  sainc  care  ne  the  ollitr  sex.  'l'li<.'y  rigorously 
exclude  foreigners  from  the  en)|>jre,  ami  peiniit  none  bi;t  llie  Cliincsc, 
Cori'ans,  and  Dutch,  to  have  intercourse  with  tlii.tn.  'I'he  li.tter  are 
sulijcct  to  murh  indignity,  yet  they  submit  to  it  for  the  sake  of  tlie 
prolils  of  tJie  trade 

(!.  TJKi  worship  of  Ruddlia,  of  Confucius,  and  of  spirits,  or  genii, 
prevails  in  Japan.  Tliu  last  is  called  the  religion  ol'  Sinto.  The 
govLTiiniisit  is  absolute;  and  there  are  two  monarehs;  t!ie  Kul)o,  or 
ijiinimandiT  in  chief  of  tho  army,  is  the  rojil  soarciu'i  ;  wbile  the 
Dairi  is  the  spiritual  hvad  of  tlic  empire.  He  lives  relirt  d,  in  bis  palace 
at  Miaco,  and  seldom  ventures  abroad,  except  on  a  visit  to  sonic  of  the 
great  teniiijea. 

7.  Tlic  laws  arc  cxlr<^tne)y  ticvc-ro,  and  arc  rigor'^usly  cxecoied. 
The  se<;arity  of  person  and  property  is,  in  consenuence,  O'lidercd  very 
complete,  (jrcal  criini;s  and  captt.il  punishments  are,  |»  rh  ips,  more 
rare  hcie  than  ill  almost  auyotlur  iuitjuii.  C'Mllinir  to  j  ii xi : ,  and  im- 
iiiersion  in  boiliii;;  oil,  are  cjinmoii  moriis  of  punisliiii,^-  tin;  guilty, 
't'lie  parent  is  made  to  suffer  lijr  Uic  crimes  of  tie  child,  and  the  child 
ioi  those  of  the  parent. 

8.  Jedo,  the  cajjital,  is  one  of  the  largest  cities  in  the  world.  It  is 
scvoii  miles  iong,  and  five  broad;  and  contains  ;':'ariy  pidaccs  of  the 
great  lords,  who  must  reside  bete  part  of  tlic  yK-.:r.  'I'iie  biiildings,  on 
account  of  tlic  frequency  of  eartli(juakes,  are  built  of  one  story  only. 
The  city  is  subject  to  dreadful  fixes,  one  of  which,  in  the  year  17U1, 
consuiueil  100«()00  Iiouses, 


comprise?  i.  Whet  is  said  of  the  agriculture?  Manufactures T 
Gold,  &c.  T  5,  What  is  Japan?  Wh.it  is  said  of  ei!iie;ition  ?  For- 
eigners? 6.  The  worship  of  P.uddha,  itc.  ?  'I'he  goveniriient  '  Mon- 
nrclis  ?  7.  What  is  said  of  the  laws?  '"utting  to  pieces,  itc.  ?  8. 
Dcscilhsi  icio.    S.  Aliaco.    Oijaco.    IS'angatiaki, 


_  ■■iS^^^^^*Bssi«5S^^*SS«S^^' 


%  5H^Sji|P?rv^-«  ■^"■*^^'^j*^"  '  -^-S  L-.- :  -^Z  . 


ill 


l^il^' 


U  ,  i,  ; 


■ 

i1    '■  'i  ■      ' 

1 

i 

1::;  p:i 

296 


DESCRIPTIVE   GEOGRAPHY. 


9.  Miaco  is  the  religious  capital  of  Jnpan ;  and  is  also  liie  centre  of 
its  litcTUturo  and  suiencc.  It  contains  some  very  large  palaces  nnd 
temples.  One  of  tlio  latter,  Fokosi,  is  1,000  Icct  long;  and  contains 
un  iniafTC  of  Buddlia,  83  feet  liigh.  Osaca  is  a  large  city  in  Niplion. 
It  in,  like  Venice,  intersected  by  numerous  canals.  Nangasaki,  in 
Kiu;uu,  is  the  only  jwrt  at  which  foreigners  arc  allowed  to  trade.  'I'lir; 
Dutch  are  here  restricted  to  a  small  island,  where  they  are  nilowcd  a 
space  of  only  600  feet  long,  by  120  wide,  in  which  to  carry  on  their 
buijiiicss. 


Map  No.  12.  —  What  sea  bounds  Corea  on  the  west?     Yw. On 

the  cast?  Jn.  —  How  wide  is  the  sea  of  Japan  ?  What  strait  sepa- 
rates  Corea  from  Japan?  Ca.  — What  country  hounds  Corea  on  the 
north  ?  Ma.  —  What  sea  on  the  south  ?  En.  —  Which  is  tlie  largest 
of  the  Japan  Islands  ?  Nn.  —  The  ne.xt  in  extent  ?  Jo.  —  How  long 
is  each  of  these  islands?  What  strait  separates  Niphon  and  Jcsso  ? 
My-  —  ^Vliat  island  lies  north  of  Jesso  ?  Sn.  —  How  long  is  Sighalicn  ? 
What  channel  separates  it  from  Mantchooria?  Ty.—  Wliat  islands 
lie  north-east  of  Jesso  ?  Kc.  —  Wliich  is  the  largest  of  these  ?  Sn.  — 
What  ocean  bounds  Japn  on  the  east  ?  Pc.—  How  long  and  wide  is 
the  Pacific  ocean  ?  How  many  miles  is  it  from  Japan  to  Mexico  ? 
How  niiuiy  inhabitants  has  Jedo  ?     Miaco  ?     Osaca?     Malsinay  ? 


190. 


AFRICA. 

1.  Afhica  is  the  third  in  sizo  among  tho  grrat  divisions 
of  llie  globe,  being  nlwiit  onc-liiird  less  than  jUin,  and  three 
times  larger  than  Europe.  It  is  a  vast  peninsula,  joined  to 
Asia  by  the  Isthmus  of  Sucv:. 

2.  This  quarter  of  the  world  is  almost  wholly  in  a  state 
of  barbarism;  yet,  in  anci(;nt  limes  its  northern  countries 
were  among  tlie  most  enlightened  in  tlie  world,  and  still  have 
written  languages.  They  are  now,  however,  among  the 
lowest  of  the  half-civilized  nations. 

;{.  Africa  is  the  liottcst  region  of  the  globe  ;  and  lies  mostly 
within  the  tropics ;  and  the  innuence  of  a  trojiical  climate  ex- 
tends even  to  those  portions  which  are  in  the  temperate  zones. 

The  most  striking  natural  feature  is  the  great  desert,  which 
extiMids  3,000  miles  in  length,  and  1,000  in  breadth.  It  is 
covered  with  sand  and  gravel ;  and  appears  like  the  bottom  of 
a  dricd-iip  sea. 

Africa.Q.  —  l.  What  is  said  of  Africa?     3.  Of  this  quarter,  &.C.? 


a' 


GEOGRAPHY. 

of  Jnpan ;  and  is  also  the  centre  of 
ains  some  very  large  palaces  und 
,  is  1,000  (bet  long;  and  contains 
Osaca  is  a  large  city  in  NIplion. 
lumerous  canals.  Nangasaki,  in 
pigners  are  allowed  to  trade.  'I'lir; 
1  island,  where  they  arc  allowed  a 
)  wide,  in  which  to  carry  on  their 


Corea  on  the  west  ?  Yw.  —  On 
tea  of  Japan  ?  What  strait  eepa- 
/liat  country  hounds  Corea  on  the 

ith  ?     En Which  is  the  largest 

lext  in  extent  ?     Jo How  long 

rait  separates  Niphon  and  Jcsso  ? 
0  ?  Sn.  —  How  long  is  Sighalicn  ? 
intchooria  ?  Ty.  —  What  islands 
ch  is  the  largest  of  these?  Sn. — 
St  ?  Pc. —  How  long  and  wide  is 
les  is  it  from  Japan  to  Mexico  ? 
Miaco?     Osaca?     Malsinay  ? 


0. 


[CA. 

izo  among  tJio  grrat  divisions 
!iird  less  than  jVsia,  and  three 
i.s  a  vast  peninsula,  joined  to 

I  is  almost  wholly  in  a  state 
linios  its  northorn  countries 

;d  in  tlie  world,  and  still  have 
now,   however,   among   the 

3ns. 

of  the  globe  ;  and  lies  mostly 
encc  of  a  trojiical  climate  ex- 
;h  are  in  the  temperate  zones, 
iure  is  the  great  desert,  which 
and  1,000  in  breadth.  It  is 
nd  appears  like  the  bottom  of 

Lfrica  ?    3.  Of  this  quarter,  &.C.  ? 


Mfi 


AFIMCA. 


297 


Africa. 

4.  The  rivers  of  Africa  arc  but  few  in  number ;  and  none 
of  them  are  navigable,  to  any  extent,  fur  large  vessels.  The 
pi'inc[)ul  streams  are  th(j  Niger  and  the  Nile.  The  latter  is 
remarkable  for  flowing  sixteen  hundred  miles  without  re- 
ceiving u  single  tributary. 

5.  Tiio  mountains  are,  generally,  more  distinguished  for 
their  extent  than  their  elevation.  The  Atlas  Mountains  in 
IJarbary,  the  Mountains  of  the  Moon  in  central,  and  the  Snow 
Mountains  in  southern  Africa,  are  the  principal.  Other 
ranges,  as  tlic  Jryslal  Mountains  in  Congo,  and  the  Lupata 
Mountains  on  the  east  coast,  are  so  little  known,  that  even 
their  very  existence  is  doubted. 

C.  The  principal  Afrinan  animals  are  the  elephant,  liippo|K>tamus, 
catnclopard  or  giraffe,  and  the  two-liorned  rhinoceros,  with  the  lio.i, 
leopard,  zehra,  &c.  The  African  lion  is  the  noblest  animal  of  his  rare  ; 
tliose  found  elsewhere  being  much  inferior  in  ;7ize  and  strength.  The 
antelopes  comprise  not  less  than  si,\ty  different  siwrics :  of  these,  the 
springbok  is  found  in  troops  of  several  thousands,  'i'he  camel  in  north- 
em,  and  the  ass  in  western  Africa,  are  the  chief  beasts  of  burden,  and 
are  oi'U'n  employed  in  long  and  painful  journeys. 

7.  The  ostrich  is  the  largest  Africin  bird,  and  the  largest  in  the 
world.  It  runs  with  great  rapidity,  but  doi'S  not  fly  ;  and  its  feathers 
arc  valuable  as  ornaments  of  dress.     The  secretary  vulture,  or  serpent- 

3.  The  Great  Desert  7     4.  Rivers  ?     5.  Mountains  ?     C.  Describe  the 
animals.     7.  Birds.     8.  Crocodiles,  &,c.     9.  Great  kingdoms.    Agri- 


.?*^l^»s«!«if^W»!-;«aHs.-****6«- 


rVi : 


296 


DESCRIPTIVE    GEOGRArilY. 


'     l^il^' 


( 


African  Lion. 


Springbok. 

eater  is  remarkable  for  devourinsr  the  raost  noxious  of  the  serpent  tribe. 
The  sociable  vulture,  as  arge  us  the  condor,  and  similar  in  its  hnblis. 
IS  found  among  all  the  hi{r|.  mountains  of  the  interior.  The  bustard 
and  gumci-iowl,  with  grouse,  partridges,  and  water-fowl  of  various 
Kinds,  arc  numerous. 

8.  Crocodiles  are  found  in  all  the  rivers  of  the  tropical  parts  of 
Africa;  and  serpents,  scorpions,  and  lizards  of  various  kinds,  abound. 
I  he  Willie  ants  are  singular  insects.  They  build  nests  10  or  12  k-ct 
high,  which  are  divided  into  apartments  with  magazines  for  provisions, 
arched  chambers,  and  galleries  of  communication. 

9.  Africa  has  fewer  great  kingdoms  than  Asia  or  Europe.  It  is 
chiefly  divided  into  a  number  of  [x^tty  states,  whose  governments  are 
rude  and  despotic.  The  operations  of  agriculture  and  manufactures 
are  very  imperfectly  performed ;  yet,  owing  to  the  fertility  of  the  soil, 
the  products  of  the  former  are  in  many  places  ve.-y  abundant. 

10.  The  chief  trade  of  the  interior  is  carried  on  by  caravans,  con- 
Bistmgof  numbers  of  camels,  which  cross  the  desert  in  various  direc- 
tions; and  perform,  on  this  sea  of  sand,  the  business  accomplished  by 
ships  on  the  ocean.  Commerce,  on  the  northern  and  western  coasts,  is 
carried  on  mostly  by  Europeans,  and  on  the  east  by  the  Arabs. 

11.  Africa  has  furnished  slaves  to  Christian  and  other  nations  for 
hundreds  of  years;  and  the  traffic,  though  somewhat  checked  of  lafc, 
IS  still  actively  carried  on. 

•  ^1"""^  .®!;'*."i""  ""•*  '""l  ^'"''^•*  ^'»'"'«  «'"«  formerly  deeply  engaged 
in  I  ;  but  both  nations  ha^;e  forbidden  it;  and  it  is  punished  as  piracy 
by  the  latter  power.  The  trench,  Spanish,  and  Portuguese,  still  pursue 
tlio  trade  on  certain  parts  of  the  African  coast 

12.  The  people  of  Africa  are  estimated  to  amount  to  almost  60  mil- 

culture.  Manufactures.  10.  Trade  of  the  interior.  Commerce.  11. 
What  IS  said  of  slaves?  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States? 
U.  What  number  of  inlmbitants  7    To  what  do  they  belong,  &c. 


GEOGRAPHY. 


Bpringbcik. 

le  most  noxious  of  the  surpcnt  tribe. 
e  condor,  and  fliiiiilar  in  its  hnbiis, 
itnins  of  the  interior.  The  bustiird 
ridges,   and  water-fowl  of  various 

the  rivers  of  the  tropic.il  parts  of 
d  lizards  of  various  Isinds,  abound. 
s.  They  build  nests  10  or  12  kct 
ents  with  magazines  for  provisions, 
ammunication. 

■doms  than  Asia  or  Europe.  It  is 
city  states,  whose  governments  are 
s  of  agriculture  and  manufactures 
t,  owing  to  the  fertility  of  the  soil, 
iny  places  very  abundant, 
or  is  carried  on  by  caravans,  con- 
cross  the  desert  in  various  direc- 
iand,  the  business  accomplished  by 
the  northern  and  western  coasts,  is 
i  on  the  east  by  the  Arabs, 
to  Christian  and  other  nations  for 
though  somewhat  checked  of  late, 

ites  were  formerly  deeply  engaged 
in  it ;  and  it  is  punished  as  piracy 
lanish,  and  Portuguese,  still  pursue 
•ican  coast 

mated  to  amount  to  almost  60  mil- 

of  the  interior.  Commerce.  11. 
Britain  and  the  United  States? 
To  what  do  they  belong,  &c. 


ill 


AFRICA. 


290 


licmfl.  They  belong  to  two  great  races,  the  African  and  Caucasian. 
Tin;  former  arc  the  most  nuiiuTous,  and  comprise  the  chief  part  of  the 
inlialiilants  south  of  (lie  (Jrcat  l>csert.  They  arc  nearly  all  pngans  ; 
and  are  cxlreniely  i^'iiorant  and  nnptrstilious. 

Tjiu  Moors,  Aral>s,  Kerbcrs,  Egyptians,  Abyssinians,  Fcllatas,  &c,, 
l.iloiig  to  the  Caucasian  race.  They  are  chiutly  Mahomcdans ;  and 
|Ii(jiil;!i  superior  in  knuvvledge  to  the  African  races,  are  still  rude  aiul 
burb^rous. 


191 


How  is  Africa  bounded? 


Morocco  . 

Algiers  . . 
Tunis  . . . 
'I'ripoli  . . 
i;-ypt  . . . 
Nubia  .  ■ . 
Abyssinia 
Libc'tia  . . 


. .  Bounded  ?- 

, .  Bounded  ?- 

.  Bounded  ?- 

.  Jioundcd  ?- 

.  Biiundi'd  ?- 

.  Bouiidod  .'- 

, .  Bounded  ?- 

, .  Bounded  ?- 


-Capital  ? 
■Capital? 
-Cipital  ? 
-Capital  ? 
-Capital  ? 
-Capital  ! 
-Capital  ? 
-Capital  ? 


Ashantee  . .  ■ 
Dahomey  . . 

Benin  

Congo  

Angola  .... 
Bengucla .  . . 
('u|)e  Colony 
Mozambique 


Bounded 
Bounded 
Bounded 
Bounded 
Bounded 
Bounded 
Bounded 
Bounded 


?— Capital  ? 
?— Capital  ? 
? — ('apital  ? 
? — Capital  ? 
?— Capital  ? 
/—Capital? 
?— Capital  I 
? — Capital  ? 


Where  is  the  Gulf  of  Sidra  ?  Gulf  of  (iuinea  ?  Gulf  of  Aden  ? 
Strait  of  Gibraltar  ?    Strait  of  Babclmandel?   Channel  of  Mozambique  ? 

Whc'o  is  Great  Fish  Bay  ?  VValwiseh  B.  ?  Santa  Cruz  B.  ?  St 
Helena  B.  ?  Dclagoa  B.  .'  Bombetok  B.  ?  Anton  Gils  B.  ?  Vohe- 
maire  B.  ? 

Where  is  Cape  Bona  ?  C.  Guardafui  ?  C.  Bassas  ?  C.  Dclgado  ? 
C.  Corrientes  >  C.  Lagullas  ?  C.  of  Good  Hope  ?  C.  Cross  ?  C, 
Frio?  C.  Palmas?  C.Verde?  C.Blanco?  C.  Bojador  ?  C.  Ambro? 
C.  St.  Mary  ? 

Where  is  the  River  Nile  ?  The  Senegal  River  ?  Gambia  ?  Grande  ? 
St.  Paul's  ?  Niger  ?  ('ongo  ?  Ambriz  ?  Coanza  ?  Bp nibaroughe  ? 
Orange?  Manice  ?  Zanibeze?  Ozee  ?  Webbe  ?  Yeou  ?  Shary  ? 
Misiiclad  ? 

Where  arc  the  Atlas  Mountains  ?  Mts.  of  Kong  ?  Mts.  of  the 
Monn?  Crystal  Mis.?  Lupata  Mts.?  Snow  Mts.?  Red  Mts.? 
Kiidama  Mts.  ? 

Where  arc  the  Azores  Islands  ?  Madeira  Is.  ?  Canary  Is.  ?  Capn 
Venio  Is.  ?  Fernando  Po  I.  ?  Prince's  1.?  St.  Thomas  I.  ?  Anno- 
bon  I.?  Ascension  I.  ?  St.  Helena  ?  Ethiopian  Archipelago  ?  Mas- 
ctircnha  Is.  ?  Mauritius  I.  ?  Bourbon  I.  ?  Seychello  Is.  ?  Almirante 
Is.  ?    Comoro  Is.  ?    Monfia  I.  ?    Zanzibar  I.  ?    Pemba  I.  ?    Socotra  I.  ? 

Where  is  the  Great  Desert?  Libyan  Desert?  Nubian  DesTt? 
Desert  i,i'  Challahengah  ?     This  is  called  also  the  Karri  Harri  Desert. 

What  three  great  circles  pass  through  Africa  ?  T.-Cr.,  Er.,  T.-Cn. 
In  what  zonfs  is  Africa  situated  .'  Td.,  Te.  In  what  zone  is  it  mostly  ? 
Td.  Africa  contains  37  degrees  of  north  and  .35  of  south  latitude.  In 
what  latitude  then  is  it  mostly  .'  Nh.  It  contains  50  degrees  of  east 
and  id  of  weat  longitude.     In  what  hingitude  tiien  is  it  chiefly  ?     EL 


-»^fi'^^^^9ai««®«««a»»Aws»*i«!*»-^^^ 


7~^rrrr:i' 


300 


DESCllIPTIVR  GEOGUAPriY. 

10-2  


l^#l^' 


s. 


*  ■' 


Arab  Families  removing. 

BARBARY. 

1.  BARBAnv  is  that  part  of  nortliern  Africa  which  includrs 
Morocco,  Algiers,  Tunis,  and  Tripoli,  together  with  the  in- 
terior region  called  Beled  el  Jorid,  or  Land  of  Dates. 

2.  It  is  traversed  some  distance  inland  by  the  Atlas  Moun- 
tains, between  which  and  the  sea-roast  the  climate  is  mild, 
and  the  soil  is,  generally,  fertile,  but  poorly  cidtivated.  Wiient 
and  barley  are  the  principal  products  ;  but  grapes,  olives, 
almonds,  dates,  and  other  fruit j,  are  raised  in  great  jxirfection. 

3.  The  foreign  commerce  of  the  Barbary  states  is  extremely 
limited,  and  much  burthened  with  arbitrary  exactions.  The 
exports  consist  principally  of  the  raw  produce  of  the  soil. 
The  most  active  traffic  is  that  carried  on  by  tiie  caravans 
with  the  interior  country  south  of  the  Great  Desert. 

4.  Piracy  was  once  the  chief  employment  of  the  people  of 
this  region.  Many  vessels  were  captured,  and  numbers  of 
European  and  American  sailors  were  enslaved  by  them  ;  but 
this  practice,  so  long  a  disgrace  to  Cliristcndom,  no  longer 
exists. 

.5.  Barbnry  is  inhabited  tiy  several  distinct  racca.  Tlin  Moors,  who 
are  the  riding  people,  inhabit  the  towns.  Tlio  Arabs,  orijfinally  from 
the  Great  Desert,  live  in  tents ;   and  raise  cattle  and  grain.     In  re- 

liarlary.  Q.  —  1.  What  does  Hurbary  inclndo  ?  2.  By  wliat  is  it 
traversed?  What  is  said  of  the  clinialo  7  Soil,  &c.  ?  Products?  3. 
Commerce  ?    4.  Piracy  ?    5.  Describe  the  Moors,    ti.  ShelUUis  1    Jews, 


'  ■>**''W«H»Mii.|iJIWi'i™w)WWWPpipPIII 


GEOGRAPHY. 

02  


ics  removing- 

^ARY. 

nortlicrn  Africa  which  includrs 
1  Tripoli,  together  with  the  in- 
Drid,  or  Land  of  Dates, 
nice  inland  by  the  Atlas  Moiin- 
;  sea-roast  the  climate  is  mild, 
e,  but  [loorly  cultivated.    Wiiefit 

products ;  but  grapes,  olives, 
i,  are  raised  in  great  perfection. 
'  the  Rarbary  states  is  extremely 
with  arbitrary  exactions.     The 

the  raw  produce  of  the  soil, 
at  carried  on  by  tiie  caravans 
1  of  tho  Great  Desert, 
if  employment  of  the  people  of 
ere  captured,  and  numbers  of 
irs  were  enslaved  by  them  ;  but 
ice  to  Cliristendom,  no  longer 

ral  distinct  racca.  Thn  Moors,  who 
towns.  Tlio  Arabs,  orijfinally  from 
and  raise  cattle  and  grain.     In  re- 

liirbary  inclndo  ?  2.  liy  wliat  is  it 
linialo?  Soil,  &c.  ?  Products?  3. 
ibo  the  Moors,    ti.  Shcllulis  ?    Jews, 


MOROCCO.  801 

movinj;  froni  ono  spot  to  amitlier,  the  women,  cliildrrn,  mid  smaller 
(Inmislic  aiiimulrt,  are  cariiid  on  camels.  'Plio  nun,  on  liorsrliiick, 
drive  tho  eattU' ;  and  are  armed,  ready  to  defend  their  |)toi>erty,  or  repel 
a|;^ression. 

(1.  The  Shi  Ihdis  irdiabit  the  Atlas  Mountains,  and  live  chiefly  by 
himtinffand  oiiltivutinft  tlie  ground.  They  belong  to  the  Uerber  race, 
supposed  to  have  been  the  tirBl  inhabitants  of  this  part  of  the  continent. 
'I'lie  Kabyles  of  Algiers,  the  'Pnarieks  and  'Pibboos  of  tho  Great 
Desert,  and  part  of  the  inhabitants  of  Nubia,  all  appear  to  be  the  same 
people.  There  arc  also  nnnibura  of  Jews  in  Uarbary,  who  are  nmeh 
oppressed,  and  heavily  taxed  ;  but,  being  allowed  to  engage  in  trade,  olten 
l«come  wealthy.  Uei^ides  these  races,  there  are  many  negroes,  brought 
originally  from  Soudan,  who  in  Morocco  foiin  the  chief  part  of  the 
military  foicc  of  the  empire. 

7.  Extent  and  Population  of  the  Bitrhary  States. 

Sijuarfi  Milcf.      ritl'iil^lt'iit.    Pop.  tiiSq.  M. 

Morocco  iPO.iKX)    ;     ((.oiio.iino      :u 

A|,,ipr, '.KIINHI  l,.'i(MI.(MK1  1     lii 

'Pllllj^' .'.((.(Mill  1  1,0(K),(H)(I  ,    i.>0 

'l',|,„ili     '               10(1,000  I  COO  1)00         1-i 

Dflid  elierKl I40,1HI0  |  UOO.OIK)  j  _0_ 

Tolul,     .570,000     I      10,000,000    !     l!li 


View  of  the  Plain  of  Mnroccn,  and  lliu  Atlas  Mountaina. 
MOROCCO. 
8.  Morocco  is  the  most  important  of  the  Barbary  powers. 
It  includes  the  kingdoms  of  Morocco  and  Fez ;  and  has  also 
a  nominal  control  over  these  of  Suse  and  Tafiiclt. 
y.  This  state  is,  at  present,  ninch  less  flourishing  than  formerly. 

&c.     7.  Which  is  tlie  largest  and  most  populous  state  in  Barbary  ? 
The  next  in  extent ?     In  population  ?     8.  What  is  Morocco?    9.  What 


;^««^i^MKSS«<5:rfl»t«.--s*s;«s«#»!^*«*»'- 


TnT?"  1 ' 


l!   i' 


802 


DESCRIPTIVK  GEOGRAPHY. 


The  BcU  of  its  (fovcrnmcnt  arc  cnlcnlntcil  to  di«coiwn(fc  ontcrpriKe, 
BjfricullHre,  niul  rvcry  brancli  of  usofiil  industry ;  and  itH  coinmerre, 
onco  coiiHidnralilc,  is  now  ulinoHt  dvHtroyed.  'I'lic  only  important  innn. 
ufacluro  \a  lliat  of  Morocco  Iciitlior,  wliicli  Ih  aupurior  to  any  niudc 
elsewhere. 

10.  The  city  of  Morocco,  the  cupitiil,  is  sitiiiitcd  in  n  fertile,  thickly, 
wooded  plain,  near  the  foot  of  the  Atlas  Mountains.  It  is  cncloned  hy 
a  wall,  nnd  is  surrniinded  hy  numerous  (fardcns.  Fcs!  wos,  for  a  long 
time,  the  most  rpleudid  city  of  western  Africa.  It  is  now  much  decay- 
ed, and  a  jfreat  portion  ot  it  is  in  ruins. 

11.  Mequincz  is  sometimes  the  residence  of  the  emperor.  Its  in- 
habitants are  more  civilized  nnd  humane  than  those  of  any  other  city 
of  Morocco.  Mojradore  is  the  chief  sen-port.  Rabat  is  one  of  Ihc 
most  important  towns  on  the  coast.  Sallcc,  almost  adjoining  it,  ws» 
long  noted  for  its  piracicif,  but  is  now  nearly  deserted. 

JW«/)  iVo.  14.— Whot  bounds  Morocco  on  the  north?  M.-Ss.— 
South  .'  G..Dt.—  Kast?  As.,  B..Jd.,  G..I)t.  — What  strait  scpurnlis 
It  from  Spain  ?  (ir.  —  What  islands  lie  west  of  Morocco  .'  Mu.,  Cy. 
—  What  mouiitains  extend  through  .Morocco?  Ah.  —  Which  is  llie 
principal  peak  ?  ,M...Mii.  —  How  high  is  it  >  What  is  the  population 
of  Morocco?  Fez?  Mcquincz  ?  Rabat?  Mogadorc  ?  Sunla  Cruz  J 
How  far  is  it  from  Morocco  to  Florida  ? 


193 


ALGIERS. 

1.  A LGiRRS  occupies  the  territory  of  the  nncient  Numidia. 
The  people  of  this  state  were  the  mo.st  enterprising  and 
daring  pirates  in  Barbary,  and  formerly  maintained  a  naval 
force  which  rendered  the  name  of  Algerincs  a  terror  to  the 
people  of  southern  Kurope.  It  was  conquered  by  France  in 
1830,  and  is  now  held  as  a  colonial  territory. 

2.  The  city  of  Algiers  is  strongly  fortified.  It  has  a  good  harbonr, 
and  carries  on  a  considerable  trade.  It  is  now  a  half  French  and  half 
Moorish  town.  The  invading  an.iy  captured  in  this  city  10  milHon 
dollars  in  money,  besides  an  ample  supply  of  ships,  stores,  and  ammu- 
nition. 

3.  Constantinc,  Ma.scara,  and  TIcmscn,  are  the  most  important  towns 
m  the  interior.  Gran  in  tho  west  and  Bonu  in  the  eastern  part  of  the 
territory,  are  the  most  considerable  sea-ports  ;  the  latter  is  the  seat  of 

is  said   of  its   condition?     10.  Describe  tho  city  of  Morocco.     Fez. 
11.  Mequincz,  and  the  other  towns. 

Algiera.  Q.  —  1.  What  docs  Algiers  occupy  ?  What  is  said  of  the 
people  ?     a.  Describe  the  city  of  Algiers.     3.  Constantine.     4.  What 


^^im^is^iiii 


mnrnffmrnm 


K  GEOGRAPHY. 

cnlciilntcil  to  diacntimifc  ontorprJKP, 
usofiil  industry ;  and  itx  coiniiivrrp, 
I'Htroyed.  'I'lic  only  important  innn. 
Iior,  whicli  is  aupurior  to  any  niudc 

ipitiil,  i«  situated  In  n  fertile,  tliickly. 
Atlas  Mniintuins.  It  is  cnclomMl  liy 
KTous  (rardcnn.  Fez  woa,  (or  a  loiiij 
stern  Alrica.  It  is  now  inucli  demy- 
uins. 

residence  of  the  emperor.  Its  in. 
lumano  tliiin  those  of  any  other  eily 
lief  sen-port.  Rabnt  is  one  of  ihc 
St.  Sallce,  almost  adjoining  it,  was 
3W  nearly  deserted. 

liorocco  on  the  north?  M.-Sa.— 
Jd.,  G.-Dt.  —  What  strait  seniirnlis 
ids  lie  west  of  Morocco  .'  Ma.,  Cy. 
ph  .Morocco  ?  As —  Which  is  tlie 
liijrh  is  it !  What  is  the  population 
Rabat  ?  Mogadorc  ?  Sunla  Cruz  / 
■Ida? 


93 


lERS. 

rritory  of  the  nncient  Numidin. 
!re  the  mo.st  enterprising  and 
d  formerly  maintained  a  nnval 
3  of  Algerines  a  terror  to  tlie 
[t  was  conquered  by  France  in 
ilonial  territory. 
y  fortified.  It  has  a  good  harbonr. 
It  is  now  a  half  French  and  half 
ly  captured  in  this  city  10  million 
supply  of  ships,  stores,  and  amiiiu- 

mscn,  are  the  most  important  towns 
and  Bona  in  the  eastern  part  of  the 
3  sea-ports  ;  the  latter  is  the  scot  of 


scribe  the  city  of  Morocco.     Fez. 

iers  occupy  ?     What  is  said  of  the 
Ugiers.     3.  Congtuntine.     4.  What 


BARKART    STATES. 


80d 


the  nolfd   coral   fishery  which  yields   to  the   amount  of  300,000  or 
4110,000  dullarh  annually. 

TL'NIS. 

4.  TiT5is  is  the  most  fertile  and  liost  cultivated  of  the 
Unrbary  Slates,  and  the  people  are  at  the  same  time  the  most 
civilized  and  industrious  in  this  quarter. 

a.  Of  the  products  of  the  country,  grain,  dates,  olive.nil,  and  wool, 
arc  rx|iorti'd  to  some  extent.  There  us  a  considerable  tratlic  also  carried 
on  with  interior  Africa. 

C.  The  city  of  Tunis  is  tlio  largest  and  most  tlourishing  place  in 
Ilarliary,  and  being  no  longer  engaged  in  piracy,  has  applied  itself  (o 
inanut'uetures  and  commerce  ;  of  the  former,  silk  stuffs  and  velvets  arc 
tlic  most  considerable.  Kairwan,  Monaster,  und  C^abcs,  arc  important 
toivns. 

TRIPOLI. 

7.  TRiroi.i  is  the  most  eastern,  and  is  also  the  least  fer- 
tile and  populous  part  of  Harbary.  Its  soven-ign  is  more 
friendly  to  Christians,  and  has  shown  a  greate'r  desire  to 
introduce  the  improvemenis  of  civili/i'd  lile  into  his  dominions, 
than  any  other  prince  in  this  part  of  the  world. 

H.  The  territory  of  Tripoli  is  marly  all  a  desert,  but  contains  some 
fertile  districts  along  the  sea-coast,  in  which  agriunlturc  is  uctively 
pursued.  An  extensive  commerce  by  means  of  cura\ans  is  carried  on 
with  the  countries  of  interior  Africa.  Fezzan,  the  groat  emporium  of 
the  caravan  trade,  is  tributary  to  this  state.  Barca  and  Augela,  also, 
belong  to  it 

9.  Tripoli,  the  capital,  ha.T  a  good  harbour,  and  carries  on  a  consider- 
able commerce ;  the  streets  are  narrow,  with  low  mean  houses ;  but  the 
palace  of  the  Dey  and  some  of  the  mosques  are  handsome  structures. 
Mesurattt  is,  next  to  ttic  capital,  the  most  important  town. 

BAHCA. 

10.  Barca,  the  ancient  Libya,  is  separated  from  Tripoli 
by  an  extensive  desert.  It  was  in  ancient  times  noted  for  its 
productiveness,  but  hardly  any  part  of  its  soil  is  now  culti- 
vated. The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  Arabs,  who  wander  about 
the  country  with  their  flocks  and  herds. 

11.  The  ruins  of  ancient  cities  arc  numerous  and  interesting;  of 


is  said  of  Tunis  7  5.  The  products  ?  fi.  Describe  the  city  of  Tuni«. 
7.  What  is  said  of  Tripoli  ?  8.  The  territory  ?  Commerce  ?  9.  De- 
Bcribe  the  capital.    10.  What  is  said  of  Barca  ?     11.  Ruins,  &.c.  7 


-:r|:8s5®ffi^!?n»aSiJ*»*.'-;««;ajft«is  .i.**'-^'. 


.:f^m"'l 


ao4 


DEHCRIFTIVI::  QEOUIlAi'MY. 


\^t0' 


Tonibi  of  I'yreiie. 

tliCBp,  (^yrino,  with  iln  Nccrn|M)lb<,  or  city  of  tlio  tointia,  ii  tlio  mnut 
Htrikiii|r.  IKiriiu  uml  lli'iiiriizi  uru  llir  only  jiIui'i'h  tliut  cun  bo  ouIN 
towiiK.  'I'lic  iimt  vv;in  ca|iturc(l  with  great  gallantry  by  (iuncrul  Eulon, 
an  Aniiricuii,  in  Italia. 


Miip  Nil.  \i.  —  By  wliat  in  Aljjii'r'*  boundud  on  the  north  7     M.-Si. 

—  Hiintli  ?      H..J(I.  —  Kast  ;'     'I'm \\\»t  f     Mii.  —  Wliiit    nioiintains 

nro  in  the  Bonth  ?  Ah.  —  How  loiij;  iiru  llicy  .'  What  In  tlif  |Hi|>iila. 
tion  of  AlfrJL'rH  .'  ('unstantinc  '  liona  ^  Oran  ^  Whul  lM)niidH'riiiiia 
on  thu  north.'  iVI.-Sa.  —  Soulh  ?  R.Jd.  —  Kant  '  M..Sa.,  Ti. - 
VVfHt  .'  As. —  What  rape  on  tlit!  north?  Itn.  — What  lake  in  tlio 
goutli  ?     r,li.  —  What  IH  (he  |Mi|nilatiiin  of  TiniiH  ?     Kairwan  ?     VVhnt 

boiinilM   Triiioli    on    the    north'      M.-Sa Sonlh?     (;..Ut.  —  Wcsl  ' 

Tm.,  Il..Jd.  — What  ((ulf  »i'|) II  iii:s  Tripoli  from  Uarca  ?  Sa.  —  Wliiit 
is  the  |>o|)ulalion  of  TriiNili  '  What  bounds  Itarrn  on  the  nortli  ! 
M..Sa.  —  South  ?     L.-Dt  —  Bunt  >     Et.  —  West .'     G..Sa. 


hn 


IlELED  EL  JERID. 

1.  The  Hclcil  ol  .Icrid,  or  I.mul  of  D.ifos,  strHchos  along 
Ihc  iiortlKTii  idge  of  the  (ircat  IXscrt,  I'roiii  tlu;  Atltis  Moun- 
tains oil  tlio  west,  to  tlif  IVoiitiois  of  Tripoli  on  the  east. 


a. 


The  soil,  tlioii^rh  dry  and  arid,  produces  dales  in  great  abunda..Ji 
h  form  the  chief  food  of  the  inhabitants.     This  recion   comprise 


gion   comprise! 


which 

Bcveral  petty  states,  which  arc  peopled  by  various  tribcsof  Berber's  and 

Aruba. 


Bfled  il  Jtrid.  Q.  —  1.  What  is  said  of  the  Belcd  el  Jerid  I    2.  Soil  ? 


.JlltlijBijjfciX—il'iK' 


1  OEOUHAi'HY. 


.^^r 


•y, - 


of  Cyreiie.  . 

,  or  city  of  IIki  tointw,  ii  tlio  mn«l 
I  till!  only  jiliii'i'it  tliut  (^un  be  cullrJ 
til  threat  gallantry  by  (juncral  Eulon, 


L-rs  bniiiidud  on  the  north  7  M.-Si, 
—  Wi'Ht  /  Mil.  —  Wliiit  iMoiintains 
!!(,'  lire  llicy  .'  VVImt  In  tin-  |Hi|)ula- 
ioiiM  ^  Oriiii  ^  Wliul  lM>iiiidH'riiiiia 
?  n.-Jil.  —  Kast  '  M.-Sa.,  Ti.- 
!  north  /  Itn.  —  Whot  lake  in  tlic 
iitiiin  of  TiniiH  '.  Kairwiin  1  VVhnt 
.M..Sa.  —  Soiilh  ?  (;..Ut.  —  Weill  ' 
Tripoli  from  Uurca  ?  Sii.  —  Wlial 
Vliiit  bounds  Iturra  on  the  nortli  f 
Et.  —  West .'     G.-Sa. 

194  


EL  JERIU, 

liimil  of  D.-ifc's,  strHchos  along 
ii  DiMTt,  I'roiii  tlu!  Atlas  Moim- 
\c.rs  of  Tripoli  on  the  east. 

I,  produces  dulcs  in  great  abundui.jr, 
nliabitantfl.  Thin  region  comprisca 
|dcd  by  varioUD  tribes  oFBerbc-rB  mid 

said  of  the  Bulcd  cl  Jerid  ?    3.  Soil  r 


TIIR    OUnAT    AFUICAN    DF.SEIIT. 


.'ion 


3.  Nearly  nil  tlio  towiix  nn-  nurroiuidid  liy  wmIIh,  miil  ;iri-  iiilinliilrd 
fciinc  by  hvo  anil  ollii  rti  by  llirec  dilUrent  Iribo.  'I'Ihv  iirr  in  I'un- 
Ki|uenn'  dividid  into  riirrcsponiiing  Mclionii.  KurinrtK  I'lnlrls  olhii 
iirciir  belwic  n  ilie  triJMH  in  llicwi'  towns,  in  wliii  li  i  vc  nl  Ihr  (.'itiH  eon. 
ln'eling  tl  ditlirriit  r|niirl(r«  lire  eliwcd,  niilil  |Miire  is  reniored. 
I'ghwnut,  Tnggurt,  and  (iiidunieii,  aru  the  principal  townn. 


>    .- 


1^    -  ^7     ^      k 


TIIK    GUF. AT    DESHUT. 

4.  TiiK  Oreat  Desert  stretches  with  hut  lilllc  inferriiption 
from  tho  Atlantic  o<'cnn  to  iIk-  river  Nile.  It  is  ciniiiinsed 
(if  vast  sandy  plains,  swept  by  hot  winds  and  parched  hy  a 
liurning  sini. 

5.  Tho  Desert  is  here  and  there  diversified  witli  watered 
and  fertile  s|iotrt,  called  oasv.i ;  of  these,  Fe/.z.-m,  Tiiiesiy, 
Hilmah,  Agdass,  and  Tiiaf,  appear  to  Ix;  tho  |)riiicipal.  That 
part  of  the  Great  Desert  cxtendinj;  from  Fezzfin  to  the  Allan- 
tic  ocean,  is  called  hy  the  Arabs  the  Sahara,  while  the  rasf. 
em  and  smaller  section  is  most  usually  termed  the  Libyiiii 
Desert. 

6.  Fczzan  is  tho  largest  of  the  oaics,  and  is  tributary  to  Tripoli. 
Its  |)cople,  reckoned  at  70,000,  possess  but  little  energy  of  eliarnctf  r, 
and  arc  imperfectly  acquainted  with  the  arts.  It  is  printijcilly  inipor. 
t:int  as  the  cen'rc  of  tho  caravan  trade.  Mourzuk,  the  capital,  is  a 
small  iiiud-walled  town. 


.States,  &e.?     .'J.Towns?     1.  Describe  the  Great  Desert.     .I.  How  is 
It  diversified  7     What  ii  the  Sahara,  &c.  7     fi.  Describe  IV/zan,     7 
20 


r^^finH' 


8oa 


b^SCltll'TlVB  UKO.JR.irHy. 


7.  The  crntrnl  ptirt  of  tliu  Dewrt  i*  wcuiiicd  by  tlio  TiIiIiooh  nml 
llii'  'I'll  iriiUH.  'I'lic  liirinrr  iirr  iim  liluck  uh  n"i{r<KM,  liul  ul'  n  ilil)'  k  ni 
nK|it  cl.  Ililiiiili  ii)i|N':iiM  III  III-  llicir  |iriii(  I,  ill  iliHti'ii't.  'I'lir 'I  ii.irii'l.'< 
iirr  II  till  liiiiuNiiiiH'  taci',  uilli  liri|;lit  H|iiirkliii)r  cyt'H  ami  iuiiii|ilr\i'.ii. 
but  hull'  il.irkur  llmii  Hoiilliprii  Kurii|K'uii>.  A|{(lu»»  Biiit 'riiiiUiKt  i  > 
iil'i:  njitl  til  U'  ill  thrir  |Miiiiieitiiion. 

H.  Ill  criiHiiiiiij;  ilii:  tirwil  iKsdcrt,  triivi'llcrii  arc  often  ^'undorrd  by  tl^ 
biirliatiiiiN  iiiliiibitaiits ;  tliiir  livri  urv  iiliii  tiiilaiiurrud  '~v  the  njh  . 
Iiliiwii  up  liy  tviiiin'Htit,  which  tillH  and  diirUtiis  tliv  oW,  mid  tiiri'tiUiii  in 
^iilliicatr  mid  ovriwIiLliii  thoin,  'I'lio  ucciKiiinnl  I'uilurcH  of  .  r  ' 
lilt'  iiHiial  iilii|i|iiii;,''|>lnL'i'N,  in  likcwisu  iilWii  atli'iidud  with  Cut.  '  j., 
iici|||i'Iilth;  tVniii  the  luttur  caUKC  iti  thr  year  lHi)5,  a  cnru  I'l  ot  ) 
raiiK'lH,  and  !2,000  iiivii,  p«iriHlu'd  with  tliirHt. 

!l.  ( )ii  thr  tu'O-cuait  of  llio  duntrt  arc  viirioua  wn    '.  rinf  ■  .id 
tury  triliL's,  who  olWii  iiicvt  witli  a  rich  boot    in  liii  >  "    'U  iihipwivi  .1 
on  their  KhorvN,  and  wliiili  arc  alwuyii  (lunrti  1  tlxi  gruulii- 

avidity.     In  dilVtrnit  piiitn  nf  X\tv  dcwrt,  tliut'      .i   n  u..:ii  oC  rook  mli 
till!  cxteiiHivo  demand  tur  wliioli  in  Siiuiiin  cauMw  the  surrao-  ut'  tl> 
drunry  rcgiuli  to  be  olluli  ciilivonvd  by  .10  paHiiigu  vC  iiunKrouH  -^uru 
VaiiH. 


Ill 


A/»/>  No.  M.  —  How  is  the   Ilek'.l  ul  Jerid  boundud  ?     Ho\ 
(•ri.al   DcHcrt  bounded  .'     What  trib<'»  are  in  the  centre  ?     Tb 


;» till! 

Oil  tin,'  west  I     yh.,  VV».,  Tm.,  Bo. —  VVliut  aalt-inirMK  ore  in  the  Orful 
DiHcrt  '     Ty.,  Tt.,  An. —  What  oamn  nre  in  the  (Jroat  Dtnert  I     i'li., 
'J'y.,  nil,,  ,\s.,  'I'l-,  An,,  8h.,  E..DI,,  K,.KIi.  —  V^hat    country  in   the 
"   '     ■  How  Jonj;  and  wide  in  the  (jreut  IX-Hcrt  ?     Wlmt  cuiHa 

Hr.,  Do.  —  How  liir  in  it  to  .Mexico  !    To  Cuhd  ( 


Mnitli  I     l.r 

are  on  the  eoavt  ' 


mi 


THE  REGION  OF  THE  NILE. 

1.  Tut!  Region  of  the  Nilu  comprehcndH  ull  that  part 
of  Africa  wuterod  by  the  river  Nile  nud  ita  tribuUiriea.  h 
(■onipri.seH  Egypt,  Nubia,  Abyasiuia,  Kordofun,  Darliir, 
Fertit,  vkc. 

K«YPT. 

2.  EisvtT  19  celebrated  for  its  great  antiquity,  and  the  c.irly 
civilization  of  its  inhabitants.  Its  mij/hty  pyramidH,  Kplenilid 
obeli.sivs,  and  the  ruiiiii  of  its  ancient  cities,  all  uttuHt  itti  foruier 
niaiinificence. 


Tihiioos.    Tuaricks.    8.  WImt  i«  laid  of  travellers  ?    9.  Of  the  sea- 
coast  ,' 

The  Rreion  of  the  Ml,.  Q.  -  1.  '.Vhat  does  Iho  Rci  ion  of  t!)"  Nile 
niiiiprchend  ?    3.  What  is  a^A  nf  Egypt  ?     3,  Of  itn   prestnt  luler? 


...iBiflbmawiiM.  mKimwtm 


!  GKOan.irHy. 

lert  i«  o<icu|>i«il  hy  tlio  TihlmnM  oiiJ 
I  lilick  Mri  n"Kr(H'H,  liut  ul'  u  ilill'i  nnl 
ir  |iriii('i,  ill  iliMtrii't.  'I'lic  'liiuriiU 
i|{lit  Hjiiirklin^  t'yt'n  uiiil  <uiiii|ilr.\i.  n-, 
l'>urii|K'uii>.     A|{(la»t  niiil  'rimUu>.tuu 

I  trBVi'llcr*  aro  ollen  |.'iiiidorrd  by  tin 
I  urv  iilaii  t'lidanucrcd  ''V  tliu  '  i 
itul  (lurktiiM  tliG  aW,  iiiul  tnnMtci, 
The  occihiiiiml  I'uilurcH  of  ■.  .  r  ' 
viitu  iilWri  atli'iiilixl  wit'<  fuk.!  '  >.i 
ri  tlir  yi'iir  lrt(l5,  a  ciiru  m  of  1,  Ml 
ith  tliirMt. 

t  arc  viirioiM  wn    '.  ■rinf  <  jd  , 
rich  boot    in  tlii  «   '    'U  iihipwiti  >i  I 
iilwayn  (lUnd'Hia  i       i  Um^  grful>>< 
ili'wrt,  tliur<  uu:  iiitUtiH  ol'  rock  kiIi  ; 
I  Siiuuin  cnuMB  tho  Riirram  uf  tin 
I  by  uio  puHingu  of  iiuiiKruua  ';uru- 


I'll  ol  Jurid  boundud  7  Uow  'ii  tlic 
ib<'»  uru  in  the  cuiitrt!  ?  T».,  'I's.  — 
—  VVliut  aalt-inirx'K  arc  in  llie  tiriMt 
a»i»  nru  in  llic  Groat  Desert  I  I'li., 
)l.,  K.-Kli.  —  Vyiiat  country  in  the 
li  ill  tlif  Great  IX-Mcrt  ?  Wliat  cu|Ma 
V  tiir  in  it  to  Muxicu  !    To  Cuba  t 


»)5 


OF  TIIK  NILE. 

ilo  com|)rehcnclM  all  that  part 
or  Nile  nud  its  tribultirifs.  It 
Vbybdiuia,     Kordofun,    Darfur, 

YPT. 

its  grcnt  antiquity,  nnd  the  early 

Its  mijjhty  pyramidn,  Hpleniliil 

icicnt  cities,  all  uttunt  itti  ibruiiir 


■aid  of  travellers  7    9.  Of  the  sea- 

■yhotdooi  tho  Rci  ion  of  t.'m  Nile 
Egypt?    3  or  itH   preRiil  lulcr? 


EG  VI' I'. 


U07 


;K  It  wns,  until  lately,  n  Turkish  pruviiirf!;  Imt  llin  pn-"  lit 
ruler  Ims  rciuicrt'd  liiiiisclf  iii<l('|Miii|<'iit  of  his  liinin'r  iiiiisi<"r  j 
(iiul  is  intn  '  ciii;^  into  l'l;jypt  thu  arts,  |i'arniiii.r,  luul  civiiisui.. 
tion  of  Kurnpi'aii  nations.  'V\\v  jrroat  mass  of  the  iieojilu  aro, 
however,  iiiueli  oppressed  by  heavy  exaclions;  and  ure  (Vf- 
(piently  torn  from  their  families,  and  eumpelled  la  servo  ii 
the  ariiiii  s  or  fleets  of  their  military  rulir. 

'I.  Till!  noil  iif  l''u:ypt  in  tmtiiriilly  barren,  and  owes  all  itH  lijrtilily  to 
llie  overtli)wiiiif  (if  liic;  river  Nile,  wliieli  eiiriclieH  the  eounlry  iimleml 
of  ruin.  A('rieultiiro  in  dlliifenlly  piiiBueil;  and  in  many  purls  of  tho 
eoinitry  llircu  ernpn  of  huiiiu  priiducU  ure  r'lined,  anrmnlly.  Indian- 
rorn,  rice,  wbeut,  BUgor-cnnu,  indljjo,  tobacco,  cotton,  &.C.,  ore  the  chief 
productionii. 

.5.  Tho  inhabitants  nrc  of  varions  races.  Tl'c  Arabs  arc  the  most 
linnierouH.  The  Turks  are  the  ruliiig  iienplc ;  and  tho  Copts  are  tho 
deticendants  of  the  ancient  EgyptiaiiH.  There  arc  iil»o  a  number  of 
Jews,  and  a  li^w  Kuropcan^.  I'he  latter  arc  chiefly  in  tlio  service  of 
the  (rovernineiit. 

().  Tho  foreign  possessions  cf  Egypt  arc  Nubia  und  Kordofan  in 
Afrira  ;  Syria,  Mcera,  Yemen,  and  the  Island  of  Cyprus,  in  Asia,  with 
the  Inland  of  Candlii  in  Kurope.  The  population  of  this  new  onipiru 
if,  priilmhly,  not  less  than  8  millions. 

7.  Krvpt  aliounds  in  remarkable  antiquities.  The  pyramids  arc 
uniuiig^a  thu   most   astonishing  nionunieiits  of  huuvjn  labour.     The 


The.    opie?     4.  The  soil?     AgricuUare  ?    TrodiirtM  ?     5.  The  iiih.ib. 
ilaiitc       6.  Foreign    potise8.siiuis  .'     7.   hi   wli.it   diK;i   I^^'Vpt    abound  ? 


*.«ltte®«9iSa«K^':-- 


— ;,TS?5-'55»P^ 


ifnimkii 


if  -I  K.  ;     I 


M 


1^  tif' 


u 


1    i  .-^ 


4     :-i' 


308 


DESCRIPTIVE    GEOGUAPHY. 


largest  is  500  feet  Iiijrii,  unci  its  base  covers  1 1  acres  of  frrnmid.  An. 
cieiit  historians  state  that  100,000  men  were  employed  in  this  work  lor 
20  years. 

8.  At  Thebes,  in  Upper  Kpypt,  arc  remains  which  are  calculafi  d  to 
fill  tlie  heliolilor  willi  astonishment.  Almost  the  whole  extent  ot'  ei);ht 
miles  along  the  liver  is  covered  with  magnificent  portals,  decorated 
with  sculpture,  forests  ol'  columns,  and  lonj;  avenues  of  colossal  statues. 


(.'aim, 

9.  Cairo,  the  capital  of  Egypt,  is  the  most  popnlons  city  in  Africa; 
and  carries  on  a  considerable  trade  with  tlic  interior  of  the  continent 
by  caravans.  This  place  is  beginning'  to  imbibe  some  of  the  elements 
of  Fluropean  civilization.  A  seienlihc  .society,  and  virions  sehwils  have 
been  lately  established.  Ilotils  are  Kept  on  the  jilan  of  those  in  Paris; 
and  sieam-boats  navigate  the  Nile  I'rom  Alexandria  to  some  distance 
above  Cairo. 

10.  Alexandria  was  one  oftlie  most  celebrated  cities  of  ancient  times; 
and  long  the  scat  of  the  arts  and  sciences.  After  being  lor  ages  in  a 
stale  of  decaj',  it  is  at  length  reviving.  It  is  now  the  chief  sea-port 
and  naval  station  of  Egypt.  Vessels  of  nearly  every  Enropean  nation 
arc  to  be  found  in  its  liarbour ;  and  steam-boats  run  to  all  the  principal 
ports  and  islands  in  the  Mediterranean.  Daniictta  and  Kosetta  are  tlio 
chief  towns  in  Lower,  and  Siont  and  Girgc  in  Upper  Egypt.  Suez  and 
Cosscir,  on  the  Red  Sea,  possess  some  trade. 


Map  No.  14.  —  What  bounds  Egypt  on  the  north  ?  M.-Ra.  —  South  ? 
Na.— East?  R.-Sa.  — West?  G.-Dt.  — What  river  flows  through 
Egypt  ?  Ne.  —  IIow  long  is  it  ?  What  isthnms  connects  Egypt  with 
Arabia?  Sz.  —  How  wide  is  it?  What  is  the  country  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Nile  called  ?  Da.  —  What  is  a  Delta  ?  (See  piige  71.)  What 
is  the  population  of  Cairo  ?  Daniictta?  Alexandria  ?  Siont  ?  Roseltn? 
Cosseir?  Suez?  What  three  oases  are  included  in  Egypt  ?  Sh.,  E.-1)I., 
E.-Kh.  —  What  do  you  observe  on  the  west  side  of  the  Nile  near 
Cairo  ?     Ps.  —  What  ruins  arc  in  the  south  part  of  Egyjjt  ?     Ts. 

8.  Describe  Thebes.    9.  Cairo  ?     10.  Alcxan-lria.     Damiettn,  &.C. 


MMinini" 


■WBfH 


GEOGRAPHY. 

so  covers  1 1  acres  of  jrroiiiid.     An. 
icii  were  employed  in  this  work  for 

•c  remains  wliieli  ure  calciilali  d  to 

Almost,  the  whole  extent  ot'  eight 

villi  maj,nii(icent  porlal.-i,  decorated 

nd  loii;'  avenues  of  colossal  statues. 


1  the  most  populous  city  in  Africa ; 
with  the  interior  of  the  continent 
njr  to  imhihe  some  of  the  element? 
le  society,  and  various  sehwds  have 
liept  on  the  jiliin  of  tliose  in  Paris; 
;  i'rom  Ali.'\andria  to  some  distance 

st  celebrated  cities  of  ancient  times; 
^icnces.  After  heinij  l()r  ages  in  a 
inp.  It  is  now  the  cliief  sea-port 
s  of  nearly  every  European  nation 
steam-boats  run  to  all  the  principal 
an.  Damictta  and  Ifosetta  are  the 
i  Girgc  in  Upper  t'gypt.  Suez  and 
le  trade. 


'pt  on  the  north  ?  M.-Ra.  —  South  ? 
.-Dt.  —  What  river  flows  throutrh 
IVhat  isthmus  connects  KfTypt  w  ith 
What  is  the  country  at  the  mouth 
s  a  Delta  ?  (See  piisrc  74.)  What 
ta?  Alexandria?  Siout  ?  Roselta  ? 
ire  included  in  K(,'ypt  ?  Sh.,  E.-1)I., 
in  the  west  side  of  the  Nile  near 
0  south  part  of  Ejjyjjt  ?     Ts. 

B.  Alcxan-lria.     Damiettn,  Jtc. 


-m 


NUBIA,    AnVtHSI.MA. 


l!)(i 


309 


MIIIA. 

1.  Nt'iiiA  is  an  pxtonsivi'  rciiion,  cliicfly  compo.scHl  of  rocky 
and  sniidy  rlrsfits.  Tlio  climale,  tlioiigli  liot,  is  dry,  and 
jTcncralty  licaltliliil. 

2.  iW'arly  all  tii(;  |)ro(liiftivp  soil  wliic'i  Nubia  possesses  is 
a  narrow  strip  on  bolii  sides  of  tlio  iVile:  tiiis  beini^  watered 
from  the  river,  by  means  of  wheels  worked  by  oxen,  pro- 
duces djiourra,  a  coarse  kind  of  grain,  barley,  cotton,  tobacco, 
and  indigo. 

.1.  The  inhabitiUits  of  the  towns  and  villages  are  similar  to  the  Bcr- 
hers  of  Mount  Atlas;  those  of  the  desert  uie  of  Arab  origin,  and  re- 
semblc  the  same  rac:e  in  other  quarters.  The  latter  were  notorious  for 
their  robberies,  but  they  are  now  restrained  from  that  practice  by  the 
authority  of  the  Paeha  of  l^gypt. 

4.  The  remains  of  ancient  temples  arc  common  in  Nubiu.  These 
are  either  under  ground  or  cut  out  of  the  solid  rocli.  That  of  Ehsam- 
bul  is  the  most  magnificent,  and  rivals  the  most  splendid  of  the  Egyp- 
tian monuments. 

5.  New  Dongola,  the  capital  of  Nubia,  once  an  important  town,  is 
now  much  decayed.  Sennaar,  the  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  the  same 
name,  formerly  said  to  have  contained  100,000  inhabitants,  is  almost 
•'?serted  and  in  ruins.  Suakem  is  a  snudi  port  on  the  Red  Sea,  at 
which  .Mahomedan  pilgrims  from  the  interior  take  passage  for  Mecca. 

6.  Dahfur  possesses  a  dry  and  sandy  soil,  but  the  influence  of  the 
tropical  rains  causes  it  to  produce,  to  some  extent,  wheat  and  millet. 
Camels,  horsi  s,  and  cattle,  abound.  Hkkooo,  or  Wauav,  lying  west- 
ward  from  Darfur,  is  ,in  extensive  kingdom.  It  is  iinperleetly  known, 
but  is  reported  to  be  well  ]>eoplcd. 

7.  KoRUOFAV  was  sometime  since  conquered  by  the  Pacha  of  Egypt. 
Its  soldiers,  like  those  of  Hornou,  wear  armour  in  time  of  wrr.  Fkriit 
and  Donga  are  known  only  by  report :  the  former  is  said  to  abound  in 
copper.  The  Snii.i.i'us  are  a  nation  of  negroes,  of  unusual  si/o  and 
strength. 

ABYSSINIA. 

8.  AnvssiMA,  the  ancient  Ethiopia,  is  a  country  of  riig- 

ped    mountains,    intersected    by    deep    and    li'rtiio   valleys. 

Thougli  situated  in  the  torrid  zone,  the  climate  is  generally 

temperate   and   pleasant.     Wheat,   barley,   and  tetl",  a  very 


Ah/-i«.Q.  — 1.  What  is  Nubia?  2.  What  is  sriid  of  the  soil?  'X 
The  inhabitants  ?  4.  The  remains  of  ancient  temples?  5.  Describe 
Dongola.     C.  Darfur.     7.  Kordofan.     H.  Abyssiuia.     i).  What  is  said 


is=ta^f«^nWf53KpfW 


■rtTn^i' 


1^*1^' 


310 


DESCRIPTIVE  GEOGRAPHY. 


smiiU  grain,  are  the  cliief  products ;  and  salt  is  the  priiripal 
rninoral. 

y.  Tlic  proplo  are  in  soiiio  rcsincli>  supii inr  fo  tlic  nalioiiM  nrouiul 
them,  niid  liuve  miiiui  knowlcdgi'  (if  tlic  i,ils;  yet  llitir  iiiiiiiMcis  ;ire 
extremely  cruel  and  liceiiliuus.  At  llicir  teasis,  t!iey  eat  raw  llesli  cut 
from  tlie  aiiiiiial  wliile  yet  warm,  liito.xicatiou  is  tWquciit,  a  pluralily 
of  wives  is  coinriioii,  and  yreat  depravity  of  manners  prevails. 

10.  The  religion  of  Aliyssinia  is  n  corrupt  kind  of  t^lirislianity,  in- 
tcrrnixed  with  Jcwi.sli  rites  and  ceremonies.  Circumcision  is  pr.ictisul. 
Baptism  and  the  Lord's  8np|H'r  aic  administered,  and  >Salurday  and 
Sunday  are  both  observed  as  u  sabbath.  The  churches  arc  numerous, 
and  are  iniiih  adorned  with  paiiilinf;s.  Tiearninjf  is  extremely  limited, 
beirifj  confined  to  the  priests,  and  is  connected  principally  with  their 
system  of  relijriou. 

11.  This  country  was  formerly  under  one  government,  but  now  com, 
prises  three  divisions — Tiirre,  Ainhara,  and  Shoa  and  Efat.  Some  of 
the  provinces  have  been  conquered  by  the  Galhi,  a  most  ferocious  and 
brutal  people,  who  in  their  incursions  spare  neither  age  nor  sex.  They 
pcrlbrm  immense  marches,  swim  rivers,  and  endure  incredible  fatigue. 

12.  Gondar,  the  capital  of  Amiiara,  is  llic  largest  city  in  Abyssinia, 
and  is  said  to  be  eight  oi  ten  miles  in  circuit.  Antalo  and  Adowa  are 
the  other  principal  towns.  Axiim,  the  ancient  capital  of  Abyssinia,  is 
now  in  ruins,  but  is  remarUable  for  its  antiquities.  Mnssuah,  a  pi.rt 
belonging  to  Kgypf,  is  the  only  place  througli  which  the  trilling  l'oreij;n 
trade  of  this  country  is  carried  on. 


Map  No.  It.  —  How  is  Nubia  bounded  ?  What  river  is  in  Xubii? 
No.  —  What  desert?  Nn. —  What  is  the  population  of  Suake:n  ? 
Shendy  ?  Merawe  ?  Old  Dongola  >  New  Dongola  ?  Derr  ?  Wli  it 
bounds  Abyssinia  on  the  north?  Na.  —  South?  Ea.  Al.  —  Kast  ? 
R.-Sa.  —  West?  Ss.— What  lake  in  the  centre?  Da.~Wh;.t 
river  flows  from  it?  Ni.  —  What  is  the  population  of  (iondar  / 
Antalo?  Massuah?  Axum  7  What  countries  lie  west  of  tho  Nile  ? 
Kn.,  Dr.,  Bo.  —  S„uth  of  Darfur  ?  Ft.,  Da.  —  What  river  flows  through 
Bergoo  ?  Md.  —  Tho  capitals  of  these  countries  ?  It,  Cc.,  Wa.  — 
Tlie  population  of  Cobbe  ? 


197 


WESTERN  AFRICA. 

1.  Tnrs  region  extends  from  the  Great  Desert  to  tho  Tropic 
of  Capricorn.  Its  chief  divisions  are  Senogainhia,  and  Upper 
and  Lower  Guinea.     A  highly  productive  soil,  a  rich  luxu- 

of  the  people?    10.  Religion?    11.  Government?     Describe  the  Galla. 
12,  Goudar  and  tJic  otiier  towns. 


CnOGRAPIIV. 

ucts ;  nnil  s.'ilt  is  the  priir'ipnl 

i'li>  supi  rinr  to  tlic  iialioiiM  nroiind 
'  tlif  iuls;  yet  tlitir  iiiiiiiiiiTs  arc 
llii'ir  tciislH,  iUuy  oat  raw  llosli  cut 
liito.xicatiijii  JH  tWqucnt,  -.i  plurality 
avity  ol'  iiiaiiiiors  prevails. 

n  ciirriipt  kind  ot'  tJlirislianity,  in. 
nonios,  Circiinifision  is  practisul, 
;  adiiiiniHtorfd,  and  Saturday  and 
itli.  Tliu  clmrclics  aro  iiunn;roiis, 
s.  lii-arninjr  is  cxtrcinily  limited, 
3  coiiiKcttd  principally  with  their 

ik'r  one  govcrnnirnt,  hut  now  com, 
ra,  and  Slioa  and  Efut.  Some  of 
y  the  Gnlhi,  a  most  ferocious  and 
»  spare  neither  age  nor  sex.  They 
,ers,  and  endure  incredihlc  fatig-iie. 
a,  is  Ihc  largest  city  in  Abyssinia, 
I  circuit.  Antalo  and  Adowa  aro 
le  ancient  capital  of  Abyssinia,  is 
r  its  antiquities.  Ma.ssuali,  a  pi.rt 
through  which  the  trilling  Ibreipi 


nded  ?  What  river  is  in  Nubia? 
I  is  the  population  of  Suake:n  ! 
'  New  DontiOla ?  Derr  ?  Whit 
Na.  —  South  ?  Ea.  Al.  —  Kast  > 
!  in  the  centre?  Da. —  What 
;  is  the  population  of  (iondar  ! 
at  countries  lie  west  of  the  Nile  ? 
:.,  Da.  —  What  river  flows  through 
hcse  countries  ?    It.,  Cc.,  Wa.  — 


AFRICA. 

the  Great  Desert  to  the  Tropic 
s  are  Senegamhia,  and  Upper 
productive  soil,  a  rich  luxu- 

Jovernmcnt  7    Describe  the  Galla. 


WKSTKllN    AFKICA. 


:ni 


rinnce  of  vegetation,  and  a  great  variety  and  abundance  ol 
animals,  distinguish  this  jiart  ol'  the  continent. 

2.  The  inhabitants  are  rude,  ijfnorant,  and  barbarouf!.  Ti.cir  chiefs 
are  cruel  and  despotic,  and  in  some  parts  arc  rejrarded  by  their  sulijeets 
as  a  .■sacred  race.  Mahoniedanism  is  the  relisi''"  of  many  tribes ;  but 
Feli'cbism,  or  the  worship  of  fsiiakes,  li/aids,  and  other  dL-^UBtintr  objects, 
prevails  to  a  great  extent. 

3.  The  slave-trade  has  been  carried  o:i  by  Europeans  from  this  region 
to  a  greater  extent  than  frntu  any  other  part  of  Africa ;  and,  liotnith- 
standing  the  exertions  made  to  siipprcso  it,  iminbers  of  fluv(  s  aro  still 

carried  off. 

SEN  EG  AM  BI  A. 

4.  Skxeoamhia  stretches  from  the  Great  Desert  to  the 
colony  of  Lib(;ria.  It  contains  a  niituber  ol"  dillercnt  states, 
of  winch  Foota  Jullon,  Bamlxuik,  ami  Wooiiniana,  all  in  the 
interior,  appear  to  bo  tlie  principal. 

5.  The  inhabitants  of  Foota  .Im.i  ■  n'  belong  t<)  the  F(;ulali  nation,  who 
aro  widely  dispersed  over  Westi  rii  and  Central  Afrie;.  'I'lity  are  the 
most  civilized  |H'ople  of  this  region,  and  have  dark  clive  ecip.plexi.ns, 
with  high  and  ofkn  pleasing  fratures.  The  .lalotrs  tiiid  Mar.iliiigct  s  aro 
also  important  races,  but  differ  from  the  Fouk.hs  in  their  complexion 
and  general  appearance. 

6.  The  French,  Eii^lish,  and  Portuguese,  have  settlements  establish, 
cd  on  various  parts  of  the  coast,  fbr  the  purpose  of  trading  with  the 
natives  for  slaves,  ivory,  guni.arabir,  and  gold.dnsl. 

Western  Africa.  Q.  —  1.  Describe  this  region,  a.  The  inliiibilnnts. 
Religion.  3.'  Slavctradc.  4.  Wliat  is  said  of  Senegambia  I  5.  The 
Foulahs  ?     Juloffis,  &.C.  ?     6.  The  French,  &.e. .' 


/-^f-ffrr 


312 


DESCRIPTIVE    GKOGUAPHY. 


i  lf< ' 


I       r 


]  i 


SIICRUA  lkom;. 
^7.  Till.  Hritisli  Colony  of  Sicrni  licono  wn>!  o.stnMisIirfl  in 
17S7,  II. I-  llif  [lurposc  of  iiitnKliicing  il,o  Cljristiuii   religion 
ami  civiliziition  into  Africa. 

8.  'I'iir  bulli  ot'  lli(!  inlinbitnnls  arc  lilwratcl  slaves,  tiilivn  from  cnp- 
tund  sliivu-slii|.s.  Tlif  population  of  i.|ic  colony  is  about  M(l,ll()(),  of 
wliom  not  ini.ru  lliim  Kill  art-  wliitrs;  tlio  cxtrcnir  unlieallliiness  of  lln; 
olimiilc  rrml.  iinff  it  almost  iinpossihlo  for  tlirm  to  reside  here  witli 
Hallt;,.  I'Vi  clown  is  the  capital  of  Sierra  Ltone,  besides  which  there 
are  W  or  li)  villaircs. 

UBRRIA. 

9.  LiiiDiiiA,  now  the  most  interostin'^  country  in  Africa,  is 
an  AMnricnn  colony,  fpundod  in  l^-Jl,  j.y  tiie  Amcricmi 
(.'olonizatiun  Soc-iety,  as  a  place  of  n;liif;o  for'the  free  negroes 
and  eniancipated  slaves  of  the  United  Slates. 

HI.  Many  have  emigrated  thither,  and  the  colony  is  in  a  flourishing 
condition.  Si  viral  of  the  neighbourins;  tribes  have  put  themselves 
under  its  pn.Kclion,  and  are  endeavouring  to  imitate  its  customs  and 
learn  its  arts.  'I'he  slave-trade  has  bwui  abolished  within  the  limits  of 
Liberia.  S.  vc  ral  vessels,  built  at  Monrovia,  Irude  along  the  coast  with 
the  native  t.il,'s,  Ibr  gold,  ivory,  palm-oil,  &.C.,  in  e.'jchange  for  Ameri- 
can and  Karoi'ian  manufactures. 

11.  The  first  pctlkd  and  chief  town  is  Monrovia;  it  contains  up- 
wards of  jllO  liouses,  iuelnding  churches,  .schools,  a  public  library,  &c. 
Tlierc  are  ten  other  towns  ani.  villages  wliich  are  situated  at  various 
ponils  on  the  coast,  from  the  St.  Paul's  river  to  Cape  Palmas.  The 
terrilory  of  I.ilxria  e.vtcnds  along  the  sea-shore  about  300  miles :  it 
contains  j.llOO  colonists,  and  20,000  natives. 

Map  No.  II.  —  How  is  Scnegambia  bounded  ?  What  are  the  princi. 
pal  rivers  >  ,S1,,  (Ja.,  Nr.,  R.-Ge.  —  How  long  are  the  three  first  ?  What 
caiM)  on  the  west  ?  Ve.  —  On  the  south  ?  Ps.  —  What  French  settle- 
ment  on  the  SiMiegal  rivcr  ?      St.-Ls.  —  British  settlement  on  the  Gam- 

bia  ?      Hi.— What  stttlcment     on   the   Rio  Grande?      Pe. What 

ishuids  lie  west  of  Cape  Verde  ?    C.-Ve.  —  What  British  Colony  in  tho 
south  ?     S.-T,e. 

Miip  No.  l.j.  ~  What  arc  the  principal  rivers  of  Liberia  ?  How  loiig 
IS  the  St.  Paul's  river  ?  Which  is  tho  most  northern  capo  ?  Mt.  — • 
Southern  '  I's.  — Tlierc  are  eleven  colonial  towns— which  aro  they  ? 
^allve  towns  ?  What  colony  at  Cape  Pnlmas  ?  Md.  — At  tlie  St. 
John's  river  .'     Pa. 


Sirna  Tjrime.  Q.  —  7.  Describe  Sierra  Leone.  8.  What  is  said  of 
the  inhnl)il;mts  ?  i».  Describe  Liberia.  10.  What  is  said  of  the  colo- 
ny !  'J'iie  neighbouring  tribes  ?  The  slave-trade  ?  11.  The  chief 
towns,  &c.  ?     How  fa.,  docs  the  territory  extend  ? 


GKOGItAPHy. 

Sierra  I^fono  wnsi  cvtaMisIiffl  in 
i'i)(liicing  lli(j  L'ljristiua   religion 

ire  lilwratc'I  slaves,  taUrn  from  cap- 
1  of  ilin  culony  is  iiboiit  M(l,ll()t),  uf 
cs;  tlio  cxtrciiii!  unlieallliiiifss  of  llio 
ssihlo  for  tlirm  to  reside  here  witli 
f  Sierra  Ltoiie,  besides  wliicli  there 

KRIA. 

iiiterostiiif^  country  in  Africa,  is 
(1  in  IH-JI,  l)y  tiie  American 
•eoCnjUif^o  for  the  free  negroes 
!  United  Slates. 

r,  and  the  colony  is  in  a  flonrishing 
om-inst  tribeff  liave  put  themselves 
ivoiirinf/  to  imitate  its  cnstoms  and 
I  bo<;n  abolished  within  the  limits  of 
lonrovia,  Iriido  along  the  coast  with 
Ins-oil,  &.C.,  in  c.fcbange  for  Ameri- 

town  is  Monrovia ;  it  contains  up- 
irchcs,  schools,  a  public  library,  &c. 
lages  which  are  situated  at  various 
Paul's  river  to  Ca\->e  Palmas.     The 

the  sea-shore  about  300  miles :  it 
)  natives. 


bia  bounded  ?  What  are  the  princi- 
low  long  nre  the  three  first  ?  What 
louth  ?     Ps.  —  What  French  scttle- 

s British  settlement  on  the  Gam- 

I  the  Rio  Grande?  Pe. —  What 
;,.Ve.  —  What  British  Colony  in  the 

ncipal  rivers  of  Liberia  ?     How  long 

the  most  northern  capo  ?     Mt.  — 

n  colonial  towns — which  are  they  ? 

Cape   Pnlnias  ?     Md.  — At  tlie  St. 


Sierra  Lrone.  8.  What  is  said  of 
Tia.  10.  What  is  said  of  the  colo- 
The  slave-trade  ?  11.  The  chief 
ritory  extend  ? 


I'PPER   GUINKA. 


313 


liW  

UP  PER    GUINEA. 
1.  Uri'KK  OfiM:v  extends   frmii   Sene;^ainliia   to  Biafrn. 
Tii(!  const   is   divided   by  navigators   into   tli(!  (!min,  Ivory, 
CJold,  and  Slavi;  (..'oasts:  tiieso  are  so  named  from  tlie  chief 
oiijects  of  trade  at  the  resix'ctive  pit.cos. 

•J.  Hesides  part  of  tiic  colony  of  Liiieria,  this  region  con- 
tains tlie  native  kingdoms  of  Aslianli'C,  Dahomey,  IJenin,  iVe. 
also  some  I'inglish,' Dutch,  and  Danish  settlements. 

3.  The  kingdom  of  Ashantkk  is  situated  to  the  north  of  the  Gold 
Const,  and  is  the  most  important  native  state  in  Western  Africa.  The 
inhabitants  possess  some  of  the  comforts  of  civilization,  but  live  not- 
withstanding,  in  a  stale  of  shocking  barbarity. 

4.  The  horrid  custom  of  sacrificing  human  beings  at  the  decease  of 
the  sovereign,  or  any  of  the  royal  liiinily,  [irevails  to  a  great  extent, 
and  three  thousand  victims  are  said  to  liavo  bi  c.i  immolated  on  the 
grave  of  the  king's  mother,  on  one  occasion  only. 

The  houses  in  Coomassie,  th'.'  capital,  are  ne.it  and  well-built.  1  ho 
streets  arc  all  named,  and  are  each  under  the  charge  of  a  captain. 

5.  The  tJoi.n  Coast  contains  a  number  of  European  settleimnts  or 
faeloriiH,  fouruled  for  tlie  purpose  of  trading  with  the  natives  for  gold 
dust,  the  most  valui.ble  product  of  the  country.  Cape  C  oast  Caslle  is 
the  principal  of  the  British  liietories,  Klmina  of  the  Dutch,  and  Chris- 
tiansburg  of  the  Danes  ;  these  an;  all  fortified  and  have  small  garrisons. 

6.  Dmiomev,  on  the  Slave  Coast,  is  a  fertile  countty  :  it  is  inhabited 
by  a  warlike  and  ferocious  people,  whose  manners  and  customs  are 
even  more  cruel  and  barbarous  than  those  of  the  Ashantees.     Aboiney  is 

the  capital.  ,     i  .     i    .  • 

Be-nin  is  but  little  known  :  the  king  is  not  only  absolute,  but  is  con- 
sidered  a  god  in  the  eyes  of  his  subjects,  and  all  crimes  against  him 
are  punished  both  as  treason  and  impiety. 

LOWER  GUINEA. 

7.  The  principal  countries  comjirised  in  Lmvcr  G'linea, 
are  Loango,  Congo,  Angola,  and  ]?enguela.  The  sea-coast 
of  tliese  countries  is  known  to  navigators  by  the  name  of 
the  Coast  of  Angola,  or  simply  the  Coast. 

8.  BiAFRA,  CAr.noNGAS,  and  Gaboon,  lying  south  of  the  Niger  river, 
arc  reported  to  be  fertile  and  populous  countries,  but  are  seldom  visited. 

Upper  Guinea.  Q.  — 1.  Describe  Upper  Guinea.  2.  Kingdoms,  &c. 
3.  Ashantce.  4.  What  is  said  of  human  sacrifices  ?  Coomassie  ? 
5.  The  Gold  Coast  ?     6.  Dahomey  ?     Benin  ?     7.  Describe  Lower 


.®«a^?««W*»»W^='^'^'P 


I 


i 


fttm 


I''    1;. 


^a:''k 


liil 


^Jti 


.-^It 


nn.SCRIPTlV  F,  (JEOOU APHY. 


:l:ivc  trndo 
aiLiI  I.ouii;;)). 


l.oAVdo  povuri-cs  a  line  cliiimto  and  u   fiTlilK  soil;  (In 
f.irriid  nil  (n  sniiie  exliiit  I'lojn  its  iliid'  |ii)it>i,  Caliciulu 

!'.  CoNco,  Av(i()i,A,  Hr;.\(iii:i.A,  and  Matk.mii',  an:  silii.tcd  to  tlio 
P'liitliwnPil  of  llir  rlvir  rniij-i).  Tlic  wliulc  region  is  Hiiid  to  lie  lirtilc, 
tlioiii,'li  in  koiik;  piirls  but  tliiiiiy  |)c'i|ili.tl.  'I'liisi;  IciTilorics  vvirf  ili-i- 
oovcird  liy  tlir  rortiifiiiesc  in  Mf<7,  and  ivcr  since  tliut  time  have  Iweii 
under  tlieir  I'ontrol;  but  their  authority  in  tho  interior  is  uupposed  to  bo 
only  niiininai. 

HI.  ('AssANfiK  and  IMooi.ooa  nrc  ennntries  reported  to  ho  far  inland. 
'J'he  iiilialjilants  of  the  latti  r  ar(!  more  eivili/.ed  and  iiidnslricjiis  lli.in 
those  on  the  roast,  yet  the  atrocious  eiistorn  of  human  saerifue  pre- 
vails.  .St.  Salvador  is  iIk;  principal  town  ofC'on'ro.  St.  Paul  de  Leanilo 
and  .St,  Felipe  de  Henjriii  la,  are  the  eliit'l' si'a-iK)rts :  I'roin  tlicso  tho 
tlave-trade  is  carried  on  to  some  exieiil. 

II.  'I"he  ('iMDKnAS  ("oi'NTRY  evleiids  live  hundred  miles  southward 
from  Di'nffiii  la.  'I'lie  whole  coast  appears  to  1m'  a  disc, I,  hut  the 
interior  of  the  country  is  well  (ilted  liir  pasiurajre.  The  iiiliahitant.4 
aro  a  simple  niid  inotlensivo  race;  they  are  clothed  in  ox-hidvs  and 
|K)ssen8  lurgc  herds  of  cuttle. 


Miip  Xo.  14.  —  What  bouni's  I'pper  Cuinea  on  the  north  ?  Sn. — 
South?  (J..(ia.— Kast  ?  L.-CJa.  —  Wist?  Sa.,  F.a.  — What  mountains 
on  the  north  ?  Kj;.  —  What  is  the  population  of  t'(joinas>,io  ?  .Mminoy? 
Benin  !  Ifnw  is  Lower  (Juiiiea  hounded  ?  Which  arc  its  rivers  ?  Co., 
Az.,  Ca.,  Be.  —  .Mountains  ?  C'l.  —  What  islands  in  the  Gulf  of 
Guinea  7  F.-Po.,  Ps.,  S.-Ts.,  An.  —  To  what  [xiwcr  do  the  rlirce  last 
bclonij  ?  What  river  divides  Uppi  r  from  Lower  Guinea  ?  Nr.  —  What 
is  the  population  of  Loango  ?  St.  Salvador  ?  St.  Paul  de  Loando  ? 
How  far  is  it  from  Guinea  to  Brazil  ?     From  Angola  to  Brazil  ? 


19f) 


SOUTHERN   AFRICA. 

1.  SotTTiiERN  Africa  comprises  nearly  nil   that  part  of 

the  continent  whieli  lies  south  of  tin;  tropin  of  Capricorn.  Its 

subdivisions  are  the  Cape  Colony,  CuflVarin,  the  country  of 
tlie  Hottentots,  and  the  country  of  the  Bosluianas. 

2.  The  Cape  Coi.onv  was  settled  by  the  Dutch  in  1615,  It  was 
twice  cniic|iiered  by  Great  Britain,  and  was  finally  confirmed  to  that 
power  in  1H1;1. 

3.  Tlie  soil  along  the  sca-eoast  is,  generally,  fertile,  end  productive  in 


10.  Cassangc,  &c.      II. 


Guinea.      8.  Biafra,  &c.      9.  (Jonj^o,  iVc. 
Cimhclias  country. 

Soulhi-rn  Afiira.Q.  —  \.  What  doiis  Southern  Africa  comprise?    9. 
Wiint  is  said  of  tlie  Cape  Colony  ?    .3.  The  soil  ?    Fanners  ?    4.  Cap« 


;  (JKOGUAPHY. 

(I  a  tVrtilo  soil;  tlie  ^Invc  trade  in 
•liii  r  (iDit-t,  (';ili(;ilil:i  iiliil  I.oaii)4(>. 
nd  Matk.mb',  nru  Kilii.tcd  lu  tin; 
(•  wIkjIc  region  U  s;ii(l  to  lie  Itrtilf, 
ii'ipk'tl.  'I'liise  tcrriliirics  wire  ili-c- 
iiml  ivcr  since  tlial  time  have  Ixtii 
rity  ill  tliu  intcriur  is  Bupposeil  to  be 

eoiintrics  reported  to  bo  far  inlaml. 
iiiire  eivilized  and  iiidiistrinus  th'in 
IS  eiistorn  of  buuian  Haerifue  pre. 
town  {irt'nnjro.  St.  Paul  de  Leanilo 
lie  ebiel'  seii-jxirts :  I'roiii  tliese  the 
leiil. 

Mils  live  hundred  miles  sfiiithwnrd 
I  ap;vars  to  Ih"  a  deseil,  but  tlio 
d  liir  pasiurajje.  'Hie  inliabitaiils 
• ;  they  ure  clutiicd  in  ox-liidvs  and 


|ier  (iiiinea  on  the  north  ?  .Sn.  — 
\Vi  si !  Sa.,  Fia.  —  Wliat  ninuntoins 
opiilation  ol't'iioinastjie  ?  Aboincy? 
iided  ?  Which  arc  its  rivers  ?  Co., 
—  What  islands  in  the  Gulf  of 
-To  what  [xnver  do  the  vlirce  last 
from  Lower  Guinea  ?  Nr.  —  What 
.Salvador?  St.  Paul  de  Loando  ? 
?     I'Vom  Angola  to  Brazil  7 


19 


N   AFRICA. 

irisfs  nearly  nil   thnt  part  of 

)('th(!  tropic  of  Capricorn.  Its 

my,  CfiflVnrin,  the  country  of 
Y  of  the  Boshiinnas. 

I  by  the    Dutch  in  1615,     It  was 
and   tvas  finally  confirmed  to  that 

generally,  fertile,  end  productive  in 

'o,  <Stc.      10.  Cussangc,  &c.      11. 

loiis  Southern  Africa  comprlfie  7    9. 
3.  The  soil  7    Farmers?    4.  Cape 


aOUTHKRN    AFilH-'A. 


SI."! 


train,  wine,  and  fruit..  Much  uf  llie  int.vlc.r  .nm.try  is  nceupi.  d  by 
the  irreat  Karreo,  a  drv  pl.iin,  d.'^'tllul.',  H.r  lb-  im.,sI  part,  oi  \eKeta(i,.n. 
The  rarnier..  of  t';r  C.lloi.y,  called  H.k.is,  w(  Uj^y  very  .  xtensive  laims; 
and  raise  large  hrrils  of  ealllc. 

4,  ('ape  Town  is  an  important  station,  bring  the  (pidy  place  of  ro. 
freshm.'iit  tbr  vessels  bitw.  en  Kuropc  am.  Ainerieu  on  the  one  side, 
anc!  the  Kast  Indies,  China,  and  Aiistralasiu,  on  the  oilier.  Orabani  a 
Town  is  the  next  most  imiMirtuiit  place. 

CAFKRARIA. 

5  Capkuvhia  extends  eastward  from  the  Cap-  Colony  to  St.  Lucia 
PiviT.  The  inhabilaiils,  called  (.-.llVe?,  are  divided  into  several  tribes. 
They  are  an  athletic  vifforous  people,  of  a  deep-brown  colour,  and  with 
frizzled,  though  not  woi.lly  hair. 

G.  War,  hunting,  and  tending  their  cattle,  of  which  they  have  large 
herds,  are  the  emiilovment  of  the  men.  The  women  cultivate  the  soil, 
build  the  huts,  cut  wood,  mid  make  baskets  of  reeds  so  closely  woven 
as  to  hold  milk. 

7  The  niissionari(!s  had  made  a  favimrnble  impression  on  some  of 
ihcCailres  ;  but  the  recent  war  with  the  British  colonists  has  destroyed, 
in  a  great  measure,  the  good  eirtcts  of  these  labours,  and  forced  the 
inissionaries  to  leave  the  country. 


nusliinan  ilisguispil  as  an  Ostridi. 
8   Country  of  the  Hottentots.— This  tract  of  country  is  Jnliab- 
ited   by    the    Damaras,    Namaquas,    Corannns,    (.riiiiias,    and    other 
tribes,   all   known  by  the  geiieral^naim;  of  Ilotlciitols.     They   ar.,  .i 

Town?     5.  D-seribe  Caffrarin.     The  inhabitants.     G.  Their   employ- 
ment*..     7.  Missionaries.     B.  What  is  .aid  of  the  country  ol  the  Hot- 


!| 


*Ktt»S«fc^^RiS<aBaiWfS?"- 


f,  ^fitrr-i'^ 


\^t*' 


':  t 


! 

.  1 

i 

•| 

» t 

310 


DEscuiPTivn  GEO(;nApnY. 


<\\i\ot,  innircMMvc,  i;;ii(>r,iiit  rncc  ;  1mi«  urc  very  filtliy  in  tlitir  linliit^, 

""<'  I'"'" "i"ly  iiJlly  ill  iKTHi.ii.     S<iiiu   of  llitiii  linvi!  Iioon  lnii<r|jt  liy 

tlif  iiiissioiiiiriis  to  (uJiivMlc  llie  jjroiiml,  ruiso  caltir,  nnij  work  at  a 
few  of  llir  most  coiiiiiioii  tniilrs. 

!l.  Tlic  liuslimin.or  Wild  llottcntols,  go  almost  naUcd,  mid  rcnide  in 
lioles  ii.udf  III  tlu'  ground,  or  tlclls  in  tlic  rotkH.  'I'licy  use  |H)isonid 
arrows  in  war,  or  in  destroying  wild  hrasts.  'I'lirv  display  sonir  in. 
gi'iiiiity  in  disgnising  tliumselvcs  in  imitation  of  tlii.' ostrifh,  and  IIiur 
aro  eiiublcd  to  approach  that  aliy  animal  Humcionllv  near  to  destroy  it. 


wm^f?!^^^^^'^^^^^ 


■j??^A'' 


Kurrcct  Imnp. 


10.  Country  of  tiik  nosm-ANAS.— TIk;  Doslnianas  ap|>car  to  hn  of 
llii-  same'  race  .is  llir  Cairri's;  hot  li.ivf  made  more  progrtss  in  industry 
and  Iho  arts.  'I'luy  dwtll  in  towns  of  smni'  niaguiludu  ;  and  cultivate 
tlio  ground,  raising  millet,  beans,  wal(  r-iiielons,  &.c. 

They  have  firire  herds  of  eiillle,  the  rolil.ing  of  which  from  each 
other  IS  Iho  cause  of  fre(|uent  wars  among  the  ditVerent  tribes.  Lnt- 
takoo,  Mashow,  and  Kurreeeliane,  are  tlieir  chief  towns. 

JlfflH  X,).  It.  _  What  countries  lie  south  of  the  Tropic  of  Capricorn? 
lis.,  Bs.,  CCy.,  Ca.  —  What  is  the  most  soutlicrn  capp  .'    Ls.  —  What 


other  cape  is  there  >     ({.-He. —  What  rivers  in 


this  region  /     Oe.,  Ke,, 


G..hi„S..f,a.,  .Vic— How  long  is  the  first  ?     What  mountains?     Sx. 

—  How  high  arc  they  ?  What  desert  extends  north-west  from  the 
Iloshuana  country  ?     Ch.     This  is  also  called  the  Ka.ri.Harri  Desert. 

—  How  far  is  it  from  the  I'ape  C:olony  to  the  Swan  River  Colony  ? 
Wlmt  IS  tho  population  of  Knrrcechanc  !  Mashow  .'  Lattukob  7 
CaiM)  Town  /     Ciraham's  Town  ? 

200  


K.VSTKRN    AFRICA. 
1.  Eastern  ArnrrA  coniprisps  a  vast  txtont  of  const, 
reaching  from  Caffrariu  to  Abyssinia,  «000  miles  in  length. 

tcntots  ?    !).  The  Bushmen  ?    10.  Country  of  the  Boshuanas  ?    Towns. 
&c.  .'     Herds  of  cattle  ? 

Eastern  Africa.  Q.  —  1 ,  What  does  Eastern  .\frica  comprise  ?    9. 


''^  ■|||i!|[|i»iliiii»'ili  i 


:  GEOOIIAI'IIV. 

liif*  are  very  fillliy  in  their  lml)it^, 

Sdiiu   of  llieiii  Imve  hojn  lnii<;lj|  liy 

firoiinil,  ruiso  cattle,  uriil  work  at  a 

ntdls,  (tn  iilmrwt  naked,  nnd  rcnide  in 
Us  in  the  roekH.  'I'hey  use  ixiisoMcd 
ivihl  lieiistM.  They  displny  Nome  in- 
ill  iiiiitatioii  r>t' the  oxtrieh,  and  thiiH 
iiiiNiui  Hiitlicieiilly  near  to  destroy  it. 


i'(  hniM". 

■ — Till-  I!(wliiiaii<iH  np|>ear  to  hn  of 
i.ive  iiiaile  more  |irojrritis  in  imlusliy 
s  of  snme  mn^'iiilude;  and  eultivalc 
I'ali  r-iiK'loiis,  iVc. 

e,  the  rolil)io^r  ol'  which  from  each 
■s  iiiriiins;  the  dillereiit  tribes.  Lat- 
lire  their  ehief  towns. 


e  Koiith  of  the  Tr(i[iic  of  Capricorn  ? 
;  most  southern  cape  ?  I,s.  —  What 
lat  rivers  in  this  region  !  Oe.,  Ke., 
lie  first  >  What  iiiountalns  ?  S,v. 
esert  extends  north-west  from  the 
also  calli.'d  the  Kairi.IIarri  Desert. 
I'olony  to  the  Swan  River  ('olony  7 
eeclmnc !      Masliow  .'      Lattakoi)  ? 


)0 


AFRICA. 
rises  a  vast  oxtont  of  const, 
y.ssinia,  .'JOOO  miles  in  length. 


ountry  of  the  Doshuanas  7    Towns, 
Iocs  Eastern  Africa  comprise?    9. 


EAHTKIt.N    AlltUA. 


'Ml 


Senrrily  niiy  pMrl  ol'  tlic  wi.rM  is  su  iiniuTrcctly  known,  ns 
tlir  iiili'nur  ill"  this  icyiuii,  III'  oiipoMS  su  nmiiy  uhstaclcs  to 
ihc  iii\i'stij;iiliiiiis  of  till'  triivrlliT. 

•J.  'I'lic  htiitc's  1)1"  this  tirritury  lire  generally  orcf.j.icd  liy 
iliu-li  hruwii  (ir  hliii'U  iKilions,  will),  liiiwi.'vcr,  Unv  imt  little  rr- 
.si'iiililaiire  Id  nej^'fiM's  exciiit  ill  rolnlir.  In  smiK'  ol'thiin,  llio 
iiiiialiilants  arc  nut  ciiiirely  ile.stitiilu  df  arts  ami  imliistry. 

:J.  The  CiirNTKV  oK  THE  SoMAii.lES  e.vteiids  from  Aliyssiiiia  to  ('iir«! 
(iardaliii.  'I'lie  people  are  an  aetivi'  iiiduslrioiia  race,  who  trade  with 
the  Arahs,  Hind,..*,  and  the  interior  trihes.  'I'lie  eouiilry  is  hilly  niid 
kaiililiil.aiid  may  be  eoiisideied  as  the  native  refrioii  of  incense,  myrrh, 
and  .siveel  siiielliiifr  guini'. 

4.  H.  rhora  and  Adel  arc  the  chief  states  on  the  coast,  of  which  the 
I)riiieipal  towns  ure  Ikrliora  and  /eyia;  Ilurriir,  in  the  interior,  is  the 
resid.  nee  of  the  Sultan  of  the  Somaiilies.  "J'ho  inland  country  is  seaieely 
known,  hut  apjiears  to  he  oeeiipied  hy  the  savage  (ialla,  and  liy  the  king- 
doin  of  Ciiiigiro,  wlio.se  inhabitants  are  e(|Uatly  liarbaruiis. 

5.  A.IAX,  or  A/ANi.\,  stretchuig  southward  from  ('aiic  Oardufui,  is 
sanily,  hilly,  and,  except  in  the  northern  parts,  barren.  The  want  ol 
iKirbours,  and  the  tierce  character  of  the  inhabitants,  liave  prevented  it 
from  being  iiiueli  frequented  by  traders. 

().  Z\NOiiEnAR  extends  from  ("alio  Ilassas  to  Cape  Delgado.  It  con- 
tains  several  stales,  of  which  i«!agado.\a,  IVlombas,  and  Quiloa,  appear  to 
lie  the  chief:  the  latter  is  under  the  control  of  the  Arahs  of  Muscat. 
The  eily  of  Melinda,  once  a  liandsoine  and  important  place,  is  now  in 
ruins,  having  been,  with  the  whole  of  its  territory,  desolated  by  the 
savage  Galla. 

7.  The  commerce  of  this  region  is  carried  on  principally  by  the  Arabs 
of  Mii.seat,  who  navigate  vessels  called  dows,  the  planks  of  which,  instead 
of  being  fastened  in  the  usual  manner,  are  sewed  together.  The  ports 
of.Moiiibas,  Lamoo,  and  Brava,  are  Bometimes  visited  by  American  vcs- 
eels. 

8.  The  PoRTUOuEsu  Possessio.vs  commence  at  Cape  Delgado;  the 
authority  of  this  nation  was  once  very  extensive  and  firmly  fixed,  but  it 
is  now  little  more  than  nominal.  Mozambique,  the  residence  of  the 
(iovernor  General,  Quilimanc  at  the  mouth  of  the  Zambcze  river,  and 
.Sofala  and  Inhambane,  arc  the  chief  stations  on  the  coast ;  those  in  the 
interior  arc  Sena,  Tete,  and  Manica.  The  Uade,  now  greatly  reduced, 
is  chiefly  in  slaves,  gold,  and  ivory. 

it.  MoNOMOTAFA,  Of  MoTAPA,  a  oncc  ))Owcrful  empire,  is  now  destroyed : 
its  territory  is  mostly  occupied  by  the  Maravis,  a  warlike,  plundering 

What  is  said  of  its  states  ?  3.  Somaulics  ?  i.  Berbora  and  Adel  1 
.^.  Ajan  ?  f).  Zangucbar  ?  7.  Commerce  ?  8.  What  is  said  of  the 
Portuguese  possessions?  9.  Monomotapa?  10.  The  Bororas,  «;c. 
Cazcmbe  ? 


»-«pa§B»KK',S-  i^TJTIWSJBIt'--. 


--TnTT'tf 


\^t*' 


I 


\i 


mn 


IlIlHlRirTIVi:    OHUtJIlAFIIY. 


tribe,  wlioHc  chiuf,  rnllcil  tin.'  ( 'linngmnvra,  rcnidoH  nl  /iiiihan,  thn  anrirnt 
ea|iitiil.  Kirtlur  inlaiiU  In  (lie  iDiiiilr^  of  llu;  iMoviziin,  an  indiiiitriuua 
aiiil  iK'itc'calilr  rni'c, 

1(t.  'Die  ItdiiDiMs  1111(1  Makimis  nro  pi)|)itl(iUN  tribcM  in  the  interior: 
tlic  latter  iirr  r('|ii>rlril  to  lir  i  iiiinllialN, 

('azk.mmk,  a  luii);iliiiii  Hitiiat'd  in  tlii'  ccnfrr  of  the  CDiilinriit,  In  fcrtilf 
nnil  |Hi|iiil(ii)s,  mill  hiilijcit  tu  tliu  vjll  uI'm  (!('k|iiiI;  it  yiildn  in  ahiinilain  i; 
iruii  und  iiijiiicr,  und  jioiinisxch  a  (:(in»<idi'rul)lt'  tradu  in  uluvi-g  and  ivory, 

Map  \ii.  II,  —  Wlii.t  i»nir  Mi'iKiratiH  ni'tliiiru  (ruin  Arabia  ?  An.— 
Wliiil  ('a|n'N  nil  llic  ciiaHt  ul'  A|:iii  '  (ii.,  •  li ,  Its. —  ll(nv  t'.ir  iH  it  liiiiii 
Ajiiti  tot 'ly  1(111  .'  Wliul  ciiinilry  (ilZiiiu'iubar  lies  iiortli  ot  tlu'  K(|H.ilor ' 
Alii,  —  Wliicli  lie  Koutli  .'  ,Ma,,  Ms,,  t^a,  —  lliiw  liir  Iroin  Zaiijfui  li,ir 
to  Siinialra  '  Wlmt  riK  r«  aii^  in  Z  iiiifiicliar  f  Wi,,  Dc. —  In  .Mo- 
zaiiil)i(ini;  /  Zc,  Mc,  —  Wliat  iiiniiiitainn  .'  F,a. — ('a|MM  .'  Do-iCf,— 
What  cliuiuu'l  ytip.italcs  MoiSainliiiiiiu  t'ruin  .Mudagiiecur  I     Mv. 

-Xl  


'iTi 


i   !' 


*!(  '!  '   i 


i 


'%^k 


CENTRAL    AFRICA. 

1.  Centual  Akkica  coiriprises  nil  the  iiitorior  of  tlio 
continent  lying  ,soiiili  of  thn  Grout  Desert.  Its  northern  di- 
vision, Soudan,  or  Niyritia,  lias  boon  purtidliy  explored  hy 
Eiirof)enns;  but  the  southern,  cfill(.'d  Ethiopin,  has  never 
been  visited  by  white  men,  and  is,  coiih;eqnentiy,  unknown. 

3.  The  prinvipul  river  of  this  region,  the  Niger,  (callod  by  the  niitivvs 

Central  Afrii-a.  Q.  —  1.  Dcetribc  Central  Africa.    Northern  division. 


i    01X)(iUAlMIY. 

'iiinvra,  rcnidcH  nt  /iniban,  thn  anrimt 
luntry  ul'  llio  Mdvizim,  nii  in<liiMrii>u> 

arc  |)ii|iiil<>tiN  tribcH  in  the  interior: 
ImlN. 

I  till'  ctntrr  (if  till'  roiitinriit,  In  firlil. 
;!!  Ill' II  i!('K|iiil;  it  yii'liJH  in  iiliiiiHliiiir. 
iili)iiilrrul)li'  trutlu  in  tluvoii  and  ivnry. 

riitcn  ncrliorii  I'rnin  Arnliiii !  An.  — 
'  (ii.,  ()i.,  Its.  —  lliiw  I'.ir  \»  it  liiiiii 
'/^iiiU'iU'lmr  ItcN  niirtli  iit  tlif  Ki|ii;ilfir  ' 
lis,,  (j;i,  —  lliiw  liir  (ruin  Ziuigui  li.ir 

II  Ziiiifiiiliar  f  \Vi'.,  Of. —  III  .Mil- 
iiilains  .'  F.n.  —  Capi'M  .'  |)o.,t'f.- 
|i!u  troin  .MadagiiBcur  I     Mc. 

'X\  


CBNTUAL    Ab'Ull'A. 


.'UO 


1 


L    AFRICA. 

riprises  nil  the  iiitorior  of  tlio 
Grout  Desert.  Its  northern  di- 
lins  boon  purtiiiliy  explored  iiy 
rn,  CHll(.'d  Etliii)|iiii,  has  never 
(1  is,  cniiNequentiy,  unknown, 
gion,  tlie  Nigt;r,  (callod  by  tlie  niitivts 

ic  Ccntrul  Africa.    Northern  division. 


.loliliu,  or  Qiiiirra)  won  Iuiik  n  »ul'ji'<  luf  inlcnuc  intrrmt  li>  tliii  civilixcd 

wnrlil,  ill  i'iiiii»i|iiriir>^  of  Hit-  \iii' .<  <>|>iiiiiinit  cnti  riaiiii  d  iniinTiiinK  it' 

.Ml.  r.iiU,  III  I'l.'i,  ililiriiiiiii  il  till'  ii|i|Mr  p.irt  ul  iln  riiiir>>r  ;  iiml  llic 
|.,wi  r  ii.iit,  mill  11  riiiiTiuliuii  in  tin  ''nil  ui  (iiiiin  :i,  ui  rr  a^ti  rl.iiiii  il  liy 
till'  liri.lli'iK  I.uml  rf,  In  If-.'HI.  ll  w.is  iihriiidi  d,  a  llvv  yiarn  hiim,  liy 
hvo  Blcaiii-ljculB,  liir  u  ilidl.iiic  c  nf  JIMI  nnlrH. 

;j.  .Siitiilun  is,  ill  niiiNt  [iiirt.s,  li'rtile  nnd  poimluiis ;  nini  tlm 
iiilialiiliiiit.s  p'Mi'rnlly  cmtI  iIius"  ul'  the  rimsi  in  iiiilii^li'v  nml 
iiiti'lii;;riii;i'.  It  eiiiil.'iins  ii  grriit  nunilxT  ul"  states,  •  iiiiciiei  in 
e.Meiit  ami  chnrneter. 

4.  Kaauta,  till'  iiiiinl  wmttTii  Htntr  in  Soudan,  ih  a  rnncidrrublr  kiiiij- 
ildiii,  of  iiiiiili'r.itc  firlilily;  the  <■  ipil.il  of  uliiili  is  Kiiiinioo.  Itoi  rk 
Mini  Wa.-ski.a  (ill  llii'  Ni),'(r,  and  Komi  I'.xtiiiiliiif;  iiIoiik  lln'  iiioniitiiins 
n:  till'  ((iiiiii'  name,  an;  all  iiiiprr.'i  illy  kiioun.  'I'lii'  lir»t  alnmidH  iii 
(•■'111.  UKKiiiioand  .\!a.isi\a  on  llic  wostmi,  and  lULnod  on  llie  eaut  side 
i,i  llif  NijiiT,  ari'  riiuiiliirs  willi  u  lilrli  lliu  I'ivili/.i  il  world  in  ttnpiaiiilid 
only  liy  naiiif.  Walut,  tlic  c.pitul  of  Ik'croo,  in  nportt'd  lo  curry  on  a 
^riat  truilr  in  null. 

j.  llA»inAHRA  was,  until  lately,  the  most  iinportniit  Htatc  in  linn  qiiar. 
I^r;  lull  It  in  now  divided  into  two  di«tini:t  liiii|;iloiiiH.  Lower  H..in- 
li.rra,  the  l.mt  loriiied  of  llie  two,  is  tliu  most  powerful  hliile  ;  mid  lii 
;,'uveriied  by  a  I'oiilali,  or  I'ellata  ebicf.  Jeniie,  tlie  t':ipilal,  is  one  iif 
lliu  most  eoiniiiercial  towns  in  this  part  of  Africa.  Sejro,  the  eapilal  of 
llpiicr  or  Old  Ilainbarra,  in  cncloaod  by  u  wall.  'I'lif  Iiou«l'»  arc  built 
of  clay,  and  wliitcwoslied. 

fi.  TLMBUtroo  ia  the  centre  of  the  trade  for  Western  Soudan.  It  iiua 
for  a  loiip  time  e.xeiled  /treat  iilteiitioii,  from  its  siippoied  riches  j  and 
i.  the  point  nt  wliieli  ninsl  Kiiro|icuii  travellers  li,i\(' iiiiii.  d  lo  arrive. 
.M.  f.iillie,  who  visited  il  in  l.'-'H,  has  di.siii  Ued,  in  a  iiuaiuie,  tlio 
reputalion  it  enjoyed  for  weullh  and  importance. 

7.  The  Fki.i.ataii  are  the  mimt  powerful  nation  in  the  interior  of 
Africa.  They  are  Hiinihir  to  the  Koiihilis;  bul  are  mere  wuilike.  They 
ii;ive  conipu'red  lloiissa,  the  iii(v.l  elvili/..d  coimlry  in  tliin  quarler;  al.-n 
H  vera!  dniall  Ftatea  on  the  Nifr-  r.  Soceatoo  is  their  eapit;il.  Ki.no  and 
tashna  arc  important  cilitw  in  llonniiii.  Zcgzeg  in  a  liuu  lerlilu  district, 
the  capital  of  which  is  '/aria. 

8.  BoiiHSA  and  Youbi  are  eonsidorablc  Iowpb  on  the  Niger.  The 
former  is  the  capital  of  Horgoo,  a  coiifedcracy  of  Ktiites  on  the  samo 
river;  arid  Yonri  is  the  place  at  which  Mr.  Park  lost  hi.s  life.  NvKre 
and  Yahriba  are  fertile  and  populous  countries ;  llio  people  of  which 
are  the  most  improved  and  industrious  of  all  the  Neyro  natioii.s.  Kyco, 
the  capital  of  Yarriba,  Ib  said  to  be  I,')  miles  in  circuit. 

y.  noB.NOu  is  one  of  the  most  im|Mirtant  states  of  Soudan.  A  con- 
Southern.  2.  What  il  said  of  the  principal  river  7  3.  Soudan  ?  4. 
Kaarta,  &C.7  .5.  Bumbarrn?  6.  Tiinbuctoo  ?  7.  The  Follaliis  ?  8. 
Douasa,  &.C.  ?    9.  Bornou  ?     10.  Beghurmi?     Darkulla  ?    Mandara? 


H^^;3ii?S3»j8#fir«5KS^« 


■■^fiiri^ 


320 


DE.S(  lUI'I'IVR    (JF.OGHAI'IIV. 


i^tlt' 


1^ 


ni<l»riililit  (rnilii  iit  m 
kluvi'ii,  ivory,  1111(1  uatrii; 


Ilnmcriinn  nl'  lli'ijliiirini, 


rrird  mi  uiTos*  tlu^  (Jrnil  Diwrt  with  Tripoli,  in 
iril  ruutlieri.  Kankm,  lyini;  li'irtli  III'  f.nkv  IVIiail, 
in  n  iliitri'l  (lr|i(  iiilciit  (III  liiiniiiiii 
iiiiil  I'urninlirN  til  lliiil  CDiiiilry  ila 
lirnvol  mill  imiHt  rlVi  ilivr  xnlilirrM. 
liiiriiixi  IN  till'  (M|Mtiil;  anil  Aii|{ur> 
noil  it)  the  l.irf,'rHl  tnwn. 


10.  llK(iii.«nMi,  lyiiift  iioiitlM'UHt 
of  tlio  I.alu-  Ti'liail,  ii*  at|iin»t  iii- 
wiiy«  at  war  with  lliriiuii.  'i'lio 
cavalry  III' liotli  tlnsr  ir.liiuis  cnviT 
tlii'iiiHi'lvcrt,  iiiiil  rvrii  tliiir  Imrm  c, 
Willi  iriiii  ariiiniir;  anil  Iiiiil  willl 
liini;  KpiiaiH.  Dmikii.i.a  is  inliali- 
itcil  liy  a  lirnr  l'a(.'aii  rarr,  callid 
101  Fi^llati,  wlin  liulit  witli  |nii' 
nuiu'il  arroU'H.  .Mvmimia  oi'ni|iir8 
u  tini'  iirtili'  Nallry  riintiiiiiiii|{ 
Ntviral  |>o|iiili>ii4  towiiH,  ul'  wliicn 
Mora  it  liiu  cliiuf. 


Afn/i  A'o.  1 1.  —  How  Ih  Siiiidan  bounded?  Wli  t  arc  itn  rivcri 7 
Nr.,  Yn.  Sy., 'la.,  Ik'.  —  Mow  liiiip  Li  tin-  tirHt  f  Wliiit  liiltis  arr  in 
Soudan.'  Td.,  Kc,  l)f. —  How  iDiijf  is  tliu  Cimt  '  \\  Imt  nidiintnins  7 
Kg.,  IVIn.  —  What  18  llid  iH)|iiilaliim  ol' Hi  go  .'  Jcnne  ?  Tiniliucloo? 
Huccatoo  '     Kuiio '!     Zaria  '     Doiisaa  ?     liornou  7     Angornou  7 


•■H\'2 


AFUICAxX    ISLANDS. 

1.  On  bntli  sides  of  tlie  Africnii  continent  nre  to  Ik;  found 
a  niimt)or  of  sinj^lu  islutuls  and  groups  of  i.slnnds,  belonging 
principally  to  difltTiMit  ICiiropcin  powers;  most  of  tiieni  uro 
populous,  fertile,  and  productive  in  a  variety  of  valuable  corn- 
modi  lies. 

2.  The  Azorks  or  Wehtkhs  Isi.ks  liavo  a  fine  climntc  and  fertile 
foil,  which  pro<luceg  ahiindanlly  grain,  wine,  and  fruits  of  Tarionti  Jtindii. 
Tho  chief  towns  are  Porto  Deltrado  in  St.  Michael's,  and  Angra,  in 
Tcrccira;  tho  latter  is  the  capital  of  tho  whole  group. 

3.  Madriiia  is  a  beautiful,  heultbfiil,  nnd  fertile  island,  long  celebrated 
for  its  excellent  wines,  the  trade  ii>  which  is  less  important  than  for- 
merly.    Funchal  is  the  capital. 

The  Canary  Islands  arc  noted  for  their  wines,  fruits,  and  Canary 

African  Inlands,  Q.  —  1.  What  is  said  of  the  African  continent  7  2. 
Describe  the  Azores,     3.  Madeira  islands.     Canary  iblands.     4.  Capo 


.iitLiijiAutm'lM. Kl— 


HiiiriiiiiMHiiiimai  mimpiiuiMWuii  *»< 


OF.OOUAI'IIV. 

H  llic  (irnil  Dcsi  rt  ttilli  Trinoli,  iti 
K  (MKM,  lyiiiir  iiorlli  111  (,aUi'  IVImhI, 
IH  II  ili'^trii'l  ill  |i(  iiilciit  nil  liiiriiniii 
mill  I'liniixlirN  III  ihiil  niuiilry  ilH 
lirnvrxt  iiiiil  iiiont  rtl'i  i'IIm'  HiililiiTH. 
Ili<riiii<i  IN  till'  (M|Mtiil;  aiul  Aii|;i)r. 
null  in  I  ho  liirf,'i'nt  tuwii. 

1(V  l)K(iii.\nMi,  lyitiff  tioiilli.cnHt 

1)1'  tllO    Iilllll-   Trllllll,    IH   lltlliont    III- 

wiiyM  III  wiir  with  lliriinii.  'I'lio 
I'liviilry  111' liiith  tliiHi'  ir.tiiiiis  fiivrr 
tliriiiwrlvi'rt,  mill  rvrii  thrir  Imrmi', 
wllli  iriiii  nriiiiiiir;  iiiiil  lluhl  with 
liiMi;  )<|iiim'H.  DxiiKi'i  i.A  it  iiihiili- 
iti'il  liy  u  lirni'  l'ii(,'mi  nirc,  calliil 
Kl  Fcllati,  will)  tiuht  with  piii- 
soiiril  arroWH.  Mvmimia  o<'('ii|iirs 
u  liiir  iirlili'  Millry  i'iiiitiiiiiiii|{ 
!  Hi'vrrul  |>ii|iiili>iM  towiiH,  uf  which 
.Mnru  in  thu  cliiut'. 


Iiuiindfd  ?     Wh  t   arc   itn    r'wcn  ? 

is  the  lirHt  1  Wliiit  IiiIun  iirr  in 
fr  in  tliu  tirKt  '  W'Imt  iiiiiiiiitninH  ^ 
II  of  Sign  .'  Jt'iinc  ?  Tiinhuctoo  ' 
i8a  ?     liurtiou  ?     Angoriiou  7 

«  


ISLANDS. 

ricnii  continent  nre  ti)  Ik;  found 
id  {groups  of  islands,  Ix^'lunging 
an  powers;  most  of  tiieni  uro 
0  in  n  variety  of  vaiuuhio  com- 

i.r.n  liavo  a  fine  climntc  and  furtilo 
gin,  wine,  and  fruits  of  TnriuuH  jiiiidii, 
:lo  in  St.  Michael's,  and  Angra,  in 
f  tlio  whole  group. 

fill,  nnd  fertile  island,  long  celebrated 
!>  which  18  less  important  tliun  for- 

for  their  wines,  i>uil8,  and  Canary 


id  8«id  of  theAfriciin  continent  7    2. 
islands.     Canary  iblands.     4.  Cape 


AFHICAN    I.SLAND8.  381 

Link     Th.  SI  i«lnnd.  c»tit„ii luoroiii.  noiintiiiim,  of  which  Iho  mn«t 

cHHirm.  .1  thr  Vak  oi  l.i.i-riir-.  .Sui.tu  (>«,.,  in  ihe  i.|a„d  of  Tune- 
ritle,  iM  ilr      iipiiiil. 

4.  Til..  •  APK  Vmi.i.:  Ih,  ,NnH.  Thr  rliiimtr  of  tlirsr  i«! m.l,  i,  hot  nnd 
unh.all Mill,  anil  tli..  ...il  h  iim^ily  dry  ami  and.  Many  „f  ihr  iiiliuliiliintii 
.lied  o(  laiiiiii,.  in  Ih.M.  Iroin  ll„    .  tf,  .  In  of  ii  l,ii,g.i  oMliiimd  dmiiL-lit. 

hogii,  on,,  ol  the  iHJandH,  i„i, tains  an  nrtiv..  vol.aiio.  Salt,  i-oal-skin* 
nnd  MMiiii.-  lotion,  nre  tin  ,  |„tf  nrtitlcH  ..f  trade.     The  lapital  is  I'orto 

5.  A-rrNMioN  U,.ssi>,  now  u-arriMin.d  l.y  n  snnill  military  llirr,.,  w,., 
lotiK  nnni  lial.ilid  and  lanimis  ll.r  ,N  liirllr.  St.  M.liini  in  n  Miiall  rmiky 
wlanil;  it  IniN  hill  one  liarliimr  and  town,  (.Fain.Mimn,)  uiid  in  noted  (i.r 
having  hini  the  re.idi  iice  of  Najioleon  lluonai.arte  Ibr  hLx  yearxr  hu 
died  liere  in  M.iy,  lB:;JI.  '' 

fl.  TijH  1:tiiioi'i.\n  Ahciiii-elaoo,  .sitiinled  on  llic  oasfern 
side  of  Afnrn,  cun.pnM.s  .Mmin-nsaif,  the  Miisi.aivnlm, 
beyi.|i(.|!<.,  Aiiiiiraiii..,  ( 'niinuii,  ami  .xnine  oiIht  islai.d.s. 

I  '^■'^'V'*" »"••*'»  i«  <l"'  l.ir)!.«t  of  till.  Afrirnn  InlandH.  It  hn*  a 
heal  htnl  ilimat..,  a  |..rtili,  noil,  and  is  s.iiil  to  l„.  rirli  in  niinerak  Tlio 
inlinl.itant.  coiiM.st  ol  Ar.ilw,  .Malay-,  nnd  .Nrgrors.  Soni|.  of  Iheso 
eullivati.  the  gronnil.  and  are  not  il,.,,l.t,ili.  of  „rls  ;  others  are  niratr.,  and 
coininit  di.|>riilations  mi  the  m  iylil.oiiring  islands. 

a  Imhrina,  or  III,,  kiiitrilom  of  llie  Oralis,  tlie  most  important  slato 
in  lias  island,  w.in  loiinil.  ,1  l,y  IJailaina,  'I'liis  piini,'  rir,  ivid  Chri-lian 
nasNionarn/H,  and  end.  aMnnnl  to  ..ivili-^e  his  siilmets  hy  iiilnaliiiinff 
iimonir  tliiiii  hnropraii  arts  and  sei,  hits.  ||„  „as  poison,.,]  |,y  |,i„ 
wile  in  If-UM.  Siiii...  his  ihalli,  ll...  k.ni;.lom  has  liii'i,  the  mi  ,.|.  „f 
an.-ir..|iy  and  lonhiMon.  rananarivoii  is  ih,.  ,„|,„;,|.  |!„mM  tok  liny, 
and  the  other  l.iys  and  ports,  ai.  soiin  times  visited  l.y  Ami  rieaii  v.sst.k 

!t  Kastward  from  Ma.lafrasear  ar..  tlir  .MAsrAKKViiA  Isi.amis.  These 
are  Hornnov  and  .Ma,  n.rras  or  the  Isle  of  Frame:  ,|.,.y  „re  both  well- 
fettled,  lertile  islands,  and  pioilnie  i  otf,  e  and  sujrar  to  a  emd  vMvut. 
Hour  ion  eonlaniH  a  voleano  eonslanlly  l.mnin^r,  whieli  seiveH  at  night 
as  a  light-hoiise  to  manners.  ** 

10.  T.IK  Smci.ki.i.k  am.  Ai.M.iiANTK  Isi.ANDS  me  n  .lepemleney  of 
Mauritius  :  Ihi.v  piodii.  e  lottmi  and  eoeoa.mils.  'I'm:  ('o.Moao  l.si  Ks  aro 
■""unlamons  ImiI  lertile.  The  inlialiitants  have  hen,  marly  all  i  xtir- 
p.-it...l  hy  the  ravaifis  of  tl„.  Madatrasiar  pirates;  .MosKiA.'ZA.s/inAH 
nnd  Pkmra,  nre  (eriile,  well-seltled  islands,  and  helon,;  i„  .M„.,,„,  ',-|,J 
town  ol  /an/iliar,  on  the  island  of  the  same  naiii,.,  eontuins  ahout  111  (U)(l 
ml.al.itaiits.  Skotua  is  snl.j.et  to  Kesliin  in  Aiabia,  and  is  eliiolly 
noteil  lor  the  superior  (jiiahly  of  ils  alms. 

Verde    island.s.       .5    Ascension   and   sT  Ifilonu.       0.  What   docs  the 
l.th.opimi   Arc  iipelagi,  ,:oi,iprise  .'     7.  What  is  said  of  Madiigascnr? 

Lr'T"      r^'^-   "'•■'"i'r   ',''"  .^'"*^<^'"-''"l'"   I"'''"'!.''.      10.  The   Sey. 
ciiclle,  Arc.    Comoro.    JMonfin,  &.c.    Socolru. 

21 


1 


i 


.-jg,^4f(5^^!^^^g^^?3f'. 


',-<\^-  nftif^^f--*'-'^-'^^ 


322 


DESCRIPTIVE    GEOGRAl'HY. 


1^1*,' 


!    -'1 


i  1     <\ 

'  'i  •  ;  1 

.si.  i 


'Ml 


5 


i      tl 

i  I 


Map  Nu  14.  — Till  llio  popiiliitioii  of  Hip  foUowinfr  islnnds  nnd  tli« 
■nation  to  which  th.y  1"  1om«  :  A/...r.s  ;  M„<l.ira  ;  Cannry  ;  Cjil..-  ^  en  c  ; 
Ascension;  St.  Helena;  Miuirilins;  Honrhon  ;  Aliniranle,  an.l  ^e.vch,.Ue 
What  is  the  population  of  Madagascar!  Ilow  loni:  ih  this  island? 
What  is  ils  northern  .'aiK..  ?  Ao.  -  South.Tn  !  S.-M.v.  -  Mow  tar  IB 
it  Iron.  Madajrasear  to  N.  w  Holland  .'  What  .s  and.  he  helween  Ma- 
Hagnscar  and  iMo/a.nhi.pie  '  C,..  — What  ..hinds  hclong  to  Muscat  7 
Pa.,  Zr,,  Ma.  — What  isla.id  helongs  to  Iveshii.  ? 


202 


Inlialiilants  of  Occanica. 

OCEANICA. 

1.  OcEANicA  comprises  tlio  islands  lying  immediately 
south  of  Asia,  tooctlier  with  the  sn'aler  part  of  those  in  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  situated  between  Asia  and  America,  riiey 
form  three  great  divisions  :  Malaysia,  Australasia,  and  1  oly- 
nesia. 

MALAYSIA. 

2.  Malaysia  derives  its  name  from  the  Malays,  the  most 
nuniorous  people  in  this  region.  It  is  also  called  the  East 
India  Archipela^o;  and  contains  the  Islands  o(  Sumatra, 
Java,  and  Borneo,  usually  called  the  Sunda  Isles,  together 

Oeeanica.  Q.  —  1.  Dcscrihc  Occanica,      2.  Malaysia.     3.  What  is 


GEOGRAl'HY. 

1  of  the  followinff  islands  nnd  llie 
s  ;  M,ui(ir:i ;  Caiinry  ;  C~i\>*'  Verdo  ; 
(oiirlmn;  Aliniraiitc,  iiiiil  Sinclirllc. 
iscar  (  How  loiiir  in  lliis  iHlaiul  ? 
-  Smitlicru  !  S..M\.  —  Mow  far  in 
I  .'  Wliat  islands  lie  liilwccn  Ma- 
Wliat  li-laiids  btlong  to  iMuBCut  ? 
i  to  Ivt'sliin  I 


of  Occanica. 

NICA. 

lio  islanrls  lying  immediately 
the  groaler  part  of  those  in  the 
roil  Asia  and  America.  They 
lulaysia,  Australasia,  and  Poly- 

AYSIA. 

lamc  from  the  Malays,  the  most 
^ion.  It  is  also  called  tiie  East 
itains  the  Islands  of  Sumatra, 
lalled  the  Sunda  Isles, 'together 


leanica,      2.  Malaysia 


MALAYSIA. 


:V23 


with  Celelics,  the  Moluccas,  or  rfi)ice  Islands,  Ihe  I'hillipiiine, 
and  some  smaller  irnjiips. 

3.  Tlic  iliinati'  of  Malaysia  is  that  of  tlic  tDrrid  zmie.  'rh<>  soil  in 
liijrhly  jirolilic,  and  yields  in  ahundiinci-  the  must  rxiinisitc  spites  and 
trnits.  'I'hc  cluvi',  inilnici.'.  niacr,  liMiiaMiiin,  aiul  lii'liper,  ahonnd  ;  also 
sugar,  collrc,  cotton,  rici',  tohaccn,  and  in<lij.ro. 

4.  The  coinnurcc  is  ixliMisivc,  and  is  carried  on  mostly  liy  Kh- 
ropeans  and  Chinesu.  'I'lre  hiltir,  in  their  nnidnlh  V(  ss(  Is,  <  alh  d  jiniks, 
(tade  in  ijreat  niniilicrs  to  the  dillirent  islands.  'J'lipanir,  sea-sin^',  and 
edible  hirds'-nists,  luxuries  not  in  use  ainmi};  Huro|K'aiis,  lorjri  import- 
ant articles  of  tliu  tratllc  with  thina,  where  they  liear  a  hiyli  price. 


Malays  capturing  a  Eumpoaii  Vustrl, 

5.  The  Malay.s,  the  prcvalen'.  race  in  till,'*  rrijion,  are,  generally,  of 
a  deep-yellow  coinple.xion.  Tliey  arc  chielly  iMalioniedans.  Many  of 
them  arc  pirates ;  and  the  most  daring  attempts  are  often  made  by 
them  to  capture  vessels  of  superior  force.  A  nundicr  of  Chinese  emi- 
grants have  settled  in  some  of  tlie  islands  of  this  region,  and  are  noted 
ibr  tlieir  industrious  nnd  quiet  habits. 

C.  Sumatra,  the  most  western  of  the  Sunda  Islands,  is  nearly  equal 
in  extent  to  our  Middle  and  Kastern  States  united.  It  is  divided  into 
several  petty  native  kingdoms;  and  is  paitly  mider  tlie  dominion  of 
Hollar.d.  Some  of  the  interior  tribes  are  cannibals.  Among  the  IJat- 
ta°,  (lie  punishment  of  several  crimes,  by  their  laws,  is  to  be  eaten  alive. 
They  also  cut  the  prisoners  they  take  in  war. 

7.  Java  is  a  fine  fertile  island,  principally  under  the  control  of  the 
Dutch.  The  natives  are  well  acquainted  with  many  arts.  'I'hey  carry 
on  a  lucrative  trade  with  the  Chinese,  and  profess  the  Hindoo  religion. 

said  of  the  climate  ?    4.  Commerce  ?    5.  What  is  said  of  the  Malays  ? 


r 


V*rvft(«i.>-1'^.  •«3«6?SJJ^'';i^*JfW'--'' 


r^lfY^^, 


324 


DESCRIPTIVE  GEOGUAriiy. 


\^t*' 


8.  Ratavin,  the  cnpltal  of  Java,  and  til'  tin'  Dtilcli  possessions  in  this 
qunrtrr,  is  less  important  lli.m  Coriiuily  ;  'mt  still  ct.iriirs  on  an  c.xten- 
sivo  coininc.Tco.  Cliiril^on,  S.irnnr.oiL',  aMil  Smiraliay.i,  arc  tlir  other 
most  ini|Hirtaiil  towns,  lliislward  (roiii  .lava  arc  the  Islands  of  Hally, 
Sninhawa,  Floris,  and  Timor.  The  last  is  liild  jointly  hy  thu  Dulcli 
and  Porlnj^iicKC. 

9.  1!oiim:o  is  one  of  the  lardist  islands  in  tlio  wnrld.  Its  area  is 
about  fipial  to  that  of  the  Middle  and  Soulhoin  States  nnilfil.  Tlie 
interior  is  occupiid  hy  a  ninnlpcr  of  nide,  liTorions  tribes,  between 
wliom  and  the  people  of  the  eoist  there  is  e.aist mt  w^ir.  Anionsj  the 
Dyaks,  one  of  the  inlainl  trihes,  an  iridiviiliial  eainjot  ohrain  n  wile,  or 
aspire  to  llii^  dislinetion  of  nianhnml,  nulil  he  can  show  the  lii-a(i  of,  at 
least,  one  enemy,  as  a  proof  ol'  his  prowess,  (iold  and  diamonds  are 
found  in  considerable  (inanlities.    TIk^  prineii)al  trade  i.s  at  Henjarniassiii. 

10.  Immediately  eastward  of  l!i>in(o  are  the  Sonlio  Islands.  The 
inhabitants,  all  pirate.s,  are  the  Alirerines  of  the  eastern  seas.  Celebes 
is  a  larfje  lirtile  island.  The  inhaliit mts,  ealled  Macassirs,  and  Hui;is, 
arc  madly  devotnl  to  f;atnes  of  elianee.  The  women  miii^rli:  freely  in 
all  t'lc  uBairs  of  lile;  and  are  even  sometimes  elevated  to  high  political 
stations. 

11.  The  SncE  Islands,  or  Moi.itcas,  produce  the  precious  spices, 
cloves,  nutiiieis,  and  mace.  Gilolo,  Ceram,  li.mro,  Banda,  and  Ainboy. 
na,  are  the  principal  islands.  Nassau,  a  small  tr)wn  on  tlie  island  of 
Ncira,  is  tlic  residence  of  the  Dutch  governor. 

12.  The  Piiii.ii'Pinr  Islands  form  an  extensive  ffronp  of  two  lnrf;c 
and  a  number  of  small  islands.  They  are  very  rich  in  natur.il^  re. 
sources,  and  furnish  many  valuable  articles  ol'  commerce.  They 
belong  to  Spain;  but  the  inhabitants  are  chietly  of  the  native  races, 
Tugaltts,  Bisayas,  tVc.  Amonff  some  of  these  are  several  small  milo. 
pendent  states.  Manilla,  the  capital  of  all  the  Spanish  colonies  in  the 
east,  is  a  larpe  and  llourishiii}.'  city.  It  is  the  centre  of  an  extensive 
commerce,  and  its  harbour  is  thronged  with  Euroiwan,  American,  and 
Chinese  veasels. 


Map  No.  16.  —  What  great  circle  ))osses  through  the  middle  of  Malay- 
sia  V  Er.  —  In  what  zone  is  Malaysia  ?  Td.  —  How  long  is  Sumatra  ? 
Java?  Celebes?  Luzon?  Mindanao?  How  long  and  wide  is  Bor- 
nco  ?  What  is  the  population  of  Sumatra  ?  Java  ?  Borneo  ?  Celebes  ! 
Philippine  Islands?  Manilla?  Bativia  ?  Sarnarang  ?  Achccn  ? 
Palanibang  ?  What  strait  separates  Sumatra  from  .Malacca  ?  Ma.  — 
Sumatra  from  Java  ?  Sa.  —  Borneo  from  Celebes  ?  Mr.  —  How  wide 
uo  tlic  straits  of  Suiida  ? 


6.  Sumatra?     7.  Java?      8.  Batavia?      9.  Borneo? 
11.  Spice  Is.  ?    12.  Philippine  Is.  ?    Manilla  ? 


10,  Sooloo  Is.  ? 


•:  GBOGUAI'UV. 

[111(1  <if  tin'  Diilch  possessions  in  this 
luily  ;  'lilt  "''11  ''iiriiis  o"  i'li  L'xten- 
.iML',  iiMil  Siniraliay.i,  arc  tlir  dIIut 
liiirii  Jiiva  nil-  tin:  l^liiiwls  of  Hally, 
lu  last  is  liilil  juiiilly  l>y  llic  Dutch 

,  islands  in  tlii!  wnrlil.  Its  area  is 
J  and  Si)\illioin  Slates  iniilfil.  Tlio 
ol"  riidf,  l(Ti)ciuiis  tribes,  between 
tlicre  is  e, instant  Wiir.  Anions;  tlio 
1  indiviiliial  taiinot  olirain  a  wile,  or 
id,  iiulil  lie  can  sliow  the  luad  of,  at 
i  prouess.  (inld  and  diamonds  arc 
li(!  prineiiial  trade  is  at  Heiijarinassiii. 

oiiKo  are  the  Sonlno  Ishciuls.  Tlic 
[.'erines  of  the  eastern  seas.  ( 'elelies 
hit  lilts,  ealled  Macassir»,  and  Hiiiris, 
laiiee.  The  women  min;;le  iVeely  in 
I  soinctiliies  elevated  to  high  political 

r.ifrAS,  prndnco  Ihn  prcciona  spicps, 
o,  Cerani,  It.iiiro,  [{aiida,  and  Aniboy- 
ssan,  a  small  town  on  the  island  of 
;li  governor. 

inn  an  extensive  group  of  two  large 
'I'liey  are  very  rich  in  natural  re. 
able  articles  ol'  comincree.  They 
tants  are  chietly  of  the  native  races, 
oiiie  of  these  are  several  small  iidrt. 
tal  of  all  the  Spanish  colonies  in  the 
ity.  It  is  the  centre  of  an  extensive 
)ngcil  with  EuroiKJun,  American,  and 


lie  iMsses  through  tlie  middle  of  Malay, 
lysia  ?  Td.  —  How  long  is  Sumatra  .' 
.danao?  How  long  and  wide  is  Bor- 
Sumatra  ?  Java  ?  Borneo  ?  t'clebcs  ! 
Bativia  ?  Sainarang?  Achccn  ? 
ites  Sumatra  from  Malacca  ?  Ma.  — 
iieo  from  Celebes  .'     Mr.  —  How  wide 


tavia?      n.  Borneo? 
i.  ?    Manilla  ? 


10.  Sooloo  la.  ? 


AUSTRALASIA. 

'J)l 


325 


CiJiiMtls  Uiiiiiiii;;  at  lluiany  Hay. 

AUSTRALASIA. 

1.  ArsTHALASiA  comprisos  a  number  of  ialnmis  lying 
soiitli-eastward  iVom  Malaysia:  of  these,  Australia  or  New 
Holland,  New  Cuiiiea,  and  New  Zealand,  are  the  most  exten- 
sive. The  inhabittmts  belontr  eiiielly  to  the  black  race  called 
Papvian  Neo;roes,  and  tiro  among  the  most  degraded  of  the 
liuman  funiily. 

2.  Ai.'STRAi.iA,  formeHy  called  New  Holland,  is  the  largest  island  in 
the  world.  It  is  claiMiell  by  the  British  gcvernment,  who  have  laid  it 
off  into  two  great  divisions:  "the  western  is  called  New  Holland,  and  the 
eastern  New  South  Wales.  The  Blue  Mountains  are  tlic  highest  range, 
and  the  Murray  the  largest  river,  yet  discovered. 

.3.  Tlie  aborigines  of 
Australia  are  very  rude 
and  degraded  :  those  in 
the  interior  exist  on  roots, 
grubs,  worms,  and  what 
little  they  kill  in  the 
chase.  Those  on  the  T^ 
coast  live  mostly  by  fish- 
ing, yet  their  canoes  arc 
of  the  rudest  description : 

Australasia.  Q.  —  \.  What  is  said  of  Australasia?  2.  Australia? 
New  HoUuiid  ?    New  South  Wales  .'     3.  Describe  the  aborigines.    4. 


N'Dtive  oil  his  Log. 


*a(J^SIgjSi**»?f*-^5ft*&i»»'i«a8*** 


"'^fl  1 1 


.,^1, 


33G 


DBSCRIPTIVE  GEOGRAI'HV. 


\^tt 


some  aro  mnrrly  n  Iiirgo  piece  of  barii  iMded  and  lied  up  lit  each  end, 
and  some  oidy  a  log  on  which  th.y  sit  and  jruide  with  their  hands. 

4.  In  the  south-east  part  ot'  Austraha  is  the  HorAvy  Hay  Coi,a\Y, 
founded  in  17rt7:  to  this  place  rn.inv  thousands  of  eriminiils  Inve  been 
banrshed  Iroin  Great  Ifritain.  'I'lic'linlk  of  tlie  pi.pidalion  is,  however, 
formed  of  free  setlkrs  :  to  Ih'se,  th(>  eonviets,  as  they  arrive  I'roni  Uritain,' 
arc  apportioned  as  labourers  dnrinjr  i|,e  jieiiod  for  wliieh  they  were 
Bcntenecd. 

5.  'I'ho  Colony  extends  along  tlie  coast  about  three  hundred  miles :  it 
IS  divided  into  n  rniniber  of  ■  -.iiiies,  and  cntains  several  towns :  Syd- 
ney,  the  capital,  has  a  ir(jod  harbour,  wilh  enn>iid,  rable  connneice. 

The  country  is  in  general  belUr  udipled  lor  gr.izing  than  tillage, 
sheep  are  abundant,  and  llieir  wool  Ibrins  a  lirge  part  of  the  eX|M.rts : 
wheat,  Indian-eorn,  and  potatoes,  are  Ihe  principal  crojjs  raised  in  Nt\v 
South  Wales. 

6.  On  the  west  side  of  Australia  is  the  Swan  Uivkr  Colony: 
•everal  towns  have  been  laid  out,  but  no  great  improvement  has  yet 
taken  place.  Some  distance  to  the  soulh-east  is  the  recent  settlement 
of  King  George's  .Sound,  called  Albany. 

7.  Van  Diemen's  [.and,  or  Tasmania,  is  n  -arly  ejpial  in  size  to  South 
Carohna.  It  was  settled  in  In:)  I,  in  a  manner  sinnlar  to  the  Rotany 
Bay  Colony  :  its  climate  is  colder,  but  its  prodnelions  are  nearly  the 
■amc;  about  one-third  (d'the  populilion  are  convicts:  liobart  Town,  the 
capital,  is  a  flourishing  and  thriving  place. 

a  New  Zkalanu  comprises  two  large  and  one  simll  island.  The 
area  of  the  whole  is  about  equal  to  that  of  the  Stale  of  Virginia.  The 
8oil  is  fertile  and  produ:es  Indian-corn,  vanis,  potalois,  and  a  species 
of  strong  and  servieeahle  llax.  The  naiives  are  a  fmcly-lormed  race 
of  savages,  but  very  w:.rlike  and  ferocious,  and  are  krwjwn  lo  be  canni. 
bals.     They  belong  to  the  Alalay  varii  ty  of  the  human  family. 

9.  Tattooing  is  practised  to  a  great  extent  amongst  them,  and  the 
faces  of  the  chiefs  are  often  entirely  covered  ov(  r  wilh  various  regular 
-^  figures.       In    the    northern    island    there   arc 

several  missionary  stations,  at  which  300  or 
4(M)  New  Zealand  youths  are  receiving  educa- 
tion;  an  evident  improvement  is  taking  phico 
among  many  of  the  tribes,  and  wars  are  much 
less  frequent  than  lormi'rlv. 

10.  Papua,  or  Nkw  Glinka  is  believed  to  bo 
one  of  the  most  fertile  countries  in  the  world, 
but  the  interior  parts  have  never  been  explored. 
LoL'isiADK,  New  Buitain,  New  Ireland,  .Solo- 
mon's  AnciiiPEi.Aoo,  the  New  Hebrides,  and 
New  Caledonia  occupy  the  north-eastern  part 

Botany  Bay  Colony.  5.  What  is  said  of  it  ?  Sydney  ?  Country,  &c.  ? 
6.  Swan  River  Colony.  7.  Van  Diemen's  Land?  8.  New  Zealand  ' 
9.  What  is  said  of  tattooing  7    ID.  Of  Papua,  &c.  ?    Louisiade,  &c.  ? 


New  ZeaJaad  Cliief. 


jEOGHAI'HY. 

rli  iMdcd  and  tii'd  up  lit  cnch  end, 
it  iiiicl  jTuiilu  Willi  tliiir  ImndH. 
ralia  is  llic  HirrAvy   Rw  Colony, 

llioiisaiids  ol'  iriininiils  |i  ivo  bcfii 
lulk  of  tin;  popidatiiiii  IS,  liowcvcr, 
invicts.im  tiny  arrive  I'roin  Uritain, 

the  iiLiiod  for  wliicli  tlicy  were 

oast  alxiiit  tlirci!  Imndrcd  miles :  it 
and  ciiiUiiins  scvirai  towns:  .SyJ. 
Willi  cniisid,  ratili'  cimiiiince. 
iiiliplfd  II. r  };f"''ii:  tliaii  tillago, 
linns  ii  lir^i;  part  of  the  fX|M)rts : 
lliu  jirincipai  crojis  raised  in  New 

u  is  the  SwAX  IJivkr  Colony: 
at  no  fji-eat  iiuprovenient  lias  yet 
luth-cast  is  the  recent  settlement 

ly- 

A,  is  n  <arly  f<piai  in  size  to  South 
a  iiiaiiMir  siiniJar  to  the  Rotany 
lilt  its  prodiictidiis  are  nearly  the 
in  are  convicts:  llobart  Town,  the 
>lace. 

irge  and  one  Riinll  i.sland.  The 
at  of  the  Stale  of  Virtriiiin.  The 
rii,  yams,  potatoes,  and  a  species 

natives  are  a  liiuly-tbrmed  race 
ions,  and  arc  known  to  be  cunni' 
ity  of  the  human  family, 
t  extent  ainonirst  tliem,  and  the 
ovcied  over  with  various  regular 

the  northern  island  there  arc 
fiiiary  stations,  at  which  300  or 
land  youths  are  receiving  educa- 
eiit  iinproveiiient  is  taking   place 

of  the  Irilies,  and  wars  are  much 
than  formerly. 

or  Xkw  (hinea  is  believed  to  bo 
)st  fertile  countries  in  the  world, 
jr  part.s  have  ni^ver  been  explored. 
s:w  BiiiTAis,  Nkw  Ireland,  Solo- 
■ELAGo,  the  New  {Iebriues,  and 
iiA  occupy  the  north-eastern  part 

of  it?  Sydney?  Country, &c.? 
nen's  Land  ?  8.  New  Zealand  ? 
f  Papua,  &c.  ?    LouUiade,  &c.  ? 


POLYNESIA. 


337 


of  Auatrclin,  and  arc  t)ut  little  known.  The  inhahitants  of  these  islands, 
like  all  savages,  are  divided  into  petty  tribes,  and  are  at  constant  war 
with  each  other. 

Map  A'«.  IG.  —  What  great  circle  forms  the  north  boundary  of 
Australasia?  V.r.  —  What  tropic  ere.-ises  Australia.'  Cn. —  In  what 
zones  is  Austral.isia  ?  Td.,  S.-Te.  —  IIow  lon-r  and  wide  an^  Australia 
and  Van  Djemen's  Land?  How  long  arc'  New  (iuiiiea  and  the  two 
largest  islands  of  New  Ziahind  .'  What  strait  feparates  Aiisl:  ilia  and 
New  Guinea  !  Ts.  —  Australia  and  Van  Dienien's  Land  ?  lis.  —  How 
wide  are  they  .'  What  island  is  inhahitiil  by  (Convicts  from  .Ni  w  .Siiitli 
Wales?  NK.  — What  is  the  |io|)ul..tion  of  the  llotaiiv  ilay  ('ohmy  ? 
Van  Diemen's  Land?  Ni  w  II.  brides  ?  Ni'W  Call  (h.nia  ?  Swan 
River  Colony?     !<ydiiry  ?     Ilobirt 'i'own  ?     IIow  far  is  it  from  Ilobart 


Town  to  London  ? 


'io  New  York  ! 
•JO") 


Smhlwit:li  Islunder^  haniiii^  an  Idu). 


POLYNESIA. 

1.  Polynesia  comprises  the  numerous  groups  of  islands 
situated  in  the  Pacific  (Recall  hetwcL'ii  Malaysia,  .\ustralasin, 
and  South  America.  The  climate  of  this  reoioii  is  similar  to 
that  of  the  West  Indies,  but  is  more  mild  and  regular. 

2.  The  most  useful  products  of  Polynesia  arc  the  bread- 
fruit, yams,  faro  root,  sweet  potatoes,  plantains,  banana.s,  and 
cocoa-nuts,  besides  various  fruits,  comprising  oranges,  limes, 
citrons,  pine-apples,  guavas,  figs,  &c. 

Polynesia.  Q,  —  L  Dcgcribe  Polynesia.    2.  Products.     3.  The  peo- 


.-.-.yiilBiiWiaasrt'i'rfd'^a'i^^ 


'i 


h 


rnh-n'^  i 


l^»*' 


i,   ?    ) 


.lf.||;H 


328 


DEiJCUIl'TIVE  GEOGR-Vrny. 


3.  The  pci.plo  ofl'olynrsia  iiro  in  gcni'i-iil  iiiilil  iiml  gentle,  yft  fiercfi 
und  wiiilikc  wlicn  stiii'ul.il.  il  liy  soiiii'  p;\rlic\il;ir  olijcc-t ;  iiiid  their  con- 
tests liavi;  bcun  carrit.<l  on  wilii  sucli  t'lrocily,  tli;it  Home  islaiida  have 
bucn  tiitircly  ilupoisnlatid;  tiny  \vi  ru  nmcli  udilictid  to  vaiioiis  cruel 
und  liarliarxi'is  cusIoium,  to  wliicl'  tlicir  native  rcli;,M()n  <;ave  lidl  sanction, 
of  wliich  IIk!  saerilieini;  of  hnnmn  |pciii]^'s,  tliu  catinjr  of  liunian  flesli, 
nnd  tlie  nundv'r  of  infmta,  were  coiiinion.  TIichc  practices,  tliough  uof 
80  general  as  Ibriiierly,  liave  not  entirely  ceased. 

4.  The  LAOKo.Nt:  Isi.A.vns  wen;  tlie  fnst  known  to  Kurnpcans  of  unj 
in  tins  region,  having  been  di>C()vered  by  .Magellan  in  l.")l:3.  The  ori 
ginal  inhabitants  have  been  nearly  all  exteiniinuted  by  the  S|)aniurd9. 

The  I'aromnk  Isi.ASns  are  but  little  known,  being  situated  in  a  torn- 
pcbtnous  ocean  and  exposed  to  furious  hurricanes.  These  islands,  with 
the  Ladrones,  '■  'tli  belong  to  Spain. 

5.  The  Sanowk  11  Islands  arc  the  most  important  nnd  interesting 
of  this  r-'gion.  Hawaii  or  Oahyhee  is  the  largest  of  the  group:  its 
urea  is  nearly  eipi  d  to  that  of  the  i^tale  of  Conneeticuf. 

The  people  in  1819  destroyed  their  idols  and  cni!)rttccd  Christianity. 

6.  A  number  of  missionaries  from  the  United  States  rrc  rcsidiilg 
here,  and  a  large  pioportion  of  the  inhabitants  have  been  taught  rending, 
writing,  and  arithmetic.  Cliurehes  have  been  erected  :  the  press  has 
been  fo-  some  time  in  operation,  at  which  school-books,  the  Scriptures, 
newspapers,  iSiC.  are  printed  in  the  language  of  the  country. 

7.  The  town  of  Honolulu,  in  the  island  of  Oahn,  is  the  capital  of  the 
Sandwich  islands:  it  contains  about  5(100  inhabitants,  of  whom  lOO  are 
whites.  Great  commercial  activity  prevails  here  :  many  Ainrrican  and 
European  ships  are  always  in  port,  and  a  considerable  number  of  small 
vessels  belong  to  the  natives. 

8.  The  Menoana  ARCiiii-Kr-Aoo  comprises  the  Marquesas  .-ind  Wash- 
ington islands:  they  arc  very  li-Tlile,  and  lurnish  Ibod  to  the  inhabitants 
almost  without  labour ;  the  people  are  among  the  most  finely  formed  of 
any  known  race,  and  arc  but  little  darker  than  Southern  Europeans. 

9.  The  SociEi'V  and  Geob^.ian  Isi.anos  are  remarkable  for  being  the 
first  in  Polynesia,  of  which  Ihc  inhabitants  embraced  (.'liristianity. 
Otaheite,  or"Tahiti,  the  largest  of  the  (ieorgian  islands,  is  one  of  the 
finest  in  this  quarter  of  the  world.  Dancing,  once  the  chief  amusement 
of  the  people,  was  performed  on  all  occasions  of  pleasure,  worship,  state, 
or  ceremony,  but  is  now  less  practised  than  formerly. 

The  Tearl  or  Pai'motu  Islands  are  a  numerous  rungo  of  small 
islands;  they  are  but  little  known,  and  many  of  them  are  uninhabited. 
The  Austral,  Hervev,  and  Pai.liser  Isi.anus  are  situated  at  variou.9 
distances  from  Otaheite  ;  the  people  speak  a  language  similar  to  tliut 
of  the  Otaheitcons,  and  have  all  been  converted  to  Christianity  by  tli8 
missionaries. 


plo,  &c.  4.  Ladronc.  Caroline.  !>.  Sandwich  islands.  G.  What  is 
said  of  the  missionaries?  7.  Honolulu?  8.  Mendana  Archipelago? 
9.  Society  and  Georgian  Is.?     Pearl?     Austral,  &,c.  ?     10.  Friendly 


CJEOGRArHY. 

general  milil  iiml  gentle,  yet  ficrcn 
le  |):\rlie\il;ir  oliject ;  iiiid  their  ron- 
■li  I'lToeily,  lli^it  Hoiiu'  islaiida  have 

0  mueli  udilietcd  to  various  cruel 
r  native  rcli;,Mon  j;ave  lull  sanction, 
leiiijLfs,  tliu  calinjT  of  liuniaii  llesli, 
uiun.  Tliewc  practiccH,  though  uo( 
rely  ceased. 

le  first  known  to  Kuropcans  of  unj 
d  by  .Magellan  in  1.")!-'.     The  ori 

1  extemiinuted  by  the  S|)aiiiurd9. 
le  known,  being  situated  in  a  torn- 
!s  hurricanes.     These  islands,  with 

ic  most  iniportant  nnd  interesting 
■e  is  the  largest  of  the  group  :  its 
ale  of  Connecticut. 
r  idols  and  embraced  Christianity, 
m  the  United  States  rrc  rcsidii>g 
habitants  have  been  taught  reading', 
have  been  erected  :  the  press  has 
ivhich  school-books,  the  .Scriptures, 
anguagc  of  the  country, 
island  of  Oahu,  is  the  capital  of  the 
5(100  inhabitants,  of  whom  100  arc 
prevails  here  :  many  American  and 
ind  a  considerable  number  of  small 

nnpriscs  the  Marquesas  and  Wash- 
and  I'urnish  Ibod  to  the  inhabitants 
re  among  the  most  finely  tbrmcd  of 
larker  than  Southern  Europeans. 
NANDS  are  remarkable  for  being  the 
nhabitants  embraced  Christianity. 
Jie  (ieorgian  islands,  is  one  of  the 
Dancing,  once  the  chief  amusement 
jccasions  of  pleasure,  worship,  state, 
led  than  formerly. 

IS  are  a  numerous  r^ngo  of  small 
and  many  of  them  are  uninhabited. 
Ell  Islands  are  situated  at  various 
e  speak  a  language  similar  to  that 
icn  converted  to  Cliristianity  by  tlie 


a.  Sandwich  islands.  G.  What  is 
lolulu?  !^.  Mendana  Archipelago? 
arl?     Austral,  &,c.  ?     10.  Friendly 


POLYNESIA. 


UlalM'ilr.iiL  Duiico. 

10.  The  rRii:M)i.v  Islands  comprise  the  Navigator's,  Tonga,  Ilabaui, 
and  Feejee  islands;  the  inhabilaiits  of  the  latter  are  the  most  ferocious 
and  savage  of  any  in  I'olynesia;  they  are  large  and  muscular,  and  of 
very  dark  complexions.  In  the  Tonga  and  Habaai  islands,  upwards 
of  i!,000  childien  are  inslrueled  in  the  schools,  and  the  church  numbers 
uj)wai  '     jf  1,100  native  members. 

11.  Pitcairn's  Island  is  settled  by  the  descendant."  of  the  mutineers 
of  the  ship  iJonnty  :  the  inhal.ilaiits  are  an  amiable,  religious,  and 
moral  people,  and  speak  the  Kiiglisli  language.  The  Centkal  Archi- 
PELAiio,  and  the  Archipelagoes  ■>{'  .AlACiLi.i.AN  and  Anson,  are  composed 
of  a  number  of  small  islands :  l.icy  are  but  little  known,  and  are  seldom 
visited. 

The  BoMN  Islands  are  settled  by  a  colony  comprising  a  few  Ameri- 
can and  English  sailors,  who  took  wives  with  them  from  the  Sandwich 
islands. 


Miip  No.  IG. —  What  great  circles  pass  through  Polynesia  7     T.-Cr., 

Er.,  T..Cn.  — What   rones  is   Polynesia   in?      N.-Te.,  Td.,  S.-Te 

What  is  the  population  of  the  i^undwich  islands?  Washington  Is.? 
Marquesas  Is.  ?  Society  and  Georgian  Is.  !  Paumotu  Is.  ?  Cook's 
Is.?  Austral  Is.  ?  Navigator's  Is.  ?  Vavou  ?  Habaai  Is.  7  Tonga  Is.  ? 
Feejee  Is.  ?  Ga?nbier  Is.  !  Pitcairn's  I.  ?  Easter  I.  ?  How  far  is  it  from 
the  SanJ.vich  Islands  to  London  ?  To  New  York  ?  To  the  coast  of 
Mexico?  To  the  Columbia  River?  To  China  ?  From  the  Maniuesas 
to  the  coast  of  Peru  !  What  islands  have  been  converted  to  the  Christian 
religion  ?  Which  have  been  partially  converted  .'  How  many  miles  docs 
the  Pacific  ocean  extend  ii-om  east  to  west  ?     From  north  to  south  ? 


islands?     Tonga,  &,c.?     11.  Pitcairn's  island  ?     Central  Archipelago, 
&c.  7    Bunin  islands  ? 

THE  ESV. 


y 


gci-j^  !"■■»','■:'*■" 


^ssssssssss 


i-^,^'-!;-i.V.S!_'/'' 


